Test for Reducing Sugars

Food products can be tested to determine whether they contain reducing sugars through tests known as Benedict's test or Fehling's test. These tests can also be used to determine if sugars are present in certain bodily fluids, such as urine, which is important for diagnostic testing.

1. What is a reducing sugar?

o

Any sugar that forms an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of an alkaline solution is a reducing sugar. Types of reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, glyceraldehyde, lactose, arabinose and maltose. Sucroses and trehaloses are not reducing sugars. Ultimately, a reducing sugar is a type of sugar that reduces certain chemicals through an oxidation reaction.

Benedict's Test
o

To test for the presence of reducing sugars, a food sample is dissolved in boiling water. Next, a small amount of Benedict's reagent is added and the solution begins to cool. During the next four to 10 minutes, the solution should begin to change colors. If the color changes to blue, then no glucose is present. If a high amount of glucose is present, then the color change will progress to green, yellow, orange, red and then a dark red or brown.

How Benedit's test works

o

Benedict's reagent is made from anhydrous sodium carbonate, sodium citrate and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. Once added to the test solution, reducing sugars reduce the blue copper sulphate from the Benedict's solution to a red brown copper sulphide, which is seen as the precipitate and is responsible for the color change. Non-reducing sugars cannot do this. This particular test only provides a qualitative understanding of the presence of reducing sugars.

Fehling's test
o

To carry out Fehling's test, the solution is diluted in water and warmed until fully dissolved. Next, Fehling's solution is added while stirring. If reducing sugars are present, the solution should begin to change colors as a rust or red colored precipitate forms. If reducing sugars are not present, the solution will remain blue or green.

How Fehling's test works

o

Fehling's solution is made by first making two sub-solutions. Solution A is made from copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate dissolved in water and solution B contains potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (Rochelle salt) and sodium hydroxide in water. The two solutions are added together in equal parts to

make the final test solution. The test is a detection method for monosaccharides, specifically aldoses and ketoses. These are detected when aldehyde oxidizes to acid and forms a cuprous oxide. Upon contact with an aldehyde group, it is reduced to cuprous ion, which forms the red precipitate and inedicates the presence of reducing sugars.

Practical applications
o

Reducing sugar tests such as Benedict's and Fehling's test can be used to determine whether sugars are present in urine, which can be indicative of diabetes mellitus. They can also be used in a qualitative manner, such as in a titration experiment, to determine the amount of reducing sugars in a solution.

How to Test for Lipids

X Carrie Perles Keren (Carrie) Perles is a freelance writer with professional experience in publishing since 2004. Perles has written, edited and developed curriculum for educational publishers. She writes online articles about various topics, mostly about education or parenting, and has been a mother, teacher and tutor for various ages. Perles holds a Bachelor of Arts in English communications from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. By Carrie Perles, eHow Contributor

The two main ways to test for lipids in a sample substance is through the Sudan Red test and the Grease Spot test. Sudan Red is a dye that is lipid soluble. Therefore, when Sudan Red is added to a sample that contains lipids, the dye will color the lipids red. The Grease Spot test can also be used identify the presence of lipids in a sample. Lipids make unglazed paper, such as the outside of a paper bag, translucent.
Difficulty: Moderately Challenging

Instructions

things you'll need:

Sample for Testing Beakers or Droppers Sudan Red Brown Paper Bag Oil Water

1. Grease Spot Test

o

Use a cotton swab to apply a few drops of the sample to the paper bag.
o

Allow the sample to dry on the bag for several minutes.

o

Hold the paper bag up to a light after the sample has dried completely. If a grease spot remains, the sample contains lipids.

2. Sudan Red Test

o

Measure 2ml of oil and 2ml of water.

o

Add the oil and water to the test tube.

o

Add 3 drops of Sudan Red.

o

Shake the test tube and observe. The Sudan Red will color any lipids in the sample.