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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search There are many types of concrete, variations of installation, composition, finish and performance characteristics.
Concrete in sidewalk stamped with contractor name and date it was laid
Contents
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1 Mix design 2 Regular concrete 3 High-strength concrete 4 Stamped concrete 5 High-performance concrete 6 Ultra-High-performance concrete
7 Self-consolidating concretes 8 Vacuum concretes 9 Shotcrete 10 Pervious concrete o 10.1 Installation o 10.2 Characteristics o 10.3 Cellular concrete o 10.4 Cork-cement composites o 10.5 Roller-compacted concrete o 10.6 Glass concrete o 10.7 Asphalt concrete o 10.8 Rapid strength concrete o 10.9 Rubberized concrete o 10.10 Polymer concrete o 10.11 Geopolymer or green concrete o 10.12 Limecrete o 10.13 Refractory Cement o 10.14 Concrete cloth o 10.15 Innovative mixtures 11 Gypsum concrete 12 References
Various types of concrete have been developed for specialist application and have become known by these names.. Concrete mixes can also be designed using software programs. Such softwares provide the user an opportunity to select their preferred method of mix design and enter the material data to arrive at proper mix designs.
Ease of placement Compaction without segregation Early age strength Long-term mechanical properties Permeability Density Heat of hydration Toughness Volume stability Long life in severe environments Depending on its implementation, environmental [1]
For more details on this topic, see Self Leveling Concrete. During the 1980s a number of countries including Japan, Sweden and France developed concretes that are self-compacting, known as self-consolidating concrete in the United States. This self-consolidating concrete (SCCs) is characterized by:
extreme fluidity as measured by flow, typically between 650750 mm on a flow table, rather than slump(height) no need for vibrators to compact the concrete placement being easier. no bleed water, or aggregate segregation Increased Liquid Head Pressure, Can be detrimental to Safety and workmanship
SCC can save up to 50% in labor costs due to 80% faster pouring and reduced wear and tear on formwork. As of 2005, self-consolidating concretes account for 10-15% of concrete sales in some European countries. In the US precast concrete industry, SCC represents over 75% of concrete production. 38 departments of transportation in the US accept the use of SCC for road and bridge projects. This emerging technology is made possible by the use of polycarboxylates plasticizer instead of older naphthalene based polymers, and viscosity modifiers to address aggregate segregation.
[edit] Shotcrete
Main article: Shotcrete Shotcrete (also known by the trade name Gunite) uses compressed air to shoot concrete onto (or into) a frame or structure. The greatest advantage of the process is that shotcrete can be applied overhead or on vertical surfaces without forming. It is often used for concrete repairs or placement on bridges, dams, pools, and on other applications where forming is costly or material handling and installation is difficult. Shotcrete is frequently used against vertical soil or rock surfaces, as it eliminates the need for formwork. It is sometimes used for rock support, especially in tunneling. Shotcrete is also used for
applications where seepage is an issue to limit the amount of water entering a construction site due to a high water table or other subterranean sources. This type of concrete is often used as a quick fix for weathering for loose soil types in construction zones. There are two application methods for shotcrete.
dry-mix the dry mixture of cement and aggregates is filled into the machine and conveyed with compressed air through the hoses. The water needed for the hydration is added at the nozzle. wet-mix the mixes are prepared with all necessary water for hydration. The mixes are pumped through the hoses. At the nozzle compressed air is added for spraying.
For both methods additives such as accelerators and fiber reinforcement may be used.[3]
[edit] Installation
Pervious concrete is installed by being poured into forms, then screeded off, to level (not smooth) the surface, then packed or tamped into place. Due to the low water content and air permeability, within 515 minutes of tamping, the concrete must be covered with a 6-mil poly plastic, or it will dry out prematurely and not properly hydrate and cure.
[edit] Characteristics
Pervious concrete can significantly reduce noise, by allowing air to be squeezed between vehicle tires and the roadway to escape. This product cannot be used on major U.S. state highways currently due to the high psi ratings required by most states. Pervious concrete has been tested up to 4500 psi so far.
Aerated concrete produced by the addition of an air-entraining agent to the concrete (or a lightweight aggregate like expanded clay pellets or cork granules and vermiculite) is sometimes called cellular concrete, lightweight aerated concrete, variable density concrete, foamed concrete and lightweight or ultra-lightweight concrete,[4][5] not to be confused with aerated autoclaved concrete, which is manufactured off-site using an entirely different method. In the 1977 work on A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings and Construction, architect Christopher Alexander wrote in pattern 209 on Good Materials: "Regular concrete is too dense. It is heavy and hard to work. After it sets one cannot cut into it, or nail into it. And it's [sic] surface is ugly, cold, and hard in feeling unless covered by expensive finishes not integral to the structure. And yet concrete, in some form, is a fascinating material. It is fluid, strong, and relatively cheap. It is available in almost every part of the world. A University of California professor of engineering sciences, P. Kumar Mehta, has even just recently found a way of converting abandoned rice husks into Portland cement. Is there any way of combining all these good qualities of concrete and also having a material which is light in weight, easy to work, with a pleasant finish? There is. It is possible to use a whole range of ultra-lightweight concretes which have a density and compressive strength very similar to that of wood. They are easy to work with, can be nailed with ordinary nails, cut with a saw, drilled with wood-working tools, easily repaired. We believe that ultra-lightweight concrete is one of the most fundamental bulk materials of the future." The variable density is normally described in kg per m, where regular concrete is 2400 kg/m. Variable density can be as low as 300 kg/m,[6] although at this density it would have no structural integrity at all and would function as a filler or insulation use only. The variable density reduces strength[7] to increase thermal[8] and acoustical insulation by replacing the dense heavy concrete with air or a light material such as clay, cork granules and vermiculite. There are many competing products that use a foaming agent that resembles shaving cream to mix air bubbles in with the concrete. All accomplish the same outcome: to displace concrete with air.
of density from 400 to 1500 kg/m, compressive strength from 1 to 26 MPa, and flexural strength from 0.5 to 4.0 MPa.
5000 psi in only four hours. Polymer concrete is generally more expensive than conventional concretes.
[edit] Limecrete
Limecrete or lime concrete is concrete where cement is replaced by lime.[19] One successful formula was developed in the mid 1800s by Dr. John E. Park[20]
Researchers have been able to take mixtures beyond 3 percent strain, past the more typical 0.1% point at which failure occurs.[22] Other institutions have identified magnesium silicate (talc) as an alternative ingredient to replace Portland cement in the mix. This avoids the usual high-temperature production process that is very energy and greenhouse gas intensive and actually absorbs carbon dioxide while it cures.[23][24]
[edit] References
1. ^ Time:Cementing the future 2. ^ "Ultra High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concetes." Association Francaise de Genie Civil, 2002. 3. ^ American Shotcrete Association Homepage 4. ^ http://www.litebuilt.com/ 5. ^ http://www.ecosmarte.com.au/construction/lightconcrete.htm 6. ^ http://www.litebuilt.com/table1.html 7. ^ http://www.litebuilt.com/table2.html 8. ^ http://www.litebuilt.com/table3.html 9. ^ Gibson, L.J. & Ashby, M.F. 1999. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties; 2nd Edition (Paperback), Cambridge Uni. Press. pp.453-467. 10. ^ Karade S.R., Irle M.A., Maher K. 2006. Influence of granule properties and concentration on cork-cement compatibility. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 64: 281 286 (DOI 10.1007/s00107-006-0103-2). 11. ^ Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC) Pavements | Portland Cement Association (PCA) 12. ^ K.H. Poutos, A.M. Alani, P.J. Walden, C.M. Sangha. (2008). Relative temperature changes within concrete made with recycled glass aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, Volume 22, Issue 4, Pages 557-565. 13. ^ Crumb Rubber Concrete - Precast Solutions Magazine Fall 2004 14. ^ Emerging Construction Technologies 15. ^ ASU researcher puts recalled Firestone tires to good use 16. ^ Experimental Study on Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, and Damping Ratio of Rubberized Concrete 17. ^ Zeobond is one such manufacturer that has built and operates the worlds first geopolymer concrete plant for the local Australian market with several additional plants coming online in Asia and North America in 2008. According to this
manufacturer its E-Crete branded concrete can be used in all applications where concrete is used today. 18. ^ Green Cement ABC Catalyst program first broadcast 22 May 2008. 19. ^ An Investigation Into The Feasibility Of Timber And Limecrete Composite Flooring 20. ^ John Park limecrete [1] 21. ^ http://www.concretecanvas.co.uk/31AboutCC1.html 22. ^ Self-healing concrete for safer, more durable infrastructure Physorg.com April 22nd, 2009 23. ^ Revealed: The cement that eats carbon dioxide Alok Jha, The Guardian, 31 December 2008 24. ^ Eco-Cement TecEco Pty 25. ^ a b c d Grady, Joe (2004-06-01). "The finer points of bonding to gypsum concrete underlayment.". National Floor Trends. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article1G1-118534955/finer-points-bonding-gypsum.html. Retrieved 2009-09-21. 26. ^ Grady, Joe (2005-07-01). "Questionable substrates for ceramic tile and dimensional stone.". Floor Covering Installer. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135121007/questionable-substratesceramic-tile.html. Retrieved 2009-09-21. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Types_of_concrete&oldid=454100342" View page ratings Rate this page What's this? Trustworthy Objective Complete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) I have a relevant college/university degree It is part of my profession It is a deep personal passion The source of my knowledge is not listed here I would like to help improve Wikipedia, send me an e-mail (optional) We will send you a confirmation e-mail. We will not share your e-mail address with outside parties as per our feedback privacy statement. Submit ratings Saved successfully Your ratings have not been submitted yet Your ratings have expired Please reevaluate this page and submit new ratings.
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