1 2 3 4 5 6

ETHNIC IDENTITY OF KAREN SGAW FROM HOUSEHOLD STOVE Saran Samantarat Division of Landscape, Faculty of Architecture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

ABSTRACT
In 2009, population of Karen ethnic group is four million. They settle in the area both side of Myanmar -Thailand borderline for two thausand year. Ten percent of them live in Thailand with more equilibrium in peace. Indigeneous Karen culture have no manuscript. They built and maintain their culture by enormous tales, speeches and lyrics. Its carry, contain and distribute both signifiences and signifiers of culture and social structuration by several medium in built environment along everydaylife. From literature review on ethnic identity discourse, few anthropologists interested in religious diverse on Karen ethnic identity situation. This paper keep on this issue, but presents a new way to understand diversify Karen ethnic identity from decode/read/interpret from reflexive cultural landscape method and vernacular architecture study. Founded that Sgaw household stove with its basic functions keep containing with signifiers and signifiences and continue of Karen Sgaw culture and ethinic identity essencially obvious. Metaphorically, if a karen common house infer to body of productive of a female wife owner, at the heart of the house, a stove infer to her productive womb to continue karen identity culture .

As a political reclaiming in deep ecology movement, Karen referred by many quality academic papers for their behaviour on nature respect within swindle rice field agriculture substitute to slash and burn agriculture.(Yos2008; Pinkaew 1996; Kunderstater 1978, Kannikar1999, Anan2000,Arunratana2003 ) Recently, few important research interests are in change of religion identity from political hegemonization both Myanmar and Thailand. (Kwanchewan2003, Decha2006, Soros1989) However, this paper focuses on interpretation within relativity of built-environment, social Structuration and lives. Sometime call reflexive cultural landscape. Hypothesis assume Karen culture, which settle here for two thousand year, drive by no manuscript as social medium. Karen culture is in between of pre-history period, the otherness of current knowledge. If we understand more here, we understand more on development from no-manuscript social to manuscript culture. Karen Sgaw also recognized as Pakaryor, Pakakeryor and PgazKNyau. Thai vernacular architecture study, keep on search in Karen house since 1981, measuring survey and drawings more than 30 reports. Each site distributed along several provinces in Thailand. (Somkid, 1986) From local school, a research [Ruan Chonabot]Countryside Houses started a comparative approach of vernacular architecture vocabulary in term of ethnography. (Samart and Surapon, 1994) Table 1 Table of ethnic vernacular architecture vocabulary, edited from Samart&surapon1994
ETHNICS
BUILD. LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION
If, woman weeps, the land will be in trouble. (Karen Proverb) Eat from water, Look after water Eat from earth, Look after earth (Karen Proverb) As an ethnic group, Karen has approximately 4 million population distributed in large area where nowadays along 2000 km of Myanmar-Thai borderline. As Language Family Group, Karenic branch is a member in Tibeto-Burman group, some classified in Tibeto-Karenic. This branch can divide in 3 zones -northern, central and southern Karenic sub branch. Which southern Karenic composed with 3 language tribes -Lekeh, Sgaw and Pwo. Which majority population of Karen in Thailand are Sgaw and Pwo. (Suriya, 2000), (PMCSA2007) As a hill-tribe, Karen is largest group in Thailand, both population (~400,000-in 2009) and their distribution.

YON
TAI

LAVUA
MON-KMER

KAREN
TIBETOBURMAN /`TIBETOKARENIC

TAIYAI
TAI

ELEMENT

GROUP

door barn stove stair

batu longkaw tawfai kandai

toravepun

kerm toja bong

[Kreah] [BuePor]
[PiKlaPoo]

paktu
longkaw

tawfaey

[Kloh]

kanlai

According to, Ornsiri Panin, a famous vernacular architecture researcher in Thailand suggested for more study in a important component of tradition house [Maetaofai]- or hearth or household stove along Southeast Asia . (Ornsiri2000, Songyos 2007) This paper ,follow here, show more understand on relativity of Karen household stove[Serkeeter,Mee-ulouh,Peklapoo] from everyday life until as a

symbolic of core social structure under Karen culture. As this definition of [Serkeeter] collaborate widest meaning and will be use for Karen household stove in this paper. Cases of the research survey from 3 regions in Thailand such as amphur MaeWang, Chiangmai province for Northern, amphur UmPang,Tak province for Western and amphur Kangkrajan ,Petchburi province for Southern. The research accepted theory of the reflexive cultural landscape and methodology, which were Dynamic Equilibriums of relativity and reflexivity in system, which have places, Structuration, lives, along its nature in a current of Time. This qualitative research received more closing information and interpreted them to be body of knowledge.

In Karen village there are few groups of houses, each group of houses keep only for brother-sister household by maternity family. It is taboo for build house to penetrate between other family relative houses.

KAREN HOUSE
Types, Meaning, Components Like Tai-Lao, Karen has two kind of meaning about house. First meaning is architecture or structure of house [Der,DerKer] with have 6 types base on Karen legend,king-house[DerJorPa,],orphan-house [DerPlowKaeh], male-house [DerKwa],femalehouse[DerMuur],widow-house[DerPhiMuurMare]. Last is public house [Blaw], which its construction must, finished in one day, with labours within village of 30 families or more only. An old ethnography report of Karen village-House(Longhouse) showed Blaw referred to guest room or guest house.(Marshall,1922;59) Figure 2Common site plan of a family Karen House DerKer,Der Lay out in the incline slope with grass field kept for maintain the roof. Typical site plan of a house combine with a house [Der,DerKer], a platform chicken-hut [ShorKarKoh] and a platform barn [BuePor]sometime with pigsty on ground for protection harvested rice from rodent. Those threesome plans as group, which deny directly adjacent front or back of the house. Barn and Chicken hut always set in lower level from the house in topographical site. (Sirinya and Prapan) Traditionally, a Karen woman will change her status from childhood to be productive status when she marriages. She must change her costume from youth status to old status. In marriage, she will receive her parent family, a couple of root pork [TorKohTih] and a couple of root chicken [ChorKohTih] for start up along her new family.

Figure 3 [Shorkarkoh] Karen Chicken hut Under platform of the house [DerPala] composed with firewood storage [SuurMuurTri], ground for penetrates rice [SherYorKoh], and little muddy ground under water platform for pigs or plant seedling [TiKohLoah]. On platform have four parts-in order of outside to inside, first, solar-porch [ToNaGee], second in shade-porch [ToKoh], third lift porch

Figure 1 Blaw in Karen long House,Burma1916 Second meaning is village [Pahiy,Hiy,HiyPru] a group of houses, Hiypru also mean teak wood or teak tree (Tectona grandis L.f.). Tree allowed and appropriated to built the house.

[JorPlae,JorPlaeWoo] and fourth inside the house[DerPurr]. [ToNagee, TaNaGae] composed by round shape bamboo stalks allow rain and water go down. Tonagee also connect with wet zone [TihTerLoah] where keeps utensils of clean water, used water here fall to [TiKohLoah] on ground. Tanagee also used for sundry activity, hygiene cloths and herbs, spices vegetation. Shade-porch [Tokoh], made by strips of split bamboo or wooden planks, can be sit stretch a leg with backrest here. There is a wood plate of stair on ground [KlohThi], it take dirt from feet and be place for shoes. Bamboo-wooden stair [Kloh] can take off in case to protect dog when no one in house. Storage ceiling [SaPraKoh] is place for keep hunting-fishing and elephant stuffs. Lift porch [Jorplae, Jorplaewoo] sitting step from [Tokoh] is a little bit more inside; it can take for older son and guest to sleep. Some, there is a patriotshrine on a side called [PerhJorKoh]. This patriotshrine ought to transform to Buddhism-shrine or Roman Catholic-shrine, when the owner change their religion. [SaPraKoh] here keep thread and rope knitting tool and weave staffs and also light weight utensils weaves for female work. Inside the house [Derpurr], mean most enclosure of the house. Derpurr composed with essentials [MeeULoah] kitchen-living hall and teenager daughters bed room [LaMeeKoh] also for head side. Outside the house envelop under the shade of eaves has shelves for keep heavy everyday life equipments, called [JorhNorKoh, JorhNorKee] for upper shelf near roof and [TatSurNur] for lower shelf, which is always cantilever part of floor structure. Gender and the House Der always belongs to marriage female. Karen house be regards as a property and a spiritual place of wife, she has full authority to allow who can live with. (Somkid 2527) If her husband dies, house must change in minor as front panel [Kor Par], stair [Kloh] and parts of roof sometime side roof [TaSueSah]. It is taboo to reuse things that removed. Ash in stove could use to shower follow dead body along carrying him to graveyard. Female case, for her death is much more important. It must be destruction of her house. Her prime chicken and her prime pigs must be scarified in this funeral. Her house metaphorically means her body. It is reason to bring back both her body and her house to nature in funeral rites.

Figure 4[Bueporr] Karen Barn with pick sty beneath

Figure 5 Common Plan of a Karen house Illustration of Jatupon Angsuwet

Figure 6 Common Section of a Karen house Illustration of Jatupon Angsuwet

SERKEETER: KAREN HOUSEHOLD STOVE

Region of Northern highland which settles of several hilltribes the weather are damp alternate dry and the temperature is normally cooler (~8.7-20.1Celsius) than low land and other region of Thailand. Household stove are important for both living and cooking. Like a fireplace, it give worm atmosphere foreveryday life,especially in night time.The smoket soot prolong all bio-material which composed the house. The fresh air leak in from every little opening replace hot air which drifted upon the stove. As a kitchen oven, it is place for main cooking and also storing several staffs as dry food , herbs. This is basic function of stove . However by considering the karen stove there are more interesting contents. Stove and Ethnicity By configuration of four column, Karen stove look like Tai-Soung stove, but different in interior planning. In the other side, there are some different about the configuration form and structure of ethnic household stove, especially, Luvua and Karen, whose considered to be different linguistic group also. Luvua stove shelves [Tahn] are hanged from ceiling above; Karen stove shelves are supported by 4 bamboo columns, Serkeeter, which connotation as stove too, frequently in lyrics and proverbs. But as multiple functions in Luvua everyday life, its more likely to Karen around their household stove hearthside, even for Luvua in longhouse which have same as ethnic community longhouse in IndonesiaOceania, -Toraja-KaroBatak-. (Ornsiri2006) Serkeeter in Plan Changing of religious always become change sign in the patriot-shrine. Compare with matron-shrine, household stove is more stable. Its rare to find religion identity changing here. If it happens, they disappear all their Serkeeter. Even that, some of them, re-new constructs their Serkeeter again, by the reason of lost something as commons senses in their life. According to in-house [DerPurr], there is a front room [MaeUrLoh], where locate a household stove near the centre part of the room. The stove [piklapoo] is rectangular shape (~1.6, 1.0m.) from top views. Both the longer sides-hearthside are place for the parent and little children sleeping big one called [PahWaeLeah], and the small hearthside called [PahWaePoh]. In short side of plan the space on head sleep side called [MeyThaKoh, MeyKohTah] used to keep cooking utensils. It is smaller than feet side. Direction of head side called [LamiKoh]. Direction of feet side called [Sikolah, Sikorkee]. The space on the feet side of stove (when sleep) called [MeyKohLah, Sicorkee] where taboo if guests stay here. Upper shelf called [JorhNorKoh] in head side and called [JorhNorKhee] in feet side. Head sides always keep to lower level of landscape contour, not depend on direction. This study independently insists of the resent observation of Akkrapong about the head side sleep in Karen Sgaw house. (Akkarapong.2007) Serkeeter in Section On section views of stove [piklapoo], will show from bottom to top. Base tray or hearth framed by wood [pakohla] contained with dirt and ash. Here three pieces of stone used as stove called [Lershaw], each pieces of refer to mother, father, and predecessor spirit. So it taboos to act without respect here. It was in the ritual for start living in new house [TohKehDer] that the dirt, three stone and three fruits of chilli procured for new stove. (Akkarapong.2007) Pieces of used charcoal with ash should be use as medicine with water and ash from Serkeeter use to shower in the air for lucky journey for member of family. Four columns are sitting on 2 pieces of bamboo trunk bases called [PahkWah]. It has proverb refer [PahkWah] as parent in house, and refer columns [SerKeeTer] as sons in-law. The stove columns may considered as most important essence of Karen stove, which especially found in Karen culture. Moreover, because of its bonding this deeply connected family relationship. Serkeeter considered as one of the most interesting things in Karen culture.

Figure 7Compare of Luvua and Karen stove. Illustration of OrnsiriPanin For example, both stoves have shelf place for same function, such as collective of essential matters, seeds, herbs, dry foods, place of family live and even the sacred place of family for ritual ceremony. There was a field report about Luvua funeral lyric ceremony which Karen can help this ceremony in someday, cause of their same connotation even in different language. (Jakapan 1997)

Any Serkeeter column has a hole pierce 1.5 feet higher from floor, keep children umbilical cord inside and keep a bamboo stick for rice cooking [LonDohKwah]. This sticks always use in the most rites of Karen including comfort ceremony(Klah) [riak Kwan]. Which also found in Karenic elephantKlah riual too that londohkwah is one of ten essence things, bannana, sugar cane,black sesami,[tiedboiled rice, mold sticky rice ,streamed sticky rice,cucurma with Acacia concinna water, red-white thread and last stir rice stick londohkwah case from Kanchanaburi.(Nathapong ) Especially, the stick and it keeping place, which have same name [LonDohKwah], also use as family remote tele- relationship, so parent call their remote family members by talking in this holes or in stick like psychic mobile telephone and say something for their remote child. Parent must intent to make LonDohKwah as fine as they can both hole and stick, the irregular shape of LonDohKwah may cause of abnormally shape of newborn baby mouth. Another meaning in Karen of LonDohKwah is the langur tale. (Semnopithecus and Presbytis spp.) Upper along four columns, there are three shelves. Lower shelf [SerKeeLah] use to keep seeds, and smocking of fish and meat, some have another little shelf hang down with receive more smoke and heat. Middle shelf [SerKeeKoh] use to keep next season seeds, herbs, spices. Upper shelf [SerParKoh] use to keep large basket utensils and mate for rice harvest ground, in some house this continues to structure of ceiling which collect basket staff too. Serkeeter in provincial of Thailand Most northern Karen stove separated structure down elevated from common platform of the room. Most western and southern Karen stove construct on same structure of the house little upper from the room elevation. Northern and Western built up the stove by bamboo, but in southern the stoves column made by little trunk of wood. There are some different for provincial in Thailand, Northern common Karen has four [LonDohKwah] for four [SerKeeTer]. Western common has just one, two, or four in four column, depend on the way keeping of the umbilical cord. In Southern part, there are not any holes [LonDohKwah] in Karen stove. Because of material and may be depend on religion changing too.

Figure 9 Serkeeter in Western Thailand, only one hole of LondohKwah, construct on floor

Figure 8 Life along Serkeeter in Northern , Four Londohkwa in four Serkeeter

Figure 10 Common Serkeeter in Southern Thailand ,wood column could not make LondohKwah

Figure 11 Londohkwah the stick and Londohkwah the keeper hole.

After dinner, it is time for entertaining. Grandmother or Grandfather tells their nephews the story of many tales as number of leaves in the forest. Then it is time of sleeping at the ending of story. All members of family sleep warm and safe near the stove Serkeeter, like any other Karen people in the night. Normally, fireplace always fire smoke. Smoke suit to the bio-based materials which use almost the envelope of the house. It keeps durability condition to prolong not only food but also the house. Plantbased roof and envelop of the house have lot of little openings smoke vent up which allow exchanging of fresh air from horizon envelop, balancing air quality and moisture-temperature in vernacular comfort zone. Serkeeter in seasons of life Keep thirty kind of seed, assure life when drought (Karen Proverb) There are more than 30 kinds of seeds kept in shelves of household stove [Serkeelah]. Karen people always use natural resources as the necessity of life from forest like firewood. However, not at all, most seeds plants kept for cultivate along with their swindle rice field. This seeds give many kinds of products become Karen everyday life fulfils, which for urban life coming from department store, like medicine, herbs, sweets,vegetable,fruits, cloths, instruments, toys etc. There are more than 30 kinds of r-December), every house bring their last 2-year surplus rice in barn to boil liquor. Day by day, any house hold stove boil liquor and return to be a place for welcome guests to thanksgiving ritual for rice keeper bird god. [ThoBiKah]. One day in the year, every old Karen tradition family have to perform ceremony for female clan predecessor. This ceremony is very complicate; every little detail must be done without mistake. The perform ceremony will start up again for every mistake. Nevertheless bad thing become to some member of the family. Center of this performance is to sacrifice pork at this household stove. Life of a Karen begins at the hearthside of stove. They all have born here. During the confinement after birth given, mother medically heals her body and womb by lie near the stove for warmth. The healing as well as sanitation, balanced hormone and immune and breast-feed her baby well. This happen here beside the sacred stove. After that their everyday life is going on happy around here until they pass away. Normally, a sick senile sleep with warm sparking fire here before her died. The funerals perform here for 35 day. Replica to female body, all the root animal the house and off cause stove will pass away too. There are other 3connotations found in Karen proverb song and lyric. First, Serkeeter are sign of Matron-shrine in house, Secondly, Serkeeter as beautifully warm living as

Figure 12 Londohkwah the stick

SERKEETER AND LIFES: DISCUSSION Twinkle, twinkle light, by a stove of night.

Its a hard life, where no male person beside. Without wife, man is just dry and empty. Dare and jump cross little river. Listen to old senile advice. Love and lives will find its side. ([utah] common Karen lyric) This part discusses on some views and timing about relativity of Karen people and their Serkeeter. Start with Serkeeter in everyday life, then Serkeeter in season life in year, then ordinary Karen life, which start and finish with Serkeeter. Finally discusses about its significances connotation in Karen culture. Actually, Karen hold place around piklapoo Serkeeter as sacred private zone, which taboo for guests, that caused this subject could found previously. Sincere relative performance as a family member during data collected which agree crumbling the pole as subject/object in research point of view, insider/ outsider;Apoc/Etoc in anthropology dialogue. Serkeeter in everyday life Every morning, first drinking water for any members in house is hot water boil with a piece of herb wood, kinds of wood are difference in any family. But it is in same purpose of health and hygiene especially for protection of the alimentary disease and malaria. It is place of cooking and sometime eating breakfast, lunch and most of dinner. It is place for keep warm of herb water and foods meal.

pro-lyric of this part, others connotation is family status and marriage. This showed in the following Karen proverbs. [Serkeeter Lorchae PahkWah] Stove columns sitting of its bases - As new family sitting on old familyFighting between husband and wife, Collapse stove columns inside. Conceal, reunion of Serkeeter: religion identity Kwanchewan suggested about current of changing religion of Karen, which have several roles relativity to their identity. (Kwanchewan2003 ) This study also found some case of Serkeeter, which insist of her suggestion. First case is concealing of identity, in a new house of a new protestant Christian changer. This Karen had problem in life and change to protestant. He invited us to visit his house accidentally. His house build as typical of new modern design with oven in kitchen .But he keep his identity by relocated his Serkeeter to the inner side of the house ,which normally could not see from any point of view (from priest?) Second case, a Karen man who changed his religion to be Roman Catholic for a long time, rebuild Serkeeter inside his asbestos roof house. He and his wife lived in old tradition inside the house. He said that he felt not good when lacked of Serkeeter, be happy in this new room beside a tiny problem. The problem was when vapour condensing to be liquid form of water in winter under the asbestos cement roof tile. Dripping water brought backs them with smoke soot, and dirty cloths and lie down on the floor. Related to religious identity, classify Serkeeter and their contexts are in following table. Table 2 Table of morphology of Serkeeter
CONFIGURATION PLANNING RITUAL

Type 3, most found in western part, considered as origin too. Because too hot weather to sleep near Serkeeter. Most constructed on floor, and had only one or two Londohkwah. Type 4, found both western and southern. Most of them had not any rituals but form of Serkeeter continues to their nostalgia. Serkeeter relate to the religion identity in Karen vision. Future question might be how about usage and related to the confinement after birth given in any type of Serkeeter.

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION

Sometimes the smallest detail reveals the most about a culture. This paper has shown how to interpret of Karen household stove, one of their built environments, in the way of reflexive cultural landscape from case in Thailand. Moreover, decode its cultural cosmology meaning. It should be discovering about metaphoric in Karen space by other methodology and theory such as Semiotics, Semiology or anthropological systems theory in next step in other built environments also. In the future, research could approach deep interpretative compare between ethnicity such as TaiSonhg, Luava and Karen. Interesting variables for furthermore research such as linguistic group, Geo-settlement, Symbolistic Identity are importantly stressed in definding of fine particularity or body of knowledge. Normally indigeneous knowledge keep on man place and society,and opressed as pre-historical under developed knowledge. This precieving ideal biased . The Serkeeter notion collect predecescors of 4 elements ,earth,water,wind,fire, together in one moment of place and time. Need to know ,how actual of, this archeological status social system working. Some evidences of nondescribe society are keep on our society. Knowledges should help to understand more both in ethnic group and local urban society. This document is a result of various disciplines approach as ethnicity anthropology with vernacular architecture study. Symbolic relativity found from social Structuration such as non-manuscript taboo, which construct social coding inside the equipments or in their built environment. However, Serkeeter system found on indigeneous karen religion in Northern and Western part only. Serkeeter system may up to both religion and region especially,climate zone. Its essence conclusion that metaphorical meaning of Serkeeter in Karen Sgaw ethnicity as a center productive organ of the female body owner. Actually, Serkeeter inferred to Karen cultural womb.

Serkeeter with Londokwah

Serkeeter with Londokwah

Serkeeter with Londokwah Serkeeter without Londokwah

Birth Living CookingSleeping Died (Birth?) Living CookingSleeping (Died?) Birth Living-Cooking Died (Birth?) Living Cooking(Died?)

OrhkareOrhBkah

OrhkareOrhBkah -

Type 1 is origin form especially in Northern, normally had four Londohkwa in four Serkeeter. Type2 are most found in Northern, the owner change religion to Buddhism or Roman Catholic but keep their Karen lifestyle.

NOMENCLATURE
Any pronunciation of Karenic language in this paper is base on Northern Karen Sgaw tribe of Thailand. It is in sign [-] especially for the first time, any syllable in word use capital letter just for stress right. Others local such as Thai are in [-] sign.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This paper is a part

of a research Indigenous Knowledge and Relativity in Cultural Landscape of Pakakeryor Architecture 2008 Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI) funded. Thanks to Mr.Siwagon Odochaw, Mr.Schwan Panduangnetra,and Ajarn Jatupon Angsuvech from Arch.Ku, Ajarn Jullaporn Nanthapanich ,Faculty of Architecture,Chiangmai Univesity . Special thanks to Pati Joni Odochaw, Professor Ornsiri Panin, Faculty of Architecture of Kasetsart University and Dr.Kwancheewan Buadaeng, Faculty of Sociology, Chiangmai University. Moreover, others anonymous senile who took care along the fieldwork.

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