INDEX INTRODUCTION WORKING OF OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS OF OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE SYSTEM 4 OPTICAL SUIT 4 o o 5 o 6 o 8 HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAY

REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION 11 REFERENCES 12 8 9 COMBINER PROJECTOR VIDEO CAMERA COMPUTER 5 2 3

ABSTRACT Invisibility seems to be an impossible dream depicted in science fiction . Actually it is an old idea invented by professor Inami, Seguchi, Tachi at the university of To yo. They invented a transparent cloa by projecting a bac groun d image ta en by video camera on to the mas ed object. By this we can observe th e mas ed object just as if it were virtually transparent. This tas is achieved not by mere magic but by using a retro-reflective material. This idea is in its primary stage of development but it is undergoing continuous process of developm ent. Though optical camouflage is the result of the art of technology but to a v iewer it certainly seems to be li e magic. INTRODUCTION Everyone surely have seen the movie HARRY POTTER and so must be familiar with the invisibility cloa that Harry receives in his first year at Hogwarts A cademy. As the name suggests invisibility cloa which loo s li e a silvery, shin y cloth renders Harry invisible when he slips beneath it. Optical camouflage del ivers a similar experience but in a technical manner. It can be defined as follo ws: Optical camouflage is a hypothetical type of active camouflage to create the illusion of invisibility by covering an object with something that projects the scene directly behind that object.

Fig. 1: The above figure shows the invisibility created by the optical s uit.

Theory: Optical camouflage is a ind of active camouflage. This idea i s very simple. If you project bac ground image onto the mas ed object, you can o bserve the mas ed object just as if it were virtually transparent. Although opti cal is a term that technically refers to all forms of light, most proposed forms of optical camouflage would only provide invisibility in the visible portion of the spectrum. The most intriguing prototype uses an external camera placed behind the cloa ed object to record a scene, which it then transmits to a compu ter for image processing. The computer feeds the image into an external projecto r which projects the image onto a person wearing a special retroreflective coat. This can lead to different results depending on the quality of the camera, the projector, and the coat, but by the late nineties, convincing illusions were cre ated. The downside is the large amount of external hardware required, along with the fact that the illusion is only convincing when viewed from a certain angle. Creating complete optical camouflage across the visible ligh t spectrum would require a or suit covered in tiny cameras and projectors, progr ammed to gather visual data from a multitude of different angles and project the gathered images outwards in an equally large number of different directions to give the illusion of invisibility from all angles. For a surface subject to bend ing li e a flexible suit, a massive amount of computing power and embedded senso rs would be necessary to continuously project the correct images in all directio ns. This would almost certainly require sophisticated nanotechnology, as our com puters, projectors, and cameras are not yet miniaturized enough to meet t hese condition. Although the suit described above would provide a convincing il lusion to the na ed eye of a human observer, more sophisticated machinery would be necessary to create perfect illusions in other electromagnetic bands, such as the infrared band. Sophisticated target-trac ing software could ensure that the majority of computing power is focused on projecting false images in those dire ctions where observers are most li ely to be present, creating the most realisti c illusion possible. This shows the principle of the optical camouflage using Xtal vision. You can sel ect camouflaged object to cover with retroreflector. Moreover, to project a ster eoscopic image, the observer loo s at the mas ing object more transparent. In the above shown figure,This transparent cloa ma es you see as if the cloa i s transparent by projecting the shooting image behind the person onto the cloa i.e It loo s li e three men wal ing behind are seen through the body of the pers on. So,actually,the cloa is not really transparent. WORKING OF OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE SYSTEM

Fig 2. Wor ing of Optical Camouflage system.

The above figure shows a complete wor ing of the optical camouflage system by me ans of the bloc diagram This can be explained as below:(here the CLOAK refers to the OPTICAL SUIT) 1. The video camera captures the scene behind the person wearing the optica l suit made up of retroreflective material. 2. The image ta en by the video camera is then sent to the computer which processes the image and ma es the calculations necessary to adjust the still ima ge or video so it will loo realistic when it is projected. 3. The projector receives the enhanced image from the computer and sends th e image through a pinhole-sized opening onto the combiner. Combiner is a half-si lvered mirror. 4. The silvered half of the mirror, which is completely reflective, bounces the projected image toward the person wearing the optical suit. 5. The optical suit acts li e a movie screen, reflecting light directly bac to the source, which in this case is the mirror. 6. Light rays bouncing off of the optical suit pass through the transparen t part of the mirror and fall on the user s eyes. The light rays bouncing off of the cloa contain the image of the scene that exists behind the person wearing the cloa . The components shown in the bloc diagram are described in detail in the section below. REQUIREMENTS OF OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE SYSTEM The main components required in the optical camouflage system are as follows: The optical suit Video camera Computer Projector Combiner Optical Suit The optical suit is made up of thousands and thousands of small beads of glass. The light rays falling on these beads bounce bac in the same direction from which they came. The diagram given below shows the comparison between the r eflection by a simple mirror and the retro-reflective mirror. The figure shows that when the light is reflected from a rough surface, due to t he diffusion phenomenon it gets scattered in different directions. While in the case of a perfectly smooth surface li e a mirror the incident ray and the reflec ted ray ma e the same angle with the mirror surface. Now in the case of the retr o-reflective material, which is used in the optical suit, the glass beads act li e a prism, bending the light rays by a process called as refraction. Due to thi s phenomenon the refracted ray travels in the same direction as the incident ray . The result of this is that the observer situated at the light source receives more of the reflected light and therefore a brighter illusion. Video Camera The retro-reflective material actually does not ma e a person invisible but it i s completely opaque. The optical suit only acts li e a screen onto which the ima ge is projected. The function of the video camera is to capture the bac ground i mage, which is to be projected onto the optical suit. The output of this video c amera must be in the digital form to be compatible with computer. Computer The computer should comprise of a powerful hardware/software combo to synthesize graphics and then superimpose them on a real-world image. For optical camouflag e to wor , this combo must ta e the captured image from the video camera, calcul ate the appropriate perspective using augmented reality.

Augmented Reality System

Fig .4 Components of Augmented Reality System. Real world scene image is ta en by the video camera. The generation o f the virtual image is done with a standard computer graphics system. The graphi cs system requires information about the imaging of the real scene so that it ca n correctly render these objects. This data will control the synthetic camera th at is used to generate the image of the virtual objects. This image is then merg ed with the image of the real scene to form the augmented reality image. Projector The computer feeds the modified image onto the projector, which then pro jects the image on the person wearing the retroreflective suit. A projector acco mplishes this tas by shining a light beam through an opening controlled by a de vice called an iris diaphragm. An iris diaphragm is made of thin, opaque pla tes, and turning a ring changes the diameter of the central opening. For optical camouflage to wor properly, this opening must be the size of a pinhole because this ensures a larger depth of field so that the optical suit can be located an y distance from the projector. Quantitative analysis of the small iris effect is provided. If the projector has enough brightness, the limit of the resolution is determined by the aperture si ze . In this case, it is assumed that the projector has no aberrations. The angular resolution is then defined as Where, = angular resolution. = Wavelength of light rays = Diameter of Iris Concerning the relationship between the diameter of the iris and the depth of fi eld, if the required angular resolution is , the range of the depth of field of the optics is between

Fig.5

Combiner The combiner is special mirror, which performs dual functions of both reflecting the projected image toward the cloa and to let light rays bounce off the cloa and return to the user s eye. This special mirror is called a combiner -- a hal f-silvered mirror that both reflects light (the silvered half) and transmits lig ht (the transparent half). If properly positioned in front of the user s eye, th e combiner allows the user to perceive both the images enhanced by the computer and light from the surrounding world. This is critical because the computer-gene rated image and the real-world scene must be fully integrated for the illusion o f invisibility to seem realistic. This can lead to different results depending o n the quality of the camera, the projector and the computer.

Depth of Field of Optics

Head Mounted Display Ma ing the observer stand behind a stationary combiner is not very pragma tic -- no augmented-reality system would be of much practical use if the user ha d to stand in a fixed location. That s why most systems require that the user ca rry the computer on his or her person, either in a bac pac or clipped on the hi p. It s also why most systems ta e advantage of head-mounted displays, or HMDs, which assemble the combiner and optics in a wearable device.

Japanese Invisible Technology Optical Camouflage They are the ultimate form of camouflage. Put one on, and y ou disappear from view. One saved Harry Potter from many tight scrapes, and in t he film Die Another Day the technology provided James Bond with the ultimate esc ape vehicle, an invisible car. But now Japanese scientists have turned fantasy into reali ty by creating an invisibility cloa that ma es it possible to see straight thro ugh its wearer. He, or she, simply vanishes from view. The garment is the wor o f Japanese inventor Susumu Tachi, a professor of computer science and physics at the University of To yo. Its a ind of augmented reality, he said of his device. In reality, the optical camouflage cloa is anything but invis ible. It is made up of retro-reflective material coated with tiny light-reflective beads that cover its entire length. The cloa is also fitted with cameras that project what is at the bac of the wearer on to the front, and vice versa. The e ffect is to ma e the wearer blend with his bac ground. The device is attracting serious attention from military experts een to exploit a technology that could help troops move into action without being spotted.Nor does the potential end there, says Tachis colleague, Nao i Kawa ami. It could be u sed to help pilots see through the floor of the coc pit at a runway below, or fo r drivers trying to see through a fender to par a car. REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS 1. Tele-Existence The concept of tele-existence deals with wor ing and perceiving with the feeling that the person is present at more than one place. The process is described i n the diagram given below and can be explained as follows: Here the human user A is present with his teleexistence robot A along wi th human user B and vice versa. The tele-existence robots are covered with retro reflective material and hence respective images of human user A and B are projected on the tele-existen ce robots A and B. So the illusion of a person present at two places at a ti me is created. Fig.6 Tele-existance 1. Aircrafts By the use of optical camouflage the base of the aircrafts are made comp letely invisible so that the pilot can see the land below without any interfere nce and hence can now the conditions for safe landing.

2.

Military The optical camouflage is used by the soldiers to hide their presence ag ainst the enemies. 3. Medical Application The phenomenon is used by the doctors to hide their hands and instrument s to see the underlying tissues. 4. Human Pleasures This technology is used by the humans to ma e the opaque walls transpare nt and reate a pleasant atmosphere. 5. Movies This technology had been widely used in the movies such as Harry Potter. The computer used requires a large amount of hardware as well as softwar e. The illusion loo s convincing when only viewed from a certain angle othe rwise it is ineffective. 6. Also use for other vehicles li e car. if you can see through the bac of car. You will put the car into the garage successfully.

CONCLUSION Each technology has its own pace of development. This technology is stil l at its developing state. Even though in movies, invisibility is narrated, but the common man does not now the concept behind it. We have developed an Optical Camouflage system. Optical Camouflage can be used o n surgical gloves or equipments so they dont bloc surgeons view during delicate o perations. In aviation, coc pit floors could become invisible to assist pilots during landing. The wea point of this technique is that the observer needs to loo through a half-mirror. The current system needs a half-mirror and projector s, which were fixed on the ground. REFERENCES [1] R. Azuma and J. Rolland, A Survey of Augmented Reality, Presence: Tele o perators and Virtual Environments [2] M. Inami, N. Kawa ami, D. Se iguchi, Y. Yanagida, T. Maeda and S. Tachi , "Visuo-Haptic Display Using Head-Mounted Projector", Proceedings of IEEE Virtu al Reality [3] www.optical camouflage.com [4] csdl.computer.org [5] En.wi ipedia.org