Bonds Guide and Formulation

Bonds
Finance 100
Prof. Michael R. Roberts
Copyright Michael R. Roberts
Topic Overview
Introduction to bonds and bond markets Zero coupon bonds
Valuation Yield-to-Maturity & Yield Curve Spot Rates Interest rate sensitivity DVO1 Valuation Arbitrage Bond Prices Over Time Yield Curve Revisited Interest rate sensitivity Duration & Immunization
Coupon bonds
Forward Rates
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What is a Bond and What are its Features?

A bond is a security that obligates the issuer to make interest and principal payments to the holder on specified dates.
Maturity (or term) Face value (or par): Notional amount used to compute interest payments Coupon rate: Determines the amount of each coupon payment, expressed as an APR
Coupon =
Coupon Rate Face Value Number of Coupon Payments per Year
Bonds differ in several respects:

Repayment type Issuer Maturity Security Priority in case of default
Repayment Schemes
Bonds with a balloon (or bullet) payment
Pure discount or zero-coupon bonds

Pay no coupons prior to maturity.
Coupon bonds
Pay a stated coupon at periodic intervals prior to maturity.
Floating-rate bonds
Pay a variable coupon, reset periodically to a reference rate.
Bonds without a balloon payment
Perpetual bonds
Pay a stated coupon at periodic intervals.
Annuity or self-amortizing bonds

Pay a regular fixed amount each payment period. Principal repaid over time rather than at maturity.
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Who Issues Bonds?

US Government (Treasuries)

T-bills: 4,13,16-week maturity, zero coupon bonds T-notes: 2,3,5,10 year, semi-annual coupon bonds T-bonds: 20 & 30-year, semi-annual coupon bonds TIPS: 5,10,20-year, semi-annual coupon bond, principal -adjusted Strips: Wide-ranging maturity, zero-coupon bond, IB-structured
Foreign Governments Municipalities

Maturities from one month to 40 years, semiannual coupons Exempt from federal taxes (sometimes state and local as well). Generally two types: Revenue bonds vs General Obligation bonds Riskier than government bonds (e.g., Orange County)
Who Issues Bonds? (Cont.)

Agencies:
E.g. Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae) Most issues are mortgage-backed, pass-through securities. Typically 30-year, monthly paying annuities mirroring underlying securities Prepayment risk.
Corporations
4 types: notes, debentures, mortgage, asset-backed ~30 year maturity, semi-annual coupon set to price at par Additional features/provisions:
Callable: right to retire all bonds on (or after) call date, for call price convertible bonds putable bonds
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Bond Ratings
Moodys Aaa Aa A Baa Ba B Caa Ca C D S&P AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC CC C Quality of Issue Highest quality. Very small risk of default. High quality. Small risk of default. High-Medium quality. Strong attributes, but potentially vulnerable. Medium quality. Currently adequate, but potentially unreliable. Some speculative element. Long-run prospects questionable. Able to pay currently, but at risk of default in the future. Poor quality. Clear danger of default. High speculative quality. May be in default. Lowest rated. Poor prospects of repayment. In default.
Amount ($bil.). Source: Flow of Funds Data 2005-2007

Debt Instrument U.S. Gov. Municipal Corporate Consumer Credit Mortgages 2005 307.3 195 53.6 94.5 1417.5 2006 183.7 177.3 213.4 104.4 1397.1 2007 237.5 214.6 314.1 132.3 1053.2
The US Bond Market Flows
Dollar volume of bonds traded daily is 10 times that of equity markets! Outstanding investment-grade dollar denominated debt is about $8.3 trillion (e.g., treasuries, agencies, corporate and MBSs
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Zero Coupon Bonds (a.k.a. Pure Discount Bonds)

Notation Reminder:
Vn= Bn = Market price of the bond in period n F = Face value R= Annual percentage rate m = compounding periods (annual m = 1, semiannual i = Effective periodic interest rate; i=R/m T = Maturity (in years) N = Number of compounding periods; N = T*m r = discount rate
m = 2,)
Two cash flows to buyer of a zero coupon bond (a.k.a. zero): What is the price of a bond?
V0 = B 0 = F
-V0 at time 0 F at time T
(1 + r )
F or V0 = B0 = N 1 + i) (
Zero Coupon Bond Examples

Value a 5 year, U.S. Treasury strip with face value of $1,000. The APR is 7.5% with quarterly compounding? Approach 1: Using R (APR) and i (effective periodic rate) ?
Approach 2: Using r (EAR) ?
Approach 3: Using r (periodic discount rate) ?
Copyright Michael R. Roberts 10
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Yield to Maturity
The Yield to Maturity (YTM) is the one discount rate that sets the present value of the promised bond payments equal to the current market price of the bond Doesnt this sound vaguely familiar ? Example: Zero-Coupon Bond
V0 = F
(1 + r )
F r= V0
1/ T
1 = YTM = y
But this is just the IRR since

0 = V0 F
(1 + IRR )
F IRR = V0
1/ T
1 = YTM = y
Yields for Different Maturities
Note: bonds of different maturities have different YTMs
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Spot Rates, Term Structure, Yield Curve

A spot rate is the interest rate on a T-year loan that is to be made today
r1=5% indicates that the current rate for a one-year loan today is 5%. r2=6% indicates that the current rate for a two-year loan today is 6%. Etc. Spot rate = YTM on default-free zero bonds.
The term structure of interest rates is the series of spot rates r1, r2, r3, relating interest rates to investment term The yield curve is just a plot of the term structure: interest rates against investment term (or maturity)
Zero-Coupon Yield Curve: built from zero-coupon bond yields (STRIPS) Coupon Yield Curve: built from coupon bond yields (Treasuries) Corporate Yield Curve: built from corporate bond yields of similar risk (i.e., credit rating)
Term Structure of Risk-Free U.S. Interest Rates, January 2004, 2005, and 2006
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Using the Yield Curve

We should discount each cash flow by its appropriate discount rate, governed by the timing of the cash flow Example: What is the present value of $100, 10 years from today ? (Use the term structure from January 2004)
Generally speaking, we must use the appropriate discount rate for each cash flow:
PV = C1 C2 + + 1 + r1 (1 + r2 ) 2 + CN = (1 + rN ) N
n =1
CN (1 + rn ) n
A Cautionary Note
All of our valuation formulas (e.g., perpetuity, annuity) assume a flat term structure.
I.e., there is only one discount rate for cash flows received at any point in time
Recall:
Growing Annuity:
PV = C
Growing Perpetuity:
1 (r g )
PV =
N 1 + g 1 (1 + r )
C (r g )
r is implicitly assumed to be the same every period

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Interest Rate Sensitivity Zero Coupon Bonds

Why do zero-coupon bond prices change?...Interest rates change! F
V0 =
(1 + i )
The price of a zero-coupon bond maturing in one year from today with face value $100 and an APR of 10% is:
V0 = 100
(1 + 0.10 )
= $90.91
Example: Now imagine that immediately after you buy the bond, the interest rate increase to 15%. What is the price of the bond now ?
Characterizing the Price Rate Sensitivity of Zero Coupon Bonds

Consider the following 1, 2 and 10-year zero-coupon bonds, all with
F=$1,000 APR of R=10%, compounded annually.
$1,200 $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 $0 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 1-Year 2-Year 10-Year
Note 4 things: 1. Bond prices are inversely related to IR 2. Fix the interest rate: Longer term bonds are less expensive 3. Longer term bonds are more sensitive to IR changes than short term bonds 4. The lower the IR, the more sensitive the price.
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Quantifying the Interest Rate Sensitivity of Zero Coupon Bonds DV01

Whats the natural thing to do? Compute the derivative
V0 = F
(1 + i )
V0 ( N +1) = FN (1 + i ) < 0 (Negative slope in i ) i 2V ( N + 2 ) 20 = FN ( N + 1)(1 + i ) > 0 (Convex function of i ) i

If we change the interest rate by a little (e.g., 0.0001 or 1 basis point) than multiplying this number by the derivative should tell me how much the price will change, all else equal (i.e., DV01 = Dollar Value of 1 Basis Point)
Alternatively, we can just compute the prices at two different interest rates and look at the difference: B0(i) B0 (i+0.0001)
Valuing Coupon Bonds

Amortization Bonds
Consider an amortization bond maturing in two years with semiannual payments of $1,000. Assume that the APR is 10% with semiannual compounding How can we value this security?
1. Brute force discounting (i): V0 = + + + = $3545.95 (1 + 0.10 / 2 ) (1 + 0.10 / 2 )2 (1 + 0.10 / 2 )3 (1 + 0.10 / 2 )4 or 1000 1000 1000 1000 EAR (r): V0 = + + + = $3545.95 0.5 1 1.5 2
1000 1000 1000 1000
(1 + 0.1025)
V0 =
(1 + 0.1025)
(1 + 0.1025 )
(1 + 0.1025 )
2. Recognize the stream of cash flows as an annuity

1000 (1 (1 + 0.10 / 2)4 ) = $3,545.95 0.10 / 2
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Replication
Can we construct the same cash flows as our amortization bond using other securities?
A First Look at Arbitrage

What if the bond is selling for $3,500 in the market?
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Valuation of Straight Coupon Bond Example

What is the market price of a U.S. Treasury bond that has a coupon rate of 9%, a face value of $1,000 and matures exactly 10 years from today if the interest rate is 10% compounded semiannually? 0 6 12 108 Timeline: Months
Cash Flows 45 45 45
120 1045
Present Value = Current Price = ?
Valuation of Straight Coupon Bond General Formula

What is the market price of a bond that has an annual coupon C, face value F and matures exactly T years from today if the required rate of return is R, with m-periodic compounding?
Coupon payment is: c = C/m Effective periodic interest rate is: i = R/m number of periods N = Tm
V 0 = [ Annuity
] + [Zero ]
1 (1 + i ) N F = c N + ( i 1 + i)
Note the assumption of a flat term structure
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Relationship Between Coupon Bond Prices and Interest Rates

Bond prices are inversely related to interest rates (or yields). A bond sells at par only if its interest rate equals the coupon rate.
Most bonds set the coupon rate at origination to sell at par
A bond sells at a premium if its coupon rate is above the interest rate. A bond sells at a discount if its coupon rate is below the interest rate.
The Effect of Time on Bond Prices
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YTM and Bond Price Fluctuations Over Time
Yield to Maturity Coupon Bonds

Recall: The Yield to Maturity is the one discount rate that sets the present value of the promised bond payments equal to the current market price of the bond Prices are usually given from trade prices
need to infer interest rate that has been used
B=

c 1 1 yield / m (1 + yield / m )N
F + (1 + yield / m )N
This is not the annualized yield, which equals yield* = ( 1 + yield / m)m-1 E.g., IRR function in excel or your calculator since:
Typically must solve using a computer
B=
c 1 1 yield / m (1 + yield / m )N
F + (1 + yield / m )N
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The Yield Curve Revisited

Treasury Coupon-Paying Yield Curve
Often referred to as the yield curve Same idea as the zero-coupon yield curve except we use the yields from coupon paying bonds, as opposed to zerocoupon bonds.
Treasury notes and bonds are semi-annual coupon paying bonds
We often use On-the-Run Bonds to estimate the yields

On-the-Run Bonds are the most recently issued bonds
Interest Rate Sensitivity Duration

The Duration of a security is the percent sensitivity of the price to a small parallel shift in the level of interest rates.
Duration = DB = 1 dB B dy
A small uniform change dy across maturities might by 1 basis point. Duration gives the proportionate decline in value associated with a rise in yield Negative sign is to cancel negative first derivative
Alternatively, given a duration DB of a security with price B, a uniform change in the level of interest rates brings about a change in value of dB = DB dy B
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Duration of a Coupon Bond

The mathematical expression for Duration is:
1 dB 1 1 N n 1 = + N F (1 + y / m) N 1 n cn (1 + y / m ) B dy B m n =1
which we can rearrange

N n c (1 + y / m ) n N F (1 + y / m) N 1 D = (1 + y / m ) n + B m B n =1 m N PV ( cn ) N PV ( F ) n 1 = (1 + y / m ) + n =1 m B m B Time in Years "Weight" on until nth payment nth payment
Duration of a Coupon Bond Example

Compute the duration of a two-year, semi-annual, 10% coupon, par bond, with face value of $100.
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More on Duration
Duration is a linear operator: D(B1 + B2) = D(B1) + D(B2)
The duration of a portfolio of securities is the value-weighted sum of the individual security durations DVO1 is also a linear operator
Duration is a local measure

Based on slope of price-yield relation at a specific point Based on a bond of fixed maturity but maturity declines over time
Duration of a zero is
D = (1 + y / m )
1
N m
Duration Matching Example

Bank of Philadelphia balance sheet (Figures in $billions, D=duration assuming flat spot rate curve) Assets Liabilities & Shareholders Equity Commercial Paper (D = 0.48) 2-Year Notes (D = 1.77) Shareholder Equity Total Assets (D = 1) 25 Total Liabilities (D = ?) Duration of liabilities = ? The problem:
Increases in interest rates will decrease value of liabilities by more than assets because of duration mismatch.
$10 $10 $5 $25
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Duration Matching Example (Cont.)

What is the change in assets value when interest rates change uniformly? What is the change in liability value when interest rates change uniformly ? We want our assets and liabilities to experience similar value changes when interest rates change, so set these two expressions to be equal and solve for DL (DA=1.0): ?
Duration Matching Example (Cont.)

What fraction of the banks liabilities should be in CP and Notes in order to get a liability duration of 1.25 ?
How much money should the bank hold in CP and Notes in order to get a liability duration of 1.25? How should the bank alter their liabilities to achieve this structure ?
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Forward Rates
A forward rate is a rate agreed upon today, for a loan that is to be made in the future. (Not necessarily equal to the future spot rate!)
f2,1=7% indicates that we could contract today to borrow money at 7% for one year, starting two years from today.
Example: Consider the following term structure r1=5.00%, r2=5.75%, r3=6.00%

Consider two investment strategies:
1. Invest $100 for three years how much do we have? 2. Invest $100 for two years, and invest the proceeds at the one-year forward rate, two periods hence how much do we have?
When are these two payoffs equal? (i.e. what is the implied forward rate?)
Forward Rates
Strategy #1: Invest $100 for three years have ? how much do we
Strategy #2: Invest $100 for two years and then reinvest the proceeds for another year at the one year forward rate, two periods hence how much do we have ?
When are these two payoffs equal? (i.e. what is the implied forward rate?) ?
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Arbitraging Forward Rates Example

What if the prevailing forward rate in the market is 7%, as opposed to what calculated in the previous slide? Step 1: Is there a mispricing and, if so, what is mispriced ? Step 2: Is the forward loan cheap or expensive ?
Step 3: Given your answer to Step 2, what is the first step in taking advantage of the mispricing ?
Arbitraging Forward Rates Example
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General Forward Rate Relation

Forward rates are entirely determined by spot rates (and vice versa) by no arbitrage considerations. General Forward Rate Relation: (1+rn+t)n+t=(1+rn)n(1+fn,t)t Think of this picture for intuition:
(1+r1) (1+r1) (1+f1,1) (1+r3)3 (1+r2)2 (1+f2,1) (1+f1,2)2 (1+f2,1)
Time 0
3
Summary
Bonds can be valued by discounting their future cash flows Bond prices change inversely with yield Price response of bond to interest rates depends on term to maturity.
Works well for zero-coupon bond, but not for coupon bonds
Measure interest rate sensitivity using duration. The term structure implies terms for future borrowing:
Forward rates Compare with expected future spot rates
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Bonds Guide and Formulation

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Bonds

Copyright Michael R. Roberts

What is a Bond and What are its Features?

Coupon Rate Face Value Number of Coupon Payments per Year

Bonds differ in several respects:

Copyright Michael R. Roberts

Pure discount or zero-coupon bonds

Bonds without a balloon payment

Annuity or self-amortizing bonds

Copyright Michael R. Roberts

Who Issues Bonds?

Foreign Governments Municipalities

Copyright Michael R. Roberts

Who Issues Bonds? (Cont.)

Copyright Michael R. Roberts

Copyright Michael R. Roberts

Amount ($bil.). Source: Flow of Funds Data 2005-2007

The US Bond Market Flows

Zero Coupon Bonds (a.k.a. Pure Discount Bonds)

-V0 at time 0 F at time T

Copyright Michael R. Roberts

Zero Coupon Bond Examples

Approach 3: Using r (periodic discount rate) ?

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 10

But this is just the IRR since

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 11

Yields for Different Maturities

Note: bonds of different maturities have different YTMs

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 12

Spot Rates, Term Structure, Yield Curve

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 13

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 14

Using the Yield Curve

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 15

r is implicitly assumed to be the same every period

Interest Rate Sensitivity Zero Coupon Bonds

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 17

Characterizing the Price Rate Sensitivity of Zero Coupon Bonds

Quantifying the Interest Rate Sensitivity of Zero Coupon Bonds DV01

V0 ( N +1) = FN (1 + i ) < 0 (Negative slope in i ) i 2V ( N + 2 ) 20 = FN ( N + 1)(1 + i ) > 0 (Convex function of i ) i

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 19

Valuing Coupon Bonds

2. Recognize the stream of cash flows as an annuity

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 21

A First Look at Arbitrage

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 22

Valuation of Straight Coupon Bond Example

Present Value = Current Price = ?

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 23

Valuation of Straight Coupon Bond General Formula

Note the assumption of a flat term structure

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 24

Relationship Between Coupon Bond Prices and Interest Rates

Most bonds set the coupon rate at origination to sell at par

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 25

The Effect of Time on Bond Prices

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 26

YTM and Bond Price Fluctuations Over Time

Copyright Michael R. Roberts 27

Yield to Maturity Coupon Bonds

Typically must solve using a computer

The Yield Curve Revisited

We often use On-the-Run Bonds to estimate the yields