TE,CF{-E&

ffi grllgj C_EE* F.i I# Ar"{ AL

EJ

E.),fnf ll-a f+i i -.

',..', r-r:-j i:, li ';i} .,,;-',,''., 1'-l1{;" j- : ijr - f f ,-;'-f'-.j'i- :=l j r-.i,'.-'{';-.'i-;-*ir. _*=_-_._ :_, .. il :'::-.:r t l. j- ::. { l-'i-r f *. ** -,_.:-_:L . j_ i _ \ - i;!1]__
_

{ ris;rc: rlrt': l'iatic;:a J ir:st. Ci. Teei:;:*log=,. "*tt')

l{?; i il L,l'.
!-r .

3E ilFf - g * tr es-IgFllv ilNF C*]WFAIEi V # EXfi, ilAF;:;*F.iFii VtLLA$, i*i A il A F.}-E* A E / g ET}A F,i, trA ig V "F A E A H A i; A };;, s*.A Hil;AF,3f{F1 * S*Li Ej?2 l, *$rj-:i t:i j'ef#F;, 65**"rcA2
i1"-{
E

F,i.Fi: 4j4!*^23:i3 I gGS H- ffi a r i : el:it---ed5S@:r,*" i:l *,a. e+. I ;:

r]

+.:

*. i: ni ::; :,i,'g:

s-,*

6 :
E

*::

e i i ^ s-, * :sn

BffiffiH-Fffi EW E@WEE

AIM: To determine the.convective

heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer by

forced convection for flow of ail inside ahorizonlal pipt'

THEORY:
place by the Convective heat transfer between a fluid and a solid surface talces particles is rloverlent of flr-rid particles relative to the surface. If the movement of fluid

causedbymeansofextertlalagencl,suchaspumpolblora,erthatfor.cesfluidoverthe
Surface, then the pIoceSS ofheat transfel is called forced convection'

In convectional
determile

heat tlansfer', thele ale two flow regions namely laminar &

criteriotl to tur.bulent. The non-dimensional number called Reynolds number is used as the change fi'om laminal to turbulent flow. Fol snrallel value of Reynolds number

viscous forces ale dominant and tire flow is laminar and for larger value of Reynolds numbers the inertia forces become dominant dnd the flow is turbulent. Dittus-Boelter

corelation for fu1ly developed tulbulent flow in cilcular pipes is,

N,:

0.023 1Re; n

o8

1Pr; "

Where,

: n:

0.4 for heating of fluid 0.3 for cooling of fluid

N,,: Nusselt number: hd K

R":

Reynolds Numbel: Vd
U

P, = Plandtl

Number': E !p k

FFFEE FR
E

bffi=W

The apparatus consists of a blower to supply air. The air from the.blower

passes

tluough a flow passage, heatel and then to the test'section. Air flow is measured by an

olifice meter placed near ihe test section. A heater placed around the tube heais the air, heat input is contlolled by a dirnmerstat. Temperatule of the air at inlet and at outlet is
measured using thetmocouples. The surface temperature of the tube wall is measured at

diffelent sections using thermocouples embedded in the wal1s. Test section is enclosed in
a asbestos rope whele the

circulation of rope is avoid the heat loss to out side.

PROCEDURE:

1. Start the blow-er after keeping the valve open, at desired rate. 2. Put on the heater and adjust the voltage to a desired value and maintail it as consta't 3. Aliow the system to stabilize and reach a steady state.

4'
5.

Note down a1l the temperatures Tr to T7, voltmeter and amrneter readings, and
rnanorneter reaciings.
Repeat the experiment

for different heat input and flow rates.

SPECIFICATIONS
Specimen Size of the Specimen Heater

Copper Tube

I.D. 28ram x 400mm long Externally ireated, Nichr.ome wire Band Heater

Arnmeter Voltrneter Dimmelstat fol heating Coil

Thernocor-rple Used

Digital type,}-2 amps, AC Digital type, 0-300volts, AC

0-230v, 2amps
7 nos.

Centriftigal Blorver'
Manorneter

Single Phase 230v,Sb hz, i30001prn U-tube u'itir mercnry as working fluid 20 mm 40

Orifice diameter, 'do'

G. I pipe clianreter. 'do'

uln

iJ

n-j

; i* <.

7'

7
-: *i
{,1

{i

=
z:

Lhi =
J

tl

E :ja

\i\l

\i

\
I

.:

\
.)
*J
F

Fl F

c]
l1l

a o
-j

L\
&

:E rt

i* ::;U :*

.
O
c)

l,^

:d

o
fd

z r a
a
= E

x
6

C t7
-t:l

!
E

{)
tj

".1

v i
5

O
7.

= z

v
.a

ffi$
I

&

z
:,

'I

ffi E.*

lt

ffi

Qrlote: change

in density of air with temperature is neglected i.e., pa: collgtant)

5. Average surface temperature of the tube

Tr:

T2+T3 +T4+T5 +T6 + 273.15

5

oK

6. Mean temperature

of air
oK

T- :
h

Tr

* Tz + 273.15
2 o1

rroperlres

an'are taken at T,,,

T,

* T2

.......

oK

At temperature Tn'. kinematic viscosity 'v', Prandtl number ,pr, and thermai conductivity 'k' ale taken from properties of air table
6.

Reynolds Number

R.:

Vu

x d.

"
Nusselt number

Nu:

A.023 R.0.8 p,o.:

9. Nn:

hxd,
k

Folced convective heat tr.ansfer h = Nu

Wm'-K

10. Rate of heat transfer

,Q:hA(T--Tr)
Q

h z drl, (T-

- Tr)...... watt

TEH-ffi

COMMENTS:
Do's:

1. Before switching ON the unit, make sure that the variec is in

position.

Zero

2. Operate thennocouple selector switch (TSS) gently. 3. Operate the unit minimum twice a week. 4. Increase the voltage very slowly by using variec knob.
Don'ts:
1. Do not go above 200 volts power input to heater.

2.Do not opelate the equiprnent if line voltage is less than200 volts.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Room Temperature

TB:

+ 273.15 K

sl. No

Heater input

Air temp. 'C

Tube surface

Diff. in
Voltmeter reading V volts
Ammeter reading I
amps

Temperature
Inlet Tr Outlet
Tz
T3 Tq Ts

oC T6

VI
watts

Manometer' reading hn, mm

Tt

SPECIMEN CALCULATI ONS :

1.

Mass density of air pa

- P
RTn

kg/m3

Where,
2.

Atmospheric Pressure :701325 N/m2 R = Gas constant for air :287 J/kg K TB: Room tempelature in K

Pressure drop across orifice meter

fla

in'm

of air

Pnt h'n
Pa

where,

pm = Mass density of mercury: 13600 kg /m3 hn,: Differentiai manometel reading of merculy

3)

Veiocity of air at the olifice

Vo=

Co |

. I l{d",dJ-

2gh.

m/s

4) Velocity of air in the tube Vo

Ya-

(nd'?ol4)

Vo

d'o

m/s