ClausEggersSorensen Markant RoP

Essay by Claus Eggers Srensen.
Submitted in partial fulflment for the requirements for the Master of Arts
in Typeface Design. Department of Typography and Graphic Communication
The University of Reading, United Kingdom, July 2009
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Refection on Practice
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Reflections on PRactice
table of contents
3 the MaRkant tyPeface faMily foR news in PRint and on scReen
4 a shoRt histoRy of news tyPogRaPhy
9 the PRocess of develoPing the latin RegulaR
14 on the design featuRes of the latin RegulaR
15 on the design featuRes of the uPPeR case and sMall caPs
16 on the design featuRes of the italic
17 on the design featuRes of the gReek
18 on the design featuRes of the cyRillic
19 on the coMbination of latin, cyRillic and gReek
on the weights and styles
20 conclusion
21 scRiPt & language suPPoRt
22 glyPh RePeRtoiRe
24 style & weight RePeRtoiRe
25 tyPeface featuRes
3
the MaRkant tyPeface faMily foR news in PRint and on scReen
The Markant family of typefaces engage the contemporary challenges of news typogra-
phy. Newspapers struggle to stay an attractive proposition to the public. Competition
from online sources is strong, and there is no doubt that distribution via the Internet
is the future. This has led to a loss of control over the typographical design, as require-
ments to be compatible with a host of devices, dictate setting the bar for the lowest
common denominator.
Especially typography the key element of conveying content has sufered tre-
mendously. Web browsers have until now not been able to use typefaces outside of
their operating system. This is changing as you read this. The newest generation of
browsers now allow designers to specify custom typefaces and use them in browsers,
ensuring an elevation of typographical quality closer to that of printed matters.
The Markant typeface family is designed to perform in legibility, economy of set-
ting and distinct tone of voice, both in print and on any type of screen.
In this essay I will go into some detail on the process of developing the typeface that
I eventually named Markant. The development process was marked by number of
creative challenges. My quest for an original design meant I had to stop, go back and
rethink stylistic elements on several occasions. I found that this was the greatest chal-
lenge I faced during my work.
Markant means distinct or marked. A quality somewhat counter to the goals of
typographic design1. This feld between the duly expected and the excitement of nov-
elty has to be navigated with care, especially in the feld of text faces. Newspaper body
copy typefaces is a narrow feld mostly driven by quantitative measures like economy
of setting and legibility. Some newspapers do however try to communicate an identity
even in the design or choice of their body copy text typeface. With screens as the new
medium, I have tried to design a text face that both establishes a tone of voice, as well
as meeting some of the requirements for typefaces for screens.
1 Warde, Beatrice. The Crystal Goblet, Sixteen Essays on Typography. World Pub. Co., Cleveland, 1956.
4
a shoRt histoRy of news tyPogRaPhy
The design of what eventually turned out to become the typeface family Markant was
inspired by my fascination of typefaces for newspaper printing. Especially the typefac-
es designed for body copy use the long running text, in narrow columns, with little or
no leading I found to be a worthy subject for exploration.
In the history of newspaper printing, the design of newspapers have moved from
its earliest book typography roots, across changing formats and printing technolo-
gies, which have all dictated new typefaces to be designed especially for these specifc
generational instances. Since the beginning of the 19th century, newspaper typography
can be said to have come into its own, with set of conventions that are still with us
today.
Several technical challenges in the last centu-
ry have produced works of type design that have
become hugely infuential within the feld, an some-
times (perhaps by accident) even outside of it.
In 1922 Chauncey H. Grifth was promoted
to Vice President of Typographic Development
at Mergenthaler Linotype. He immediately start-
ed the development of new typefaces to replace
the prevailing modern1 style faces. The issue trou-
bling the moderns was their high contrast design.
Especially the hairline parts of the cast lines could
break of while printing, and counters could clog
with ink and pulp. Faster printing meant transfer-
ring the cast lines with the stereotype process to a
letterpress cylinder for high-speed rotary printing
on endless rolls of paper stock. C. H. Grifths new
approach was to engineer new typefaces to the print-
ing method2. That meant drawing inspiration from
the Egyptienne3 style as seen in the Clarendon4 type-
face, with its very sturdy lower contrast design, and
Theodore Low De Vinne and Linn Boyd Bentons
Century Roman, which possessed elegance and legi-
bility. The frst product of these eforts was Ionic No.
5. It was an instant success, within eighteen months
it was used by more than 3000 newspapers all over
the world5. C. H. Grifth and Mergenthaler Linotype
continued to refne the design in subsequent itera-
tions: Excelsior (1931), Paragon (1935), Opticon (1935),
Corona (1941). These became known as the Legibility
group.
Times New Roman commissioned by The Times of
London and released by Monotype in 1933 after one
year of exclusivity to The Times, was a design over-
seen by Stanley Morison6. This typeface drew heav-
ily upon the Plantin face, and was allowed to have
delicate lines and be semi-condensed, because it
1 Modern to mean, of the Didone style.
2 Consuegra, David. American type design & designers. Allworth Communications, Inc., 2004, p. 149.
3 Also know as Egyptian.
4 Designed by Robert Besley and released by The Fann Street Foundry in 1845.
5 Consuegra, David. American type design & designers. Allworth Communications, Inc., 2004, p. 149.
6 Unger, Gerard. Experimental No. 223, a newspaper typeface, designed by W.A. Dwiggins. Quaerendo,
Volume 11, Number 4, 1981 , pp. 302-324(23)
Clarendon with a roman type, from the Fann
Street Foundry, c. 1852. Not to scale.
Ionic No. 5, Excelsior and Paragon from the
Linotype Legibility Group. Not to scale.
Century Roman. From Consuegra, David.
American type design & designers. Allworth
Communications, Inc., 2004, p. 62.
Times New Roman from its frst use in The Times
of London 3rd, October 1932.
5
was printed in sheet feed letter press as opposed to high-speed rotation presses. This
could only be done because The Times had a relatively limited daily run. As proceeding
time allowed improvement in paper stock and printing technologies other newspapers
adopted Times New Roman even in high-speed rotation letterpress. This design proved
so popular that is to this day remains in use in some newspapers, but mostly see use in
periodicals and books.
With the move to photo lithography and ofset printing
in the 1960s, print quality took a turn for the worse. Photo
lithography involved many stages of transferring a layout
from intermediate mediums to the fnal paper substrate.
Printing speed increased leading to ink smearing or ghost
impressions on opposite pages if the ink was not applied
thinly enough, in turn leading to greyish impression on
already greyish stock. Further, the paper stock had coarse
fbres and a porus structure, leading to a high ink spread.
This was to inspire Dutch typedesigner Gerard Unger to
design Swift for release in 1985. It was sturdy with large
wedge serifs, large x-height and open apertures, but per-
haps most importantly it was of a contemporary aesthet-
ical language. It too some time for the design to catch on
in a very conservative newspaper industry, but then it did
have to replace the two major typefaces in use Times New
Roman and Excelsior that had been the staple of newspaper
body copy since the early 1930s.
Swift masterly integrated le got hollandois7 with techni-
cal solutions and contemporary design sensibilities. Later
Gerard Unger would take on the issue of economy of set-
ting in his 1993 design Gulliver. By that time page composi-
tion had moved to electronic layout systems, and advances
in printing technology and paper quality had opened up for
more delicate designs.
Matthew Carter another prolifc typedesigner within
newspaper typeface design had also seen this opportu-
nity for more refnement, and designed Miller8 for release
in 1997. This was a Scotch Roman revival9, stylistically clos-
er to Linotypes Legibility group, and in a much more con-
servative design language than Gerard Ungers designs. Yet
it ofered more typographical variety with intermediate
weights, small caps, grades10, body text and display versions.
These were all typographical garnishes that had been large-
ly abandoned from newspapers since hotmetal linecasters
were introduced. With computer layout applications, these
sophistications could now be re-intro duced.
7 Johnson, A. F. The Got Hollandois. The Library, 4th series, v. 20, 1939, pp. 18096; (Selected
essays, pp. 36577).
8 http://www.fontbureau.com/fonts/MillerDaily
9 Not a strict revival of any particular typeface, rather a revival of the Scotch Roman style.
10 Grades are a number of fonts for the same typeface, spanning in weight from slightly lighter
to slightly darker around a middle weight. An appropriate weight can then be chosen to ft the
particular printing speed, ink, plate work, paper stock and so on, for a fnal newspaper that fea-
tures body copy that is neither too light nor too dark. Grades were not exclusive to digital type-
setting, they had also been ofered by Mergenthaler Linotype for Excelsior.
Als Retter der Banken haben die Kanzlerin
und der Finanzminister eine gute Figur ge-
macht. Wenn es aber um Manahmen gegen
den Konjunkturabschwung geht, handelt das
Kabinett dilettantisch. Die Regierung beriet
auf ihrer gestrigen Kabinettssitzung zum
zweiten Mal innerhalb einer Woche ber das
Konjunkturpaket. Doch die erneuten Gespr-
che knnen nicht darber hinwegtuschen:
Bei der Kfz-Steuer hat die Groe Koalition
ein heilloses Durcheinander angerichtet. Erst
wollte die Koalition alle Neuwagen begnsti-
gen. Dann sollten die umweltfreundlichen
Fahrzeuge einen Steuernachlass erhalten.
Jetzt gibt es fr alle neuen Autos, die in den
nchsten sechs Monaten gekauft werden,
einen Rabatt. Wie es weitergeht, wei keiner.
Das Hin und Her steht in keinem Verhltnis
zum Nutzen. Die Vorstellung, mit dem Ver-
zicht auf die Kfz-Steuer den Autoabsatz an-
kurbeln zu knnen, ist naiv. Die Regierung
hat wertvolle Zeit fr Klein-Klein vertan,
anstatt ein umfassendes Konzept gegen den
Abschwung auf den Weg zu bringen.
Was dazu die konomischen Berater der
Bundesregierung sagen, ist im Jahresgutach-
ten des Sachverstndigenrates nachzulesen.
Beim Verzicht auf die Kfz-Steuer handelt es
sich um Placebo-Politik. Der ebenfalls ge-
plante Steuerbonus auf Handwerkerrechnun-
gen hat ebenfalls keinerlei Nutzen fr die
Konjunktur und erhht nur bestehende Sub-
ventionen. Mit einem Sammelsurium von
Einzelmanahmen kommt die Politik nicht
weiter. Gefragt sind in schwierigen Zeiten
Antworten, die nicht nur einer Branche kurz-
fristig Vorteile verschaffen, sondern allen
Verbrauchern und Unternehmen. Die Empfeh-
lungen der Fnf Weisen fallen berraschend
aus. Deren Rat lautet: nicht kleckern, son-
dern klotzen. Die Regierung soll notfalls h-
here Schulden hinnehmen, um die Arbeitneh-
mer steuerlich zu entlasten. Damit schlagen
die konomen vllig neue Tne an, denn in
der Vergangenheit haben sie der Haushalts-
disziplin einen hohen Stellenwert zugemes-
sen. Wenn die Professoren nun die Konjunk-
turankurbelung fr vordringlicher halten als
den Schuldenabbau, ist das ein Hinweis da-
rauf, dass Deutschland wie andere Lnder
auch vor ernsthaften Problemen steht.
Dies darf zwar kein Freibrief fr Aktionis-
mus sein. Aber dennoch gibt es fr staatliche
Impulse gute Argumente. Seit dem Jahr 2001
kommt der private Konsum hierzulande
nicht mehr in Fahrt. Whrend andere Lnder
ihre Wirtschaft durch Manahmen sttzen,
die die Konsumausgaben der Verbraucher
steigern, ist in Deutschland der Aufschwung
vor allem von Exporten und Investitionen
getragen worden. Das kann auf Dauer nicht
gutgehen. Anstatt viele kleine Programme
auf den Weg zu bringen, die Milliarden
verschlingen, ist das Geld in Steuersenkun-
gen besser angelegt. Vom Abbau der kalten
Progression im Einkommensteuertarif, wie
sie der Sachverstndigenrat vorschlgt, ht-
ten alle Arbeitnehmer etwas. Das Augenmerk
der Politik sollte auf der Strkung der Massen-
kaufkraft liegen. Jetzt rcht sich, dass die
Groe Koalition mit Steuererhhungen sei-
nerzeit schnell zur Hand war. In der Krise
sind Entlastungen notwendig. Nur wenn die
Verbraucher das Gefhl haben, dass sie sich
Anschaffungen wie ein neues Auto oder den
Kauf neuer Mbel leisten knnen, werden sie
auch mehr konsumieren.
Fr die ffentlichen Haushalte bedeutet
das neue Schulden. Das gilt aber auch fr den
Fall, dass die Regierung an ihren unsinnigen
Konjunkturplnen festhlt. Wenn die Politik
schon Geld ausgibt, sollte sie es fr sinnvolle
Zwecke verwenden. Beweist die Regierung
Augenma, wrde sich der finanzpolitische
Schaden trotz Steuerreform in Grenzen hal-
ten. Die finanzpolitische Ausgangslage hat
sich in den vergangenen Jahren verbessert.
Das schafft Spielraum in Notzeiten.
Berlin und der Rat der Weisen
Placebo-Politik
Man wird wieder mal umdenken mssen.
Und wir werden nicht umhinkommen, auch
ganz klar zu sagen: Wie gut, dass es die IKW
gibt. Verwechseln Sie jetzt bitte die IKW
nicht mit der IKB. Die IKB ist die Deutsche
Industriebank, und ber die IKB ist in Zusam-
menhang mit der Finanzkrise eigentlich alles
gesagt worden. Jedenfalls wnschen wir der
Investmentgesellschaft Lone Star alles Gute
mit ihrem Neuerwerb IKB, wenden uns jetzt
aber unverzglich einem erfreulicheren
Thema zu: der IKW. Die IKW ist der Industrie-
verband Krperpflege- und Waschmittel, und
dieser Verband hat erfreulicherweise der
Schweizerin Katharina Zaugg ein Forum gege-
ben. Katharina Zaugg finden wir im Handels-
register unter Putzschule Katharina Zaugg
mit Sitz in Basel und dem Unternehmens-
zweck Schulung nachhaltiger Raumpflege.
Frderung der Integration der Raumpflege.
Was unter Letzterem zu verstehen ist,
erschliet sich nicht unmittelbar, aber damit
ist wohl gemeint, dass Putzvorgnge heute
noch vielfach in einer Parallelwelt stattfin-
den. Und das will Katharina Zaugg ndern.
Frau Zaugg hat bei einer Galaveranstaltung
des Industrieverbands Krperpflege- und
Waschmittel ihre seit Jahrzehnten propa-
gierte Position unterstrichen, wonach das
Putzen in aufrechter Haltung und mit
rhythmischen Bewegungen einen geradezu
meditativen Charakter haben kann. Das ist
mal eine interessante Sicht der Dinge! Wir
wissen aus anderer Quelle, dass Frau Zaugg
besonders gerne Toiletten putzt, sprich: dort-
selbst meditiert. Die von Frau Zaugg propa-
gierte nachhaltige Raumpflege und der damit
verbundene Erkenntnisgewinn kann auch
Bankmanagern empfohlen werden. Fangen
Sie einfach in der Derivatenkammer an!
Rekordverdchtige 23 Stunden haben Ar-
beitgeber und IG Metall in Sindelfingen
bentigt, um die schwierigste Lohntarif-
runde seit langem zu lsen. 23 Stunden
zwischen Friedensschluss und Arbeits-
kampf, zwischen kleinlichem Gefeilsche
und unvermeidlichen Tarifritualen.
Von Matthias Schiermeyer, Sindelfingen
Dass die lange Tarifnacht nicht zu vermeiden
sein wird, ist schon klar, bevor die Dunkel-
heit ber der Stadthalle von Sindelfingen
hereinbricht. Wer nachmittags gegen 15 Uhr
anfngt zu verhandeln, der sucht die Ent-
scheidung nicht vor Mitternacht. Jetzt zhlen
keine Inflationsrate und kein Produktivitts-
zuwachs mehr. Jetzt mndet der Streit um
die Prozente in einen harten Machtpoker um
das gnstigere Tarifergebnis. Also wird ge-
feilscht bis zur Erschpfung.
Jan Stefan Roell und Jrg Hofmann sind
die Pokerspieler, die trotz gegenseitiger
Sympathie freinander unterschiedlicher
kaum auftreten knnen. Abgeklrt tritt der
Sdwestmetall-Chef Roell zu Beginn vor die
Mikrofone und fordert unmissverstndlich:
Wir mssen deutlich unter dem Abschluss
von 2007 bleiben. Die Finanzkrise macht es
mglich: whrend der Arbeitgeber erkennt,
dass sich der Wind strategisch gesehen
zu seinen Gunsten gedreht hat, blst dem
Gewerkschafter ein Sturm ins Gesicht. So
steht der IG-Metall-Bezirksleiter Hofmann zu
Beginn etwas ratlos da und wei nicht recht,
wohin mit den Hnden. Rein in die Hosenta-
schen, raus aus den Taschen. Die IG Metall ist
in den letzten Wochen unruhig geworden.
In einem sind sie sich einig: Sagenhaft
weit seien die Positionen auseinander, sagt
Roell. Die Diskrepanz sei extrem gro,
pflichtet Hofmann ihm bei. Gegen halb vier
kommen die Kontrahenten erstmals zusam-
men: sechs auf jeder Seite. Beide Verhand-
lungsfhrer haben ihre Tarifexperten sowie
Mitstreiter von Bosch oder ZF Friedrichsha-
fen mitgebracht. Auch die Daimler-Vorleute,
Personalvorstand Gnther Fleig und Betriebs-
ratschef Erich Klemm, gehren wieder dem
engsten Kreis an. Da kann die Absatzkrise bei
Mercedes noch so gro und die Streiklust der
Daimler-Kampftruppen noch so gering sein
die Erfahrung dieser Mnner ist unverzicht-
bar. Gegen 18 Uhr werden die Verhandlun-
gen unterbrochen. Die Gesprche befnden
sich in einer schwierigen Ecke, sagt einer
der Sprecher im geschraubten Tarifdeutsch,
wie es blich ist, wenn der Leerlauf mit
wichtigen Worten verdeckt werden soll.
Fortan tut sich wenig im engen Verhand-
lungsraum K III hinter dem Stadthallenres-
taurant. Weitere vier Stunden spter treten
die Pressesprecher erneut vor. Nun ist man
gar in einer sehr schwierigen Ecke. Aha.
Spt am Abend kommen die Gremien ins
Spiel, in denen sich die Verhandlungsfhrer
stets vor ihren Entscheidungen absichern.
Die Gewerkschaft hlt ihre Hintergrundkom-
mission mit 60 Funktionren auf dem Laufen-
den und konsultiert den Vorstand mit Bert-
hold Huber an der Spitze, der in Schwieber-
dingen Quartier bezogen hat. Die Fhrung
des Dachverbandes der Arbeitgeber bert
sich wenige hundert Meter vom Verhand-
lungsort entfernt im Hotel Marriott. Auch der
Gesamtmetall-Prsident Martin Kannegiesser
muss dort Rcksicht auf die vielfltigen Be-
findlichkeiten im eigenen Lager nehmen.
Die lange Tarifnacht ist da, und gegen
drei Uhr in der Frh ist noch lngst kein Ende
in Sicht. Seit neun Stunden haben angeblich
keine substanziellen Verhandlungen mehr
stattgefunden, allenfalls sporadische Kon-
takte, wie die Sprecher mitteilen. Das ist aber
nur ein Teil des Verwirrspiels, wie sich spter
herausstellt, denn in kleinster Runde geht es
konstruktiv voran. Auch Verhandlungsteil-
nehmer werden daraus nicht schlau. Irrsin-
nig nennt der Heidelberger Bevollmchtigte
Mirko Geiger die Hngepartie. Solch eigenar-
tige Verhandlungen habe er in den letzten
zehn, 15 Jahren nicht erlebt. Die Arbeitgeber
lieen keine ernsthafte Bewegung erkennen,
was er als Zeichen dafr wertet, dass sie sich
intern vllig uneinig seien.
Die Folterinstrumente der IG Metall lie-
gen bereit der Arbeitskampf ist bestens
vorbereitet: Zunchst soll, so ist es geplant,
die Groe Tarifkommission am Mittwochvor-
mittag das Scheitern beschlieen, am Nach-
mittag soll der Vorstand folgen. Noch am
gleichen Abend knnte die Urabstimmung
beginnen und am Montagmorgen die Arbeit
ruhen. Die Streikstrategie zielt auf eine ra-
sche Eskalation mit groen Arbeitsausfllen.
Anders als 2002 will die Gewerkschaft die
Belegschaften nicht tageweise in den Aus-
stand holen, sondern Unternehmen, in denen
keine Fernwirkung zu erwarten ist, unbefris-
tet lahm legen. Fernwirkung bedeutet Band-
stillstand in den Betrieben, die nicht direkt
bestreikt werden, wegen der unterbrochenen
Lieferkette aber in Mitleidenschaft gezogen
werden. Dort wrde die Aussperrung drohen,
was die Gewerkschaft vermeiden will.
Die IG Metall spiele nicht mit Streik,
sondern begegne ihm immer mit Respekt,
beschwichtigt der Waiblinger Geschftsfh-
rer Dieter Knau. Doch wenn es sein soll,
werde der Kampf angenommen. Whrend
der Warnstreiks habe man gut gebt. Wir
wissen, wo es dem Stihl wehtut, sagt er.
Auch der Ludwigsburger Bevollmchtigte
Konrad Ott glaubt nicht, dass die Gewerk-
schaft wegen der Wirtschaftskrise pltzlich
machtlos sei. Es gebe gengend Maschinen-
baubetriebe, die unter hohem Produktions-
druck stnden und keine Ausflle vertrgen.
Noch bis Sonntag war der Ulmer Unter-
nehmer Roell in China. Da fragt man uns:
Reichen euch nicht Konjunkturabschwung
und Finanzkrise msst ihr auch noch einen
Arbeitskampf haben? Streik bringe Spaltung
und Stress in die Belegschaften, mahnt er.
Und er emotionalisiert die Unternehmerkol-
legen. Da gibt es einige, die sagen: Wenn es
nicht klappt, mssen wir den Arbeitskampf
ber uns ergehen lassen. Kurz: Ihr werdet
schon sehen, was ihr davon habt, IG Metall.
Soweit kommt es nicht. Gegen halb fnf
in der Frhe lsst sich der Sdwestmetall-
Chef vor dem Marriott zu dem optimisti-
schen Satz hinreien: Es dauert nicht mehr
lange. Seine Skepsis sei schon deutlich gerin-
ger. In einer halben Stunde werde etwas
passieren. Dann werde man erleben, wie
Hofmann und er, Roell, dasselbe komplexe
Vertragswerk unterschiedlich interpretieren.
Roell ist ein seriser Unterhndler und
kein Freund bewusster Desinformation. Den-
noch wird seine Prophezeiung nicht eintre-
ten. Es dauert vielmehr eine weitere Stunde,
bis Hofmann vom Vorstand aus Schwieber-
dingen zurckkehrt und auf die Frage, ob es
eine Einigung gebe, barsch antwortet:
Nein. Das hrt sich nicht nach Einigung an,
im Gegenteil. In den nchsten Stunden tau-
chen die Verhandlungsfhrer ab, lassen die
Hintergrundgremien und die Berichterstatter
den Vormittag ber allein mit all den Gerch-
ten vom Durchbruch, die die Gewerkschaft
auf Kompromisskurs drngen sollen. Unsg-
lich, schimpft ein Bevollmchtigter. Die Ar-
beitgeber htten krftig Nachforderungen ge-
stellt. Das ist im Prinzip der gleiche Schei
wie bei der Altersteilzeit. Mittags tritt notge-
drungen der Gewerkschaftssprecher vor. Es
werde noch verhandelt, betont Kai Bliesener.
Daher sind Meldungen, dass es eine Tarifei-
nigung gibt, schlicht und ergreifend falsch.
Erst am frhen Nachmittag bereiten die
Streithhne dem Wechselbad der Gefhle ein
Ende. Um 14.20 Uhr, 23 Stunden nach Be-
ginn, decken die Pokerspieler Hofmann und
Roell, Huber und Kannegiesser ihre Karten
auf, und sie prsentieren in einer Stimmungs-
lage von Erleichterung bis Stolz den neuen
Tarifvertrag ein Werk mit vielen Zahlen
und Abstufungen, das vieles verschleiert und
doch beiden Seiten gerecht wird.
Parallelwelten
Jerusalem hat einen neuen Brgermeis-
ter. Er heit Nir Barkat, ist Geschfts-
mann, und noch wei man nicht so
genau, wie er politisch einzuordnen ist.
Immerhin: er hat die Religisen besiegt.
Von Inge Gnther, Jerusalem
Er ist nicht charismatisch, aber wendig,
smart. Und wenn es darauf ankommt, ist er
ziemlich rechtsnational: Nir Barkat, ein ge-
schftstchtiger Jungdynamiker, ist zum Br-
germeister von Jerusalem gewhlt worden.
Er werde fr alle Brger da sein, ob sie fr
ihn gestimmt htten oder nicht, hat er ver-
sprochen. Ein bisschen klang er da wie der
legendre Teddy Kollek, der wie kein anderer
ausgleichend wirkte in dieser Stadt, die sich
im ewigen Spannungsfeld zwischen From-
men und weltlichen Krften, Juden und Ara-
bern, befindet. Aber anders als Kollek ist
Barkat ein Mann, der polarisiert. Fr das
Friedenslager stellt er nach allem, was er im
Wahlkampf gesagt hat, ein rotes Tuch dar.
Der Mann, der seine ersten Millionen mit
Computersoftware verdiente, hat im Wahl-
kampf aber auch gezeigt, dass er fhig zur
Selbstironie ist. So hatten seine Anhnger
Barkats Pappebenbild mit den Erkennungs-
merkmalen der diversen Bevlkerungsgrup-
pierungen ausstaffiert: mal mit Bart und
Fellmtze fr die ultraorthodoxen Juden, mal
mit blau-wei gehkelter Kippa auf dem
Kopf, wie sie nationalreligise Siedler tragen.
Dazwischen wurde Barkat, ganz nach dem
Geschmack der politischen Mitte, als moder-
ner Geschftsmann prsentiert, oder er trug
die fr Linke typische Nickelbrille. Nir Barkat
der Brgermeister fr jedermann, so
beschreibt er selbst seine neue Rolle.
Den Einzug ins Chefzimmer der Jerusa-
lem City Hall hat er letztlich aber seinem
Pakt mit zwei Interessengruppen zu verdan-
ken. Barkat ist es zum einen gelungen, das
skulare konservative Brgertum zu mobili-
sieren. Das sind jene, die nach fnf Jahren
Erfahrung mit einem ultraorthodoxen Rat-
hauschef die Nase vollhatten vom Missma-
nagement in der Verwaltung. Hauptsache,
der Neue kmmere sich um eine besser
funktionierende Mllabfuhr und tue etwas
gegen das Verkehrchaos, sagen sie.
Andere Whler nahm Barkat mit seinem
Bekenntnis fr nationale Ziele ein. Ir David,
die Stadt Davids genannte jdische Siedlung
im arabischen Stadtteil Silwan, ist fr ihn
eindrucksvoller Beweis, was wir mit dem
Rest Jerusalems machen knnen. Zum Ver-
gleich: Kollek hatte es in seinen spten
Jahren als Fehler bezeichnet, seinerzeit nicht
gegen die ersten Extremisten unter den Sied-
lern eingeschritten zu sein, als die sich mit
rden Methoden unter alteingesessenen Pa-
lstinensern festsetzten. Barkat mchte zur
Begeisterung der Siedlerlobby Jerusalems
Wohnungsknappheit mit groen Neubauvor-
haben im ueren Ostteil der Stadt lindern.
Dahinter steckt der Plan, Ostjerusalem
mit der Grosiedlung Maale Adumim zu
verbinden. Die USA haben dagegen schon
frher protestiert. Letztlich hat ber ein sol-
ches umstrittenes Projekt auch nicht der
Brgermeister zu entscheiden, sondern die
nationale Regierung. Barkat will nun mitre-
den. Jerusalem msse die auf ewig vereinte
jdische Hauptstadt bleiben. Palstinensi-
sche Ansprche auf Jerusalem ignoriert er.
Manche glauben, dass Barkats Bndnis
mit den Rechtsnationalen taktisch bedingt
war, um zu einer Mehrheit zu kommen.
Denn vor fnf Jahren hatten die den ultraor-
thodoxen Kandidaten ins Amt gehoben. Mit
52 Prozent Stimmenanteil hat Barkat sich
klar gegen den Rabbiner Meir Porusch von
der Vereinten Thora-Partei durchgesetzt. Im
Stadtrat sind die Verhltnisse umgekehrt. In
der Konkurrenz mit den Religisen haben die
skularen Krfte einen Punktsieg errungen
nicht mehr, aber auch nicht weniger.
Lange Zeit weit auseinander: die Verhandlungsfhrer Jrg Hofmann (links) und Jan Stefan Roell
UNTEN RECHTS
Die Acht war gestern.
Die lange Nacht von Sindelfingen
Durchhalten, um den Kampf zu vermeiden
Jerusalems neuer Brgermeister
Pragmatiker oder Hardliner die Zukunft wirds weisen
Nir Barkat (links) hat nach seinem Sieg gesagt,
er wolle fr alle Brger da sein. Foto AP
Von Heinz Beekmans
Kurz vorm Ziel wird nachgelegt
Die Verhandlungen in Sindelfingen sind von Warnstreiks begleitet worden. Der Abschluss in Baden-Wrttemberg soll nun Pilotwirkung fr die ganze Republik haben. Fotos AP (2), ddp
Von Roland Pichler
Verwirrspiel und Hngepartie
3
Donner st ag, 13. November 2008 St ut t gart er Zei t ung Nr. 265
DI E DRI TTE SEI TE
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Swift Regular
Swift is a trademark of Linotype GmbH registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and may be registered in certain
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OHamburgefonstiv
24 pt
OHamburgefonstiv
36 pt
OHamburgefonstiv
48 pt
OHamburgefon
60 pt
OHamburgef
72 pt
OHamburg
84 pt
OHambur
96 pt
Gerard Ungers Gulliver. From
Stuttgarter Zeitung Nr. 265, 2008.
Mittel roman by Christian Zinck
(1724). From Johnson, A. F. The Got
Hollandois. The Library, 4th series, v. 20,
1939, p. 195.
Matthew Carters Miller Daily.
Gerard Ungers Swift.
TWO: REGULAR WITH BOLD AND ITALIC 9 point
AND GRUMPY WIZARD MADE
125 TOXIC BREWS FOR THESE
EVIL QUEENS & JACKS. LAZY
MOVE QUIT HARD PACKING
OF PAPIER-MCH JEWELRY.
Back at my quaint garden: jaun
ty zinnias vie with 13 faunting
phlox. Hark! 4,872 toxic jungle
water vipers quietly drop on ze
bras for meal! New farm hand
(picks just six quinces) proves
strong but very lazy. For on ly
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of 82 quick-frozen vegetables.
Jaded zombies acted so quaint
but kept driving their 31 oxen for
ward. At my grand prix, J. Blatz
was equally vilifed for his funky
ways. My grandfather spent his
day quickly carving wax buzz
ards, mostly from junk. When
we go back to Juarez, Mexico,
will we fy over lovely Arizona?
Murky haze enveloped a city
as jarring quakes broke forty
six windows. Pack mine box
with fve dozen liquor jugs.
Will we expect Major Douglas
to take this true/false quiz very
soon? A mad boxer shot a quick,
TWO: REGULAR WITH BOLD AND ITALIC 8.5 point
GRUMPY WIZARD MADE THE
TOXIC BREWS FOR AN EVIL
QUEEN & JACK. LAZY MOVER
QUIT HARD PACKING OF OLD
PAPIER-MCH JEWELRY BOX.
Back at my quaint garden: jaunty
zinnias vie with faunting phlox.
Hark! 4,872 toxic jungle water vi
pers quietly drop on zebras for
meals! New farm hand (picking
just six quinces) proves strong
but so lazy. For only about $65,
jolly housewives made the inex
pensive meal using quick-frozen
vegetables. Jaded zombies acted
quaintly but kept driving their 31
oxen forward. At my grand prix, J.
Blatz was equally vilifed for his
funky ways. My grandfather spent
his day quickly carving wax buz
zards, mostly from junk. So, when
we go back to Juarez, Mexico, do
we fy over picturesque Arizona?
Murky haze enveloped that city
as jarring quakes broke forty-six
more windows. Do pack my box
with ffteen dozen liquor jugs.
Will Major Douglas be expec
ted to take that true false
quiz very soon? Mad boxer shot
another quick, gloved jab to the
jaw of his dizzy opponents. Just
work for an improved basic tech
TWO: REGULAR WITH BOLD AND ITALIC 8 point
GRUMPY WIZARDS MADE THE
TOXIC BREWS FOR EVIL QUEEN
AND JACK. LAZY MOVERS QUIT
HARD PACKING OF THESE PAPI
ER-MCH JEWELRY BOXES. AND
Back at my quaint garden: jaunty
zinnias vie with faunting phlox.
Hark! 4,872 toxic jungle water
vip ers quietly drop on zebra for
meals! New farm hand (picking
just six quinces) proves strong but
lazy. For only about $65, jolly house
wives made inexpensive meals out
of quick-frozen vegetables. Jaded
zombies acted quaintly but kept driv
ing their 31 oxen forward. But at my
grand prix, J. Blatz was equally vili
fed for his funky ways. My grandfa
ther spent many of his days quickly
carving wax buzzards, mostly from
junk. When we go back to Juarez,
Mexico, do we fy over picturesque
Arizona? Murky haze enveloped a
city as jarring quakes broke forty
six windows. Pack my box with fve
dozen liquor jugs, miss. Will Major
Douglas be expected to take this
true/false quiz very soon? A mad
boxer shot a quick, gloved jab
to the jaw of his dizzy opponent.
Just working for improved basic
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typing skills. The jukebox song
puzzled a gentle visitor from that
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GRUMPY WIZARD MADE THE
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12 STYLES: REGULAR AND ITALIC IN FOUR GRADES (ONE TO FOUR), PLUS BOLD WITH ITALIC AND TEXT BOLD WITH ITALIC
6
During C. H. Grifths tenure, in 1929, William Addison
Dwiggins was hired as a type designer, and would become
Mergenthaler Linotype principal artist-under-contract11
Famously his greatest legacy was the discovery of the opti-
cal phenomenon he coined The M-Formula. It was the cul-
mination of a number of ideas he had collected and noted
in letters to C. H. Grifth, but the revelatory moment came
from his work in carving marionette dolls12. He discovered
how angular features amplifed shapes as they were seen
from a distance, and he applied this spatial efect to the pla-
nar world of typedesign. Although he repeatedly tried to
design typefaces using his idea, it was never exhausted in
any published design.
His fndings on the optical perceptual efects of angu-
larity were predated by the work of French ophthalmolo-
gist Dr. Louis mile Javal in his book Physiologie de la lecture
et de lcriture13 published in 1905. He worked on legibility
in very small size text from six down to one point, and
commissioned type to be cut per his instructions by Charles
Dreyfuss. A speciment of these fonts was published. The
angularity in these types was taken to the extreme, with an
abundance of 90 degree angles and in some cases counters
inked, entirely omitting the surrounding stroke.
11 Unger, Gerard. Experimental No. 223, a newspaper typeface, designed by W.A. Dwiggins. Quaerendo,
Volume 11, Number 4, 1981 , p. 302
12 Ibid, p. 316
13 Javal, Louis mile. Physiologie de la lecture et de lcriture. Paris, 1905; Bibliography in Annales
doculistique, Paris, 1907, 137: 187.
317
11. 'Geometrical
spinach',
a stencilled ornament from 'Memo-
randum 4' of July
1937
like
young girls
from clear across the
room,
as well as from the front
benches.'
In this
way Dwiggins responded
to the
phenomenon
that
light,
and even
more distance, influence the manner in which
objects
are
perceived.
He
rightly
concluded that these influences on his
puppets
were
comparable
to
the influence of a marked reduction in letter size and the distance from
which
they
were read. In a later
explanation
of the 'M-formula' he stated:
'The said M-formula
applies
to small sizes. It
is,
as discussed before, a
method to trick the
eye (in viewing objects
much
reduced)
into
seeing
curves that aren't there.
Naturally
its most effective work would be in a
news letters of 7
point
or less.' The curves 'that aren't there' are the curves
on the inner
side, where he introduced
sharp angles.
At the same time the
free-hand drawn curves led to a
slightly
old
style
effect,
which he refrained
from
saying anything
about at this time. He did write,
however:
'My
scheme of attack in
general
is, a more
nearly
monotone letter with heavier
serifs and a
higher body.'
'
The fourth memorandum in the document of 7
July
1937 concerns the
writer's wish to combine taut curves with
sharp angular
elements. His
inspiration
for this came
partly
from his marionettes
again,
and
partly
from
his
'geometrical spinach'-
the ornaments which he made with the
help
of
stencils. He concluded: 'These letters are "classical"
anatomy processed
la marionette. You will see the method in the

drawings.
It is more evident in
12. The first sketches
showing
the M-formula
applied
to
type,
an illustration also from
the document of 3
July
1937
First sketches showing the M-formula
applied to type (1937). From Unger,
Gerard. Experimental No. 223, a newspa-
per typeface, designed by W.A. Dwiggins.
Quaerendo, Volume 11, Number 4, 1981,
p. 317. Not to scale.
Large scale thin paper drawing of the
lower case g for the W. A. Dwiggins
design Experimental 223, 4th proof
(1939). Not to scale.
Louis mile Javal and Charles Dreyfuss
unnamed typeface. From Physiologie
de la lecture et de lcriture. Paris, 1978;
Retz-C. E. P. L., p. 232. Not to scale.
7
Susan Kares Chicago. Here in a the 12
pixel size used for menus and titles in
the Mac OS.
Herbert Bayers Universal (1925).
Matthew Carterss Georgia. Shown
hinted, and in aliased rendering.
Matthew Carterss Georgia. Shown
without hinting applied.
Matthew Carterss Georgia. Shown in
anti-aliased rendering.
Bauhaus faculty member Herbert Bayer created his high-
ly modular Universal in 1925 on a commission from the
Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius, to design a typeface for
the schools communications. This modular approach
proved hugely infuential, and come computers, the concept
of modularity was inherent to the screens. Even the fonts in
a dot matrix printer was build over a rather coarse grid.
For the 1985 launch of the Apple MacIntosh personal
computer, graphic designer Susan Kare was commissioned
to create a bitmapped typeface for the innovative graphical
user interface. The harsh aliased look was at that time sof-
tened by the cRt14 monitor it was displayed on.
As printing devices became generally available and dis-
play resolutions increased, the need for scalable typefac-
es became apparent. In the case of bitmapped fonts, any
enlargement would make the pixels equally enlarged, or a
much higher resolution laser printer15 would likewise need
to enlarge the typefaces for print. Thus the need for reso-
lution independent typefaces, that could be displayed and
printed on any device, only limited by its native resolution.
Several technologies to solve this problem was devel-
oped, but the surviving one was Adobes PostScript16. With
it, a typedesigner could describe glyph outlines with Bzier
curves and have them rendered with fdelity on high resolu-
tion output devices like the Linotype Linotronic 10117.
The problem was how to render these outlines on low
resolution devices like the computer displays? Without
instructions on how, where and when to turn on or of spe-
cifc pixels, the bare bzier outlines would render on the grid
of the screen in a mathematically logical way, but inconsist-
ent in regards to what a typeface was supposed to look. It
could be that stems were not of equal thickness, a major
problem since the body copy sizes would optimally require a
one pixel stem width, and should it fall to either side of this,
it would mean that either the stem would disappear or dou-
ble in width. Other problems included handling overshoot,
making sure hairlines were rendered, that closed shapes did
indeed close in the rendering, and that pixel patterns were
alike in alike outlines.
This necessitated the inclusion of hints in the outline
fonts. These hints were build in instruction on how to
render a font. Information on stem weights was included
and horizontal zones of alignment was described for the
whole font. Still, at the smallest sizes and incidently the
most used sizes this information was not enough, special
screen representations had to be included with the outline
font. These screen representations had to be hand edited for
each relevant pixel size.
14 Cathode ray tube. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube for more information.
15 Laserprinters at that time had a resolution of 300 dpi, opposed to the much lower screen reso-
lution of 72 dpi.
16 Developed in 1982 and appeared in the Apple LaserWriter in 1985.
17 The Linotronic 101 was the frst laser photosetter to support PostScript, and it thus enabled
designers to output pages ready for platemaking and printing.
8
In 1996 Microsoft initiated the Core fonts for the Web project to ofer a collection of
typefaces optimized for screen use. Matthew Carter had already designed one of the
two major components of the package, the sans serif design Verdana, and he was com-
missioned to design the serif design Georgia for the Microsoft Network18. With Verdana
and Georgia he reversed the usual sequence of working, and started by designing the
bitmapped design for screens. Only after this step was completed he would create
suitable outlines that could be hinted to re-create his initial bitmap design. Georgia
can be said to be a screen version of his earlier Scotch Roman design Miller.
As computing technology evolved colour displays became standard equipment, and
computer memory and processing speeds allowed for the display of grey scale and col-
our images. This meant fonts could be rendered anti-aliased19, that is a rendering with
multiple values of grey to indicate density, rather than just the binary aliased render-
ing. The TrueType20 font format ofered a much more sophisticated approach to hint-
ing, and the anti-aliasing could be controlled to better efect. I should however take a
long time for the dominant Microsoft Windows operating systems to implement anti-
aliasing as a default. Only with the later ClearType21 sub-pixel rendering technology,
updated system fonts that took advantage of this, lcd22 displays as the norm and with
Windows Vista had screen typography moved past the aliased rendering technology.
A commonality between the outlined developments in typography is the outside driv-
ing factors in technology. The current move towards medium agnostic media means
contents must be separated from presentation, and presentation must be general-
ized and automatized as much as possible. The New York Times developed the Times
Reader23, which employs an auto art director24 algorithm to lay out content on the fy,
and all this in the newspapers recognizable Cheltenham typeface25. The enhanced span
from previously only printed newspapers, to now also span screen representations
sets forth some questions, namely if is it possible to design a typeface that is both well
suited for printing and for screen use. Is it possible to, at the same time, brand a body
copy typeface without getting in the way of technical limitations, and without disturb-
ing legibility. Is it possible to create good readability on a screen?
18 http://www.will-harris.com/verdana-georgia.htm
19 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing
20 Released with the launch of Mac OS System 7 in May 1991, later licensed to Microsoft.
21 http://channel9.msdn.com/posts/TheChannel9Team/Bill-Hill-How-does-ClearType-work/
22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lcd_display#Color_displays
23 https://timesreader.nytimes.com/
24 https://xd.adobe.com/#/featured/video/200
25 http://blogs.adobe.com/typblography/2009/05/times_reader_2.html
The New York Times Times Reader application, here showing its auto art director algorithm
changing the layout automatically as the size of the application window changes.
9
the PRocess of develoPing the latin RegulaR
Our the very frst workshop with Gerard Unger he set us the task of designing letter-
forms that could were legible in as small sizes as possible. I ventured into this dark,
wide design. No real serifs are present, instead I experimented with some pyramid
stubs to terminate the stems. Clearly inspired by Dwiggins Experimental No. 223 and
the Javal experiments. I would return to these ideas several times during the develop-
ment of my typeface for news.
The frst characters designed were adhesion since they cover all the basic compo-
nents of the lower case. There is the n as the main character, and other characters are
built from the rules of this letter shape. Since the brief was to design both for screen
and print, my frst sketch had very low contrast, wide characters and large x-height.
This allowed me to evaluate weight and proportions of the letterforms. With these
characters columns of text could be set26 to evaluate the general texture of the charac-
ters as words and lines. The next step was to expand the character set a bit to be able
to set realistic text. To test how the weight would infuence the legibility of the type on
a screen, I designed an array of weights using Multiple Master27.
26 http://www.adhesiontext.com/
27 http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/opentype/index_mult_master.html
FONTLAB FONT SAMPLE Claus Eggers Srensen
7/18/2009 22:15
Font: CESproportion
String: adhesion
Page 1/1
hydrodynamicist isogamies
strophomenoid lichenographic
ungingled mulloway saintism
10
The weights were tested on an Illiad28 e-Book, on the Apple Macs, the Apple
iPhone29, the olPc30, and in print using various laser printers. The printers var-
ied considerably in how dark the type was rendered on the print. The print-
er closest to an ofset printing situation happened to be the Hewlett Packard
LaserJet P 2015. Where the screens generally favoured the lighter weights, the
prints favoured heavier weights. Screen rendering in Apples os 10.5 native
renderer, the iPhone, the Illiad, and the olPc was quite good using no hinting
except defning horizontal alignment zones. Rendering in Windows Vista31 was
really bad, and Adobe Acrobats CoolType32 renderer was better than the render-
ing in Vista, but worse than the Apple native rendering. I tested and compared
these devices in this regard, and came to the conclusion to aim for the os 10.5
native rendering in regards to screens, as this ofered the best quality with the
least involvement from my side. Especially since hinting was not required it left
me free to concentrate on design aspects instead.
All these weights were however very low in stroke con-
trast, so the next step was to explore contrasts. I decided
to focus on the appearance of the printed page, so I pro-
ceeded to expand the Multiple Master design with a contrast axis. This would allow
me to fnd a suitable contrast between a very low contrast, and a very high contrast
endpoint. From the printed samples I chose a contrast to work out of.
Next step was to develop the serifs. They are especially troublesome on screens, as
in normal reading sizes, only one pixel is used to describe it. Further the white space
between characters must preserved, without allowing the character spacing to grow
too large. Finally the weight and shape of the serifs can introduce noise on both
the screen as well as the printed page. Bracketed serifs reduce this noise, but wedge
shaped serifs ofer more weight, and are preferred for smaller sizes.
I would return to the design of the serifs again a number of times during the design
process. Getting them interesting would prove to be a very illusive goal. Diferent
designs would have unwanted connotations. Some styles would even point directly
to a particular previous typeface design, like for instance the bracketed serifs of Swift.
At this time I had to face the fact that my design had
become bland and generic. Certainly not something to
strive for in a typographical landscape where more typefac-
es every day inhabit increasingly narrow stylistic positions
between already existing typefaces. So I begun to draw from
scratch again, to try to get to something both interesting
and new. I returned to explore some of the ideas of angu-
larity and M-formula that I had done in the frst workshop
with Gerard Unger.
I didnt feel that these experiments were strong enough
to carry themselves into a full design. However I decided to
28 http://www.irextechnologies.com/products/iliad
29 http://www.apple.com/iphone/
30 http://laptop.org/en/laptop/hardware/index.shtml
31 http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windows-vista/default.aspx
32 http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/cooltype.html
7/19/2009 14:29
Font: CES
String: /a/d/e/h/i/k/l/n/o/r/s adhesion
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7/19/2009 14:31
Font: CES
String: /a/d/e/h/i/k/l/n/o/r/s adhesion
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Font: CES0wt
String: ,.:;adehinos adhesion
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Font: CES100wt
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Font: CES200wt
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Font: CES300wt
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Font: CES400wt
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Font: CES500wt
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Font: CES600wt
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Font: CES700wt
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String: aduhbksinrf
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CES serifs 20.vfb January 13, 15.23, 2009 HP LaserJet 5100
Claus Eggers Srensen MATD 08-9 University of Reading
barack obama this morning named
the chief of the chicago schools as his
secretary of education, promising a
new vision for a education system
that aims to raise expectations
of students and educators and to
recruit highly qualified teachers. in a
press conference at a chicago school
this morning, the president-elect
announced his pick of arne duncan,
a friend and basketball partner, to
head the department of education.
the pick indicates obama wants fresh
but proven thinking at the top of the
education department, which directs
billions in federal education dollars
to states and school districts around
the country, and can be enormously
influential in setting national educa-
tion policy and standards. obama
praised duncans pragmatic openness
to diverse education theories and
practices and his willingness to buck
interest groups in pursuing contro-
versial measures like closing failing
schools. for arne, school reform isnt
just a theory in a book - its the cause
of his life, obama said. and the
results arent just about test scores
barack obama this morning named
the chief of the chicago schools as his
secretary of education, promising a new
vision for a education system that aims
to raise expectations of students and
educators and to recruit highly qualified
teachers. in a press conference at a chi-
cago school this morning, the president-
elect announced his pick of arne duncan,
a friend and basketball partner, to head
the department of education. the pick
indicates obama wants fresh but proven
thinking at the top of the education
department, which directs billions in
federal education dollars to states and
school districts around the country, and
can be enormously influential in setting
national education policy and standards.
obama praised duncans pragmatic
openness to diverse education theories
and practices and his willingness to buck
interest groups in pursuing controversial
measures like closing failing schools. for
arne, school reform isnt just a theory in
a book - its the cause of his life, obama
said. and the results arent just about test
scores or statistics, but about whether
our children are developing the skills they
need to compete with any worker in the
world for any job. duncan, is a chicago
native who was raised in hyde park, the
neighbourhood that obama made his
home. he sparked controversy this fall by
barack obama this morning named the
chief of the chicago schools as his secre-
tary of education, promising a new vision
for a education system that aims to raise
expectations of students and educators
and to recruit highly qualified teachers. in
a press conference at a chicago school this
morning, the president-elect announced his
pick of arne duncan, a friend and basket-
ball partner, to head the department of
education. the pick indicates obama wants
fresh but proven thinking at the top of the
education department, which directs billions
in federal education dollars to states and
school districts around the country, and
can be enormously influential in setting
national education policy and standards.
obama praised duncans pragmatic openness
to diverse education theories and practices
and his willingness to buck interest groups
in pursuing controversial measures like clos-
ing failing schools. for arne, school reform
isnt just a theory in a book - its the cause of
his life, obama said. and the results arent
just about test scores or statistics, but about
whether our children are developing the
skills they need to compete with any worker
in the world for any job. duncan, is a chi-
cago native who was raised in hyde park, the
neighbourhood that obama made his home.
he sparked controversy this fall by propos-
ing the chicago school system open a gay-
friendly high school. the harvard graduate,
who briefly played professional basketball in
australia, is credited with raising achieve-
barack obama this morning named the chief of
the chicago schools as his secretary of educa-
tion, promising a new vision for a education
system that aims to raise expectations of
students and educators and to recruit highly
qualified teachers. in a press conference at a
chicago school this morning, the president-
elect announced his pick of arne duncan, a
friend and basketball partner, to head the
department of education. the pick indicates
obama wants fresh but proven thinking at the
top of the education department, which directs
billions in federal education dollars to states
and school districts around the country, and can
be enormously influential in setting national
education policy and standards. obama praised
duncans pragmatic openness to diverse educa-
tion theories and practices and his willingness
to buck interest groups in pursuing contro-
versial measures like closing failing schools.
for arne, school reform isnt just a theory in
a book - its the cause of his life, obama said.
and the results arent just about test scores or
statistics, but about whether our children are
developing the skills they need to compete with
any worker in the world for any job. duncan, is
a chicago native who was raised in hyde park,
the neighbourhood that obama made his home.
he sparked controversy this fall by proposing
the chicago school system open a gay-friendly
high school. the harvard graduate, who briefly
played professional basketball in australia,
is credited with raising achievement in the
nations third-largest state school district. he
is seen as a compromise between education
theorists who demand tougher student stan-
dards and pay-for-performance schemes for
teachers and a camp that would focus on public
barack obama this morning named the chief of the
chicago schools as his secretary of education, promising
a new vision for a education system that aims to
raise expectations of students and educators and to
recruit highly qualified teachers. in a press conference
at a chicago school this morning, the president-elect
announced his pick of arne duncan, a friend and
basketball partner, to head the department of educa-
tion. the pick indicates obama wants fresh but proven
thinking at the top of the education department, which
directs billions in federal education dollars to states
and school districts around the country, and can be
enormously influential in setting national educa-
tion policy and standards. obama praised duncans
pragmatic openness to diverse education theories and
practices and his willingness to buck interest groups
in pursuing controversial measures like closing failing
schools. for arne, school reform isnt just a theory in
a book - its the cause of his life, obama said. and the
results arent just about test scores or statistics, but
about whether our children are developing the skills
they need to compete with any worker in the world for
any job. duncan, is a chicago native who was raised in
hyde park, the neighbourhood that obama made his
home. he sparked controversy this fall by proposing the
chicago school system open a gay-friendly high school.
the harvard graduate, who briefly played profes-
sional basketball in australia, is credited with raising
achievement in the nations third-largest state school
district. he is seen as a compromise between education
theorists who demand tougher student standards and
pay-for-performance schemes for teachers and a camp
that would focus on public investment in schools and
teacher development, including the powerful teachers
unions. duncan has credibility with various factions in
the education policy debate and would allow president
obama to avoid publicly choosing sides in that debate
in his most high-profile education nomination, demo-
crats for education reform, a new york-based group
that supports his nomination, wrote in a briefing paper
last month. duncan joined chicagos government school
system in as a deputy chief of staff under then school
chief paul vallas, and became the systems chief execu-
tive in. under his direction the school system has led
efforts to improve teacher quality and to restructure
barack obama this morning named the chief of the chicago schools
as his secretary of education, promising a new vision for a educa-
tion system that aims to raise expectations of students and educa-
tors and to recruit highly qualified teachers. in a press conference
at a chicago school this morning, the president-elect announced
his pick of arne duncan, a friend and basketball partner, to head
the department of education. the pick indicates obama wants fresh
but proven thinking at the top of the education department, which
directs billions in federal education dollars to states and school
districts around the country, and can be enormously influential
in setting national education policy and standards. obama praised
duncans pragmatic openness to diverse education theories and
practices and his willingness to buck interest groups in pursuing
controversial measures like closing failing schools. for arne,
school reform isnt just a theory in a book - its the cause of his
life, obama said. and the results arent just about test scores or
statistics, but about whether our children are developing the skills
they need to compete with any worker in the world for any job.
duncan, is a chicago native who was raised in hyde park, the neigh-
bourhood that obama made his home. he sparked controversy this
fall by proposing the chicago school system open a gay-friendly
high school. the harvard graduate, who briefly played professional
basketball in australia, is credited with raising achievement in the
nations third-largest state school district. he is seen as a compro-
mise between education theorists who demand tougher student
standards and pay-for-performance schemes for teachers and a
camp that would focus on public investment in schools and teacher
development, including the powerful teachers unions. duncan
has credibility with various factions in the education policy debate
and would allow president obama to avoid publicly choosing sides
in that debate in his most high-profile education nomination,
democrats for education reform, a new york-based group that
supports his nomination, wrote in a briefing paper last month.
duncan joined chicagos government school system in as a deputy
chief of staff under then school chief paul vallas, and became the
systems chief executive in. under his direction the school system
has led efforts to improve teacher quality and to restructure
failing schools, while raising graduation and college attendance
rate. obama also outlined his thinking on education, calling for
a century education system that includes recruiting, retaining,
and rewarding an army of new teachers and holding our schools,
teachers and government accountable for results. egged on by a
reporter, obama praised duncans jump shot, and joked that he has
assembled the best basketball-playing cabinet in us history. the
move leaves obamas cabinet almost finalised. yesterday, obama
made his most decisive break with the past eight years of george
bush yesterday, claiming the creation of a new energy economy
for the us as the defining issue of his presidency and naming a
nobel science laureate and a supporter of al gore to his cabinet. the
president-elect turned the roll-out of his new energy and environ-
ment team, made at a press conference in chicago, into a chance
to restate his commitment towards putting energy reform at the
centre of his economic plan. his choice of the physicist steve chu as
9 pt
7 pt
8 pt
6 pt
7,5 pt
5 pt
11
try to integrate back some of the ideas I explored here back into the previous design.
The oversized ink traps did not work in body copy sizes, to be visible the type would
have to be set in display sizes. In body sizes they were superfuous. Since printing
quality today is so good that they are irrelevant, they would ever only have been a sty-
listic element.
I returned to previous design, refning character proportions in the hope solutions
would present themselves. I produced a number of mock newspaper articles in a hand-
ful of languages. That allowed me to work on the important design of diacritics. The
diacritics would have to be of a certain size to render unambiguously on the screen
larger than what would be necessary for print. There would for instance be issues
with diferentiating breve and macron from each other in screen renderings. The acute
(kreska) and grave had to be rather large to easily be diferentiated from each other and
the dot-accent.
The basic vertical metrics the proportions between caps, descenders, ascenders,
and x-height was adjusted as the size and style of the diacritics were developed.
FONTLAB FONT SAMPLE
7/19/2009 19:43
Font: Mango
String: adehilnou
Page 1/1
Morgenavisen
A3 mock newspaper 1.indd | 2009, januar 27, 2009 10:34 | HP Laserjet 5100
Sidste danskere tog
hjem, fr irakerne var
klar til at overtage
Den december forlod de sidste danske soldater koalitionen i
Irak. Trods regeringens lfter, er irakerne ikke klar til at tage
over. Nu m amerikanerne gre vores arbejde frdigt
Den dag, hvor irakerne overtager
ansvaret, da trkker vi os ud.
Sdan fastslog statsminister Anders
Fogh Rasmussen den danske politik i
Irak, da Ekstra Bladet endelig fik lov
til at interviewe ham i.
Nu har Danmark i tavshed luk-
ket sin Irak-mission, men irakerne
har ikke overtaget ansvaret. Den
december forlod de sidste seks
danske officerer det multinationale
hovedkvarter i Bagdads grnne zone,
og hermed trak Danmark sig officielt
ud af Irak-koalitionen.
De danske officerer har hjulpet den
irakiske regering med at genopbygge
det irakiske militr og politi. Regerin-
gen skriver specifikt i sin Irak-analy-
se fra maj, at officererne frst skulle
trkkes hjem "i takt med, at irakerne
overtager ansvaret for egen trning
og uddannelse".
Men de irakiske styrker kan endnu
ikke st p egne ben, og derfor har
amerikanske officerer mttet over-
tage arbejdet efter danskerne. Det
oplyser den amerikanske oberstljt-
nant Bill Gazis, der er presseofficer i
Multi-National Security Transition
Command - Iraq, hvor de danske of-
ficerer var.
Alligevel mener de konservatives
forsvarsordfrer, Helge Adam Mller,
at Danmark har gjort arbejdet frdigt.
Vi har sagt, vi ville hjlpe s lnge,
der var behov for det og FN-mandat
til det, og s lnge vi havde krfter til
det. Nu bliver opgaven lst af nogle
andre, og det har jeg det fint med,"
siger Helge Adam Mller "K".
- Men irakerne har jo ikke overtaget
ansvaret"
Det vigtigste er, at opgaven bliver
lst. Om det s er svenskere, dan-
skere, irakere eller amerikanere kan
vre lige meget. Men det bedste ville
selvflgelig vre irakere, siger Helge
Adam Mller.
arbejdet er ikke frdigt
Ved udgangen af ret udlb Irak-
koalitionens FN-mandat, og Danmark
valgte i modstning til USA og andre
koalitionslande ikke at indg en ny
aftale med den irakiske regering. Det
strider stik imod, hvad udenrigsmi-
nister Per Stig Mller k tidligere har
sagt.
Hvis jeg ser p alternativerne til at
blive i Irak, s kan jeg ikke anbefale
en tilbagetrkning af koalitionen.
Og jeg mener, at det, der glder for
Danmark, ogs m kunne vre gyldigt
for de andre lande i koalitionen. Man
kan ikke bare sige: Vi kan godt trkke
vores styrker, bare I andre bliver,
sagde Per Stig Mller til Berlingske
Tidende november.
Nu ser man det i Udenrigsministe-
riet som et tegn p en positiv udvik-
ling, at Irak ikke lngere har bedt om
Danmarks hjlp. Men iflge lektor i
sikkerhedspolitik fra Kbenhavns
Universitet, Peter Viggo Jakobsen, er
det ikke p grund af udviklingen i
Irak, at Danmark nu trkker sig ud.
Hvis mlet var at opbygge et stabilt
og demokratisk Irak, som man sagde,
da vi gik ind, s er arbejdet ikke gjort
frdigt. Men hvis mlet var at gre vo-
res amerikanske og britiske allierede
glade, s er arbejdet frdigt. Vi har
hjulpet dem over den vrste hurdle,
og vi scorer ikke lngere point hos
amerikanerne ved at have seks mand
i Bagdad. Det gr vi ved at bruge
krudtet p Afghanistan, og derfor er
det ikke s underligt, at vi har truk-
ket os ud af Irak," siger Peter Viggo
Jakobsen.
vi har gjort noget godt
Chef for Dansk Institut for Militre
Studier, ph.d Mikkel Vedby Rasmus-
sen, er enig i, at Danmark har strre
behov for soldaterne andre steder
end i Irak. Han mener, det er umuligt
at sige, om mlet er net i Irak, for
det har aldrig vret klart defineret.
Lige s meget mening, det giver
p Christiansborg at tale om at gre
arbejdet frdigt, lige s lidt mening
giver det i Basra og Bagdad. For hvor-
nr er man frdig. Hele missionen
har lidt under, at mlene har vret s
abstrakte, s man ikke kunne n dem.
Men der er ingen tvivl om, vi har
gjort noget godt i hvert fald, siger
Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen.
Hverken forsvaret eller regeringen
har aktivt oplyst om, at Danmark har
trukket sig ud af koalitionen, og det
er ikke en tilfldighed, mener Mikkel
Vedby Rasmussen.
Opfattelsen i befolkningen er, at vi
trak os ud af Irak for flere r siden,
og det er regeringen godt tilfreds
med. Irak har altid vret kontrover-
siel og nu vil man gerne bare lgge
den krig bag sig," siger Mikkel Vedby
Rasmussen.
Den nrmest hemmeligholdte tilba-
getrkning mder markant kritik fra
Enhedslistens Frank Aaen.
Det er et svigt af soldaterne, og
mangel p lydhrhed over for det
man selv tidligere har sagt. Det viser
bare, at regeringen ikke nsker at f
mere lys p det danske medansvar i
Irak, siger han.
Det har ikke vret muligt at f en
kommentar fra udenrigsminister
Per Stig Mller "K", der er i Sydafrika.
Men nu vil han p foranledning af
Frank Aaen skulle redegre for bag-
grunden for, at de seks danske solda-
ter blev trukket hjem netop nu og for,
hvorfor det er sket i al ubemrkethed
og uden parlamentariske drftelser.
fakta
I alt har koalitionslande trukket
sig ud af Irak i og tilbage str USA,
Australien, Storbritannien, El Salva-
dor, Estland og Rumnien.
Selv om Danmark ikke lngere er
en del af koalitionen, har forsvaret
stadig soldater i Irak. De arbejder i
NATO Training Mission og som liv-
vagter for den danske ambassade.
Dans la course aux
messages de flicitations
Les ractions affluent aprs la prise de
fonction du nouveau prsident Barack
Obama.
Premier ragir aprs l'investi-
ture d'Obama, le Premier ministre
britannique, Gordon Brown. Il salue
"un nouveau chapitre dans lhistoire
amricaine comme dans lhistoire
du monde". Barack Obama "nest pas
seulement le premier prsident noir
amricain, mais il a ds le dpart la
dtermination rsoudre les probl-
mes du monde.
En France, Nicolas Sarkozy sest dit
"rsolu travailler main dans la main"
avec les Etats-Unis pour "relever
ensemble les immenses dfis" du
monde.
Dans son message de flicitations,
Silvio Berlusconi, le chef du gou-
vernement italien, invite Obama
"affronter ensemble les dfis actuels:
la crise financire, la situation au
Moyen-Orient et en Afghanistan".
Le chef de la diplomatie iranienne,
Manouchehr Mottaki, attend de voir:
"Nous prfrons encore attendre pour
voir quelles seront les actions politi-
ques du gouvernement amricain"
lgard de lIran. Il a appel au pas-
sage le nouveau prsident porter un
nouveau regard sur le Proche-Orient
en affirmant que le "regard tradition-
nel ne donnera rien".
Le chef du gouvernement espa-
gnol, Jos Luis Rodriguez Zapatero:
"Avec son discours, Obama nous
donne espoir, et ses paroles nous
placent sur le meilleur chemin pour
une relation fluide et fructueuse avec
le gouvernement espagnol". "L'arrive
d'Obama offre une opportunit que
nous n'allons pas laisser passer".
L'Union europenne, par la voix du
prsident de la Commission euro-
peenne, Jos Manuel Barroso appelle
resserrer les liens: "Au moment
o le prsident Obama entame son
mandat historique, j'appelle l'Europe
et les Etats-Unis approfondir da-
vantage les liens transatlantiques et
joindre leurs efforts "..." pour traiter
les grands dfis de notre poque".
Droit dans ses bottes, le prsident
Hugo Chavez a lanc, en guise de
premier commentaire aprs la prise
de fonctions d'Obama: La rvolution
au Venezuela "se poursuivra quel que
soit le prsident des Etats-Unis et sa
politique trangre".
washington u.s. spy agencies'
sensitive data should soon be linked
by Google-like search systems, nearly
five years after the intelligence com-
munity was rebuked by the Commis-
sion for failing to connect the dots
and detect the attack.
Director of National Intelligence
Mike McConnell has launched a
sweeping technology program to knit
together the thousands of databases
across all intelligence agencies. After
years of bureaucratic snafus, intel-
ligence analysts will be able to search
through secret domestic and interna-
tional files the same way they search
public data on the Internet.
Mr. McConnell's new technology
program is also addressing a more
basic problem: Spies often have
trouble emailing colleagues in other
U.S. intelligence agencies, because
email addresses aren't readily acces-
sible, and messages sometimes get
eaten by security filters. Mr. McCon-
nell aims to solve that by uniting the
agencies' email systems into a single
system with a full directory that links
names, expertise and addresses.
Linking up the agencies is the chal-
lenge at the heart of the job of direc-
tor of national intelligence, created
after. Dennis Blair, nominated by
President Barack Obama to succeed
Mr. McConnell, faces a confirmation
hearing Thursday where senators
are likely to ask how he will make
agencies with different histories and
missions work together.
The new information program also
is designed to include Facebook-like
social-networking programs and
classified news feeds. It includes en-
hanced security measures to ensure
that only appropriately cleared peo-
ple can access the network. The price
tag is expected to be in the billions of
dollars, but much of that money will
be reallocated from existing technol-
ogy programs.
The impact for analysts, Mr. Mc-
Connell says, will be staggering. Not
only will analysts have vastly more
data to examine, potentially inaccu-
rate intelligence will stand out more
clearly, he said.
Today, an analyst's query scans
about of the total intelligence data
in the U.S. government, said a senior
intelligence official. Even when
analysts find documents, they some-
times can't read them without pro-
tracted negotiations to gain access.
Under the new system, an analyst
could search around of the data, the
official said.
Several similar efforts have been
aborted in the past decade, because
cultural divides couldn't be bridged
between rival agencies. Some of
those efforts predated, and many
intelligence agencies have botched
their own technology programs since.
Mr. McConnell's team says this
effort, called the Information Inte-
gration Program, has experienced of-
ficials working on it full-time and is
designed to deliver tangible products
every few months.There really is a
very different spirit about doing all
these things than there was, I think,
in the past, said Prescott Winter,
a senior National Security Agency
official who is directing the program
for Mr. McConnell.
The program is likely to get a
review from Mr. Blair. The new ad-
ministration is expected to make sure
it is adequately funded, effective and
protects privacy.
The initiative grew out of discus-
sions more than a year ago between
the Pentagon's intelligence chief and
Mr. McConnell's top deputy, who
were concerned that military and
civilian intelligence data couldn't be
easily tapped. They asked the chief
information officers at the six largest
intelligence agencies to develop a
solution.
Over the summer, the officers
began to sketch out the technology
and policy problems to be solved, in-
cluding protecting sources and con-
necting systems at different levels of
classification. They also assembled
case studies, which showed that the
typical analyst is using technology
that is about a decade old, a senior
intelligence official said.
In September, all agencies agreed
to the goal of creating one searchable
data and email system, and Mr. Mc-
Connell borrowed Mr. Winter from
the NSA to get the program under
way.
The first stage of the initiative is
to merge the email systems of the six
largest intelligence agencies, includ-
ing the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion, the Central Intelligence Agency
and the NSA. Mr. Winter said that
is on track to be largely completed
by the end of the month. Then, they
will expand to the other agencies. By
Intelligence Agencies' Databases Set to Be Linked After Years of Bureaucratic
Snags, System Aims to Ease Communications, Give Spies Access to More Data
En el primer da de la era Obama, el
presidente puso fin a Guantnamo.
La fecha de caducidad para el centro
de detencin emplazado en la baha
cubana es de un a"o. se es el plazo
que el mandatario de Estados Unidos
establece en la orden ejecutiva que
firmar en breve. Para Barack Obama,
el cierre de la prisin abierta en
mejorar la seguridad nacional y los
intereses de la poltica exterior de ee
uu y la justicia, segn un borrador
del decreto facilitado ayer a la prensa.
Nada ms acabar los fastos de la
toma de posesin, Obama pidi al
jefe del Pentgono, Robert Gates, que
solicitara a los jueces de Guant-
namo la suspensin durante das de
los juicios militares para revisar los
casos de los procesados. Entre ellos
se encuentran los supuestos cinco
coordinadores de los atentados del S,
incluido su cerebro, Jalid Saij Moha-
med. El consentimiento inmediato de
los jueces permite a Obama cumplir
una de sus promesas electorales. En
Guantnamo hay presos.
Tcnicamente, los jueces militares
podran haberse opuesto a la peticin
de Obama de suspender hasta mayo
los juicios, pero eso hubiera supuesto
una polmica contradiccin de los
deseos claramente expresados por su
nuevo comandante en jefe.
Adems de haber quedado suspen-
dido el juicio contra los supuestos
cinco cerebros de los ataques del de
septiembre, se paraliz el proceso
contra el nico canadiense encerrado
en Guantnamo, Omar Jadr, quien
tena a"os en el momento de su de-
tencin y que est acusado de matar
a un soldado norteamericano en un
tiroteo en Afganistn. Este caso tuvo
repercusin internacional porque sus
abogados alegaron que su reclusin
violaba las leyes internacionales so-
bre los juicios a los ninos soldados.
Sin embargo, cuatro de los cinco
acusados por el pidieron ayer que
continuaran sus procesos, a pesar de
que si fueran encontrados culpables
podran ser condenados a muerte.
Como dijeron en su da, esos acusados
Obama pone fin a Guantnamo
12
At this time I had to face the fact that my design was getting uncomfortably close to
a former Reading typeface Tisa33. This is something that can happen, especially seen
in the light that I was and Mitja Miklavi had been in the same course, with the
same teachers, probably following the same general inspirations. Aware of this I had
no choice but to start yet again from scratch in search for something that had not been
done before.
However, the elements of proportion, weight, serifs and shapes were stating to come
together. It was starting to look like a typeface. A rather bland looking typeface and
certainly still too close to Tisa. It did render and read very well on screen, but its style
was still generic.
I pursued more diferent, more angular approaches to serifs
to get away from the very traditional bracketed style. The
weight was also reduced at this time. The problem now was
to avoid the references to Gerard Ungers Swift.
33 http://www.fontshop.com/fonts/singles/fontfont/f_tisa_lf_regular/
Mitja Miklavis Tisa. The design from his
Reading Ma in 2006. Sample taken from the retail
version from Fontshop.
My design in December. Too close to Tisa.
Morgenavisen
A3 mock newspaper 1.indd | 2009, januar 27, 2009 10:34 | HP Laserjet 5100
Sidste danskere tog
hjem, fr irakerne var
klar til at overtage
Den december forlod de sidste danske soldater koalitionen i
Irak. Trods regeringens lfter, er irakerne ikke klar til at tage
over. Nu m amerikanerne gre vores arbejde frdigt
Den dag, hvor irakerne overtager
ansvaret, da trkker vi os ud.
Sdan fastslog statsminister Anders
Fogh Rasmussen den danske politik i
Irak, da Ekstra Bladet endelig fik lov
til at interviewe ham i.
Nu har Danmark i tavshed luk-
ket sin Irak-mission, men irakerne
har ikke overtaget ansvaret. Den
december forlod de sidste seks
danske officerer det multinationale
hovedkvarter i Bagdads grnne zone,
og hermed trak Danmark sig officielt
ud af Irak-koalitionen.
De danske officerer har hjulpet den
irakiske regering med at genopbygge
det irakiske militr og politi. Regerin-
gen skriver specifikt i sin Irak-analy-
se fra maj, at officererne frst skulle
trkkes hjem "i takt med, at irakerne
overtager ansvaret for egen trning
og uddannelse".
Men de irakiske styrker kan endnu
ikke st p egne ben, og derfor har
amerikanske officerer mttet over-
tage arbejdet efter danskerne. Det
oplyser den amerikanske oberstljt-
nant Bill Gazis, der er presseofficer i
Multi-National Security Transition
Command - Iraq, hvor de danske of-
ficerer var.
Alligevel mener de konservatives
forsvarsordfrer, Helge Adam Mller,
at Danmark har gjort arbejdet frdigt.
Vi har sagt, vi ville hjlpe s lnge,
der var behov for det og FN-mandat
til det, og s lnge vi havde krfter til
det. Nu bliver opgaven lst af nogle
andre, og det har jeg det fint med,"
siger Helge Adam Mller "K".
- Men irakerne har jo ikke overtaget
ansvaret"
Det vigtigste er, at opgaven bliver
lst. Om det s er svenskere, dan-
skere, irakere eller amerikanere kan
vre lige meget. Men det bedste ville
selvflgelig vre irakere, siger Helge
Adam Mller.
arbejdet er ikke frdigt
Ved udgangen af ret udlb Irak-
koalitionens FN-mandat, og Danmark
valgte i modstning til USA og andre
koalitionslande ikke at indg en ny
aftale med den irakiske regering. Det
strider stik imod, hvad udenrigsmi-
nister Per Stig Mller k tidligere har
sagt.
Hvis jeg ser p alternativerne til at
blive i Irak, s kan jeg ikke anbefale
en tilbagetrkning af koalitionen.
Og jeg mener, at det, der glder for
Danmark, ogs m kunne vre gyldigt
for de andre lande i koalitionen. Man
kan ikke bare sige: Vi kan godt trkke
vores styrker, bare I andre bliver,
sagde Per Stig Mller til Berlingske
Tidende november.
Nu ser man det i Udenrigsministe-
riet som et tegn p en positiv udvik-
ling, at Irak ikke lngere har bedt om
Danmarks hjlp. Men iflge lektor i
sikkerhedspolitik fra Kbenhavns
Universitet, Peter Viggo Jakobsen, er
det ikke p grund af udviklingen i
Irak, at Danmark nu trkker sig ud.
Hvis mlet var at opbygge et stabilt
og demokratisk Irak, som man sagde,
da vi gik ind, s er arbejdet ikke gjort
frdigt. Men hvis mlet var at gre vo-
res amerikanske og britiske allierede
glade, s er arbejdet frdigt. Vi har
hjulpet dem over den vrste hurdle,
og vi scorer ikke lngere point hos
amerikanerne ved at have seks mand
i Bagdad. Det gr vi ved at bruge
krudtet p Afghanistan, og derfor er
det ikke s underligt, at vi har truk-
ket os ud af Irak," siger Peter Viggo
Jakobsen.
vi har gjort noget godt
Chef for Dansk Institut for Militre
Studier, ph.d Mikkel Vedby Rasmus-
sen, er enig i, at Danmark har strre
behov for soldaterne andre steder
end i Irak. Han mener, det er umuligt
at sige, om mlet er net i Irak, for
det har aldrig vret klart defineret.
Lige s meget mening, det giver
p Christiansborg at tale om at gre
arbejdet frdigt, lige s lidt mening
giver det i Basra og Bagdad. For hvor-
nr er man frdig. Hele missionen
har lidt under, at mlene har vret s
abstrakte, s man ikke kunne n dem.
Men der er ingen tvivl om, vi har
gjort noget godt i hvert fald, siger
Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen.
Hverken forsvaret eller regeringen
har aktivt oplyst om, at Danmark har
trukket sig ud af koalitionen, og det
er ikke en tilfldighed, mener Mikkel
Vedby Rasmussen.
Opfattelsen i befolkningen er, at vi
trak os ud af Irak for flere r siden,
og det er regeringen godt tilfreds
med. Irak har altid vret kontrover-
siel og nu vil man gerne bare lgge
den krig bag sig," siger Mikkel Vedby
Rasmussen.
Den nrmest hemmeligholdte tilba-
getrkning mder markant kritik fra
Enhedslistens Frank Aaen.
Det er et svigt af soldaterne, og
mangel p lydhrhed over for det
man selv tidligere har sagt. Det viser
bare, at regeringen ikke nsker at f
mere lys p det danske medansvar i
Irak, siger han.
Det har ikke vret muligt at f en
kommentar fra udenrigsminister
Per Stig Mller "K", der er i Sydafrika.
Men nu vil han p foranledning af
Frank Aaen skulle redegre for bag-
grunden for, at de seks danske solda-
ter blev trukket hjem netop nu og for,
hvorfor det er sket i al ubemrkethed
og uden parlamentariske drftelser.
fakta
I alt har koalitionslande trukket
sig ud af Irak i og tilbage str USA,
Australien, Storbritannien, El Salva-
dor, Estland og Rumnien.
Selv om Danmark ikke lngere er
en del af koalitionen, har forsvaret
stadig soldater i Irak. De arbejder i
NATO Training Mission og som liv-
vagter for den danske ambassade.
Dans la course aux
messages de flicitations
Les ractions affluent aprs la prise de
fonction du nouveau prsident Barack
Obama.
Premier ragir aprs l'investi-
ture d'Obama, le Premier ministre
britannique, Gordon Brown. Il salue
"un nouveau chapitre dans lhistoire
amricaine comme dans lhistoire
du monde". Barack Obama "nest pas
seulement le premier prsident noir
amricain, mais il a ds le dpart la
dtermination rsoudre les probl-
mes du monde.
En France, Nicolas Sarkozy sest dit
"rsolu travailler main dans la main"
avec les Etats-Unis pour "relever
ensemble les immenses dfis" du
monde.
Dans son message de flicitations,
Silvio Berlusconi, le chef du gou-
vernement italien, invite Obama
"affronter ensemble les dfis actuels:
la crise financire, la situation au
Moyen-Orient et en Afghanistan".
Le chef de la diplomatie iranienne,
Manouchehr Mottaki, attend de voir:
"Nous prfrons encore attendre pour
voir quelles seront les actions politi-
ques du gouvernement amricain"
lgard de lIran. Il a appel au pas-
sage le nouveau prsident porter un
nouveau regard sur le Proche-Orient
en affirmant que le "regard tradition-
nel ne donnera rien".
Le chef du gouvernement espa-
gnol, Jos Luis Rodriguez Zapatero:
"Avec son discours, Obama nous
donne espoir, et ses paroles nous
placent sur le meilleur chemin pour
une relation fluide et fructueuse avec
le gouvernement espagnol". "L'arrive
d'Obama offre une opportunit que
nous n'allons pas laisser passer".
L'Union europenne, par la voix du
prsident de la Commission euro-
peenne, Jos Manuel Barroso appelle
resserrer les liens: "Au moment
o le prsident Obama entame son
mandat historique, j'appelle l'Europe
et les Etats-Unis approfondir da-
vantage les liens transatlantiques et
joindre leurs efforts "..." pour traiter
les grands dfis de notre poque".
Droit dans ses bottes, le prsident
Hugo Chavez a lanc, en guise de
premier commentaire aprs la prise
de fonctions d'Obama: La rvolution
au Venezuela "se poursuivra quel que
soit le prsident des Etats-Unis et sa
politique trangre".
washington u.s. spy agencies'
sensitive data should soon be linked
by Google-like search systems, nearly
five years after the intelligence com-
munity was rebuked by the Commis-
sion for failing to connect the dots
and detect the attack.
Director of National Intelligence
Mike McConnell has launched a
sweeping technology program to knit
together the thousands of databases
across all intelligence agencies. After
years of bureaucratic snafus, intel-
ligence analysts will be able to search
through secret domestic and interna-
tional files the same way they search
public data on the Internet.
Mr. McConnell's new technology
program is also addressing a more
basic problem: Spies often have
trouble emailing colleagues in other
U.S. intelligence agencies, because
email addresses aren't readily acces-
sible, and messages sometimes get
eaten by security filters. Mr. McCon-
nell aims to solve that by uniting the
agencies' email systems into a single
system with a full directory that links
names, expertise and addresses.
Linking up the agencies is the chal-
lenge at the heart of the job of direc-
tor of national intelligence, created
after. Dennis Blair, nominated by
President Barack Obama to succeed
Mr. McConnell, faces a confirmation
hearing Thursday where senators
are likely to ask how he will make
agencies with different histories and
missions work together.
The new information program also
is designed to include Facebook-like
social-networking programs and
classified news feeds. It includes en-
hanced security measures to ensure
that only appropriately cleared peo-
ple can access the network. The price
tag is expected to be in the billions of
dollars, but much of that money will
be reallocated from existing technol-
ogy programs.
The impact for analysts, Mr. Mc-
Connell says, will be staggering. Not
only will analysts have vastly more
data to examine, potentially inaccu-
rate intelligence will stand out more
clearly, he said.
Today, an analyst's query scans
about of the total intelligence data
in the U.S. government, said a senior
intelligence official. Even when
analysts find documents, they some-
times can't read them without pro-
tracted negotiations to gain access.
Under the new system, an analyst
could search around of the data, the
official said.
Several similar efforts have been
aborted in the past decade, because
cultural divides couldn't be bridged
between rival agencies. Some of
those efforts predated, and many
intelligence agencies have botched
their own technology programs since.
Mr. McConnell's team says this
effort, called the Information Inte-
gration Program, has experienced of-
ficials working on it full-time and is
designed to deliver tangible products
every few months.There really is a
very different spirit about doing all
these things than there was, I think,
in the past, said Prescott Winter,
a senior National Security Agency
official who is directing the program
for Mr. McConnell.
The program is likely to get a
review from Mr. Blair. The new ad-
ministration is expected to make sure
it is adequately funded, effective and
protects privacy.
The initiative grew out of discus-
sions more than a year ago between
the Pentagon's intelligence chief and
Mr. McConnell's top deputy, who
were concerned that military and
civilian intelligence data couldn't be
easily tapped. They asked the chief
information officers at the six largest
intelligence agencies to develop a
solution.
Over the summer, the officers
began to sketch out the technology
and policy problems to be solved, in-
cluding protecting sources and con-
necting systems at different levels of
classification. They also assembled
case studies, which showed that the
typical analyst is using technology
that is about a decade old, a senior
intelligence official said.
In September, all agencies agreed
to the goal of creating one searchable
data and email system, and Mr. Mc-
Connell borrowed Mr. Winter from
the NSA to get the program under
way.
The first stage of the initiative is
to merge the email systems of the six
largest intelligence agencies, includ-
ing the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion, the Central Intelligence Agency
and the NSA. Mr. Winter said that
is on track to be largely completed
by the end of the month. Then, they
will expand to the other agencies. By
Intelligence Agencies' Databases Set to Be Linked After Years of Bureaucratic
Snags, System Aims to Ease Communications, Give Spies Access to More Data
En el primer da de la era Obama, el
presidente puso fin a Guantnamo.
La fecha de caducidad para el centro
de detencin emplazado en la baha
cubana es de un a"o. se es el plazo
que el mandatario de Estados Unidos
establece en la orden ejecutiva que
firmar en breve. Para Barack Obama,
el cierre de la prisin abierta en
mejorar la seguridad nacional y los
intereses de la poltica exterior de ee
uu y la justicia, segn un borrador
del decreto facilitado ayer a la prensa.
Nada ms acabar los fastos de la
toma de posesin, Obama pidi al
jefe del Pentgono, Robert Gates, que
solicitara a los jueces de Guant-
namo la suspensin durante das de
los juicios militares para revisar los
casos de los procesados. Entre ellos
se encuentran los supuestos cinco
coordinadores de los atentados del S,
incluido su cerebro, Jalid Saij Moha-
med. El consentimiento inmediato de
los jueces permite a Obama cumplir
una de sus promesas electorales. En
Guantnamo hay presos.
Tcnicamente, los jueces militares
podran haberse opuesto a la peticin
de Obama de suspender hasta mayo
los juicios, pero eso hubiera supuesto
una polmica contradiccin de los
deseos claramente expresados por su
nuevo comandante en jefe.
Adems de haber quedado suspen-
dido el juicio contra los supuestos
cinco cerebros de los ataques del de
septiembre, se paraliz el proceso
contra el nico canadiense encerrado
en Guantnamo, Omar Jadr, quien
tena a"os en el momento de su de-
tencin y que est acusado de matar
a un soldado norteamericano en un
tiroteo en Afganistn. Este caso tuvo
repercusin internacional porque sus
abogados alegaron que su reclusin
violaba las leyes internacionales so-
bre los juicios a los ninos soldados.
Sin embargo, cuatro de los cinco
acusados por el pidieron ayer que
continuaran sus procesos, a pesar de
que si fueran encontrados culpables
podran ser condenados a muerte.
Como dijeron en su da, esos acusados
Obama pone fin a Guantnamo
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13
I begun to introduce infexion points within inside curves. A distinct nod to Dwiggins
M-formula. The extra optical space created in the counters by this efect allowed me
to condense many of the letter forms, which would allow better economy in setting
on of the goals of printed newspapers, and indeed one of the goals I had set for my
design. I also re-introduced the ink-traps, but now to much smaller dimensions. I had
the hope that they would also help enlarge the negative space in some key areas where
strokes joined. This would prove not worthwhile, as the very small detailed shapes of
the ink-traps introduced noise in the print and screen renderings and was disturb-
ing to the eye.
Encouraged by the efect of the infexion points, I continued working to implement
and refne this element in the design. The ink-traps proved to disturbing, so I removed
them. The contrast was increased, and a short return to bracket serifs was trailed.
Once again I had to reject the bracketed serifs because they were too generic. Instead I
tried som terminal forms inspired by Dwiggins Experimental 223 design.
They quickly morphed into Gerard Ungers Swift style wedge serifs. And
I had to revert to the rounded wedge serifs. Rounding also the base serifs
proved not to be a good idea. Without a clearly defned shearing of the
ends of the base serifs, they appeared weak and too short.
To generate some fresh ideas, I created a new design again taking inspiration from
the early sketches of Dwiggins Experimental No. 223. This fared better. I was able to
use the very open aperture design of the e in this experiment. The a again explored a
infexion points within the counters, and this was too integrated in the design.
Finally lightly rounded wedge shaped base serifs were chosen. They were made slightly
heavier to on the right side of the stems to counter the curvature of the serif that was
leading the gaze downwards. This design was to be the fnal version for submission.
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adhesion
Markant in the version that was submitted.
hardcore senna doa desmolase qua helas a sounds dab coop oliniaceous dose a dis upsilons spa a apolar hi balada en he spherical
node slaloms piccalilli den espousal simpson lump sells lib dad cheirospasm microsomia run slippiness on spumier pleiocene quin
quennium eques chappin bedels benamed man bids red dipus hacienda a bare seas sad he care unransomable a nedder lee parus ccid
unlasher do peas bepen bubo quira end canari do redoom niris subpial readiness pennoncel ascendence pouncers nice he acarophilous
roan ruse diplosome bane uh ha repp oh dismission acone omlah a us inauspiciousness bushido roc corrumpable decarbonised suisse
a us chorio do neuraminidase shalder ebb dinheiro dub in semimonarchic easel amharic poroma is hoe am moires arch esc dim chal
lah a spend roosa brio rad primula be he mesalliances um meed a ado hill casco a mummied clop inradiuses hobiler biniou ides ender
umm nondisposable dear braise communism scholarism pons um mph lid urochs heels blennuria dulcimore reproduced siums same
pus bran marshall bullions lamiid morae ruers lamellas acerbophobia perm anacharis sorrel oleo phacella blah he unspellable less oh
recomprehend androconium um crimp umbeclad a caponiser min palosapis dan mum heed cornu succubuses noodlehead sass sub a
dobbins rameous pons danceable naris era moo arace subprocesses moosehood cloacas blere camelias labdanum unspiralled isabelline
dens sac esc emissi spumose declarers mimers or unruinable acrimonies macroscopical a simule pro a limn phi uh peed ronier coda in
he a cace amen he chandelled ha a be see scumboard a en leap inconsequence bus bareness uphroe unseemliness impen mrs coccoid
orphanhood indice luces insol ash murumuru oasis is broomball be quadriserial pine bud bond sourdine cladocerans emu unpiece
pleiad undone a claus rains soler as bend scum roar canicula medaillon hail doe carroll peas lbs old preclerical in burn cornual basin
hardcore senna doa desmolase qua helas a sounds dab
coop oliniaceous dose a dis upsilons spa a apolar hi
balada en he spherical node slaloms piccalilli den es
pousal simpson lump sells lib dad cheirospasm micro
somia run slippiness on spumier pleiocene quinquen
nium eques chappin bedels benamed man bids red
dipus hacienda a bare seas sad he care unransomable
a nedder lee parus ccid unlasher do peas bepen bubo
quira end canari do redoom niris subpial readiness
pennoncel ascendence pouncers nice he acarophilous
roan ruse diplosome bane uh ha repp oh dismission
acone omlah a us inauspiciousness bushido roc cor
rumpable decarbonised suisse a us chorio do neurami
nidase shalder ebb dinheiro dub in semimonarchic
easel amharic poroma is hoe am moires arch esc dim
challah a spend roosa brio rad primula be he mesalli
ances um meed a ado hill casco a mummied clop inra
diuses hobiler biniou ides ender umm nondisposable
dear braise communism scholarism pons um mph lid
urochs heels blennuria dulcimore reproduced siums
same pus bran marshall bullions lamiid morae ru
ers lamellas acerbophobia perm anacharis sorrel oleo
14
on the design featuRes of the latin RegulaR
The slightly rounded serifs soften the screen rendering artefacts and mirror the curves
in the arches of the letter forms. The serifs are slightly asymmetrical to pull the gaze
up towards the x-height to aid the reading process. The squarish letter forms increases
the counter and aperture size, and adapts better to the rendering grid of screens.
The counters infexion point top right corner pushes outwards, to create more
whitespace for the counter, resulting in a clearer screen rendering in situations where
the text must be rendered in a small number of pixels.
The sharp corner in between the upper and lower bowls of the bi-cameral g allows
the white space to be more prominently rendered both in print and especially on
screen. It allows the two bowls to be large while allowing a clearly rendered white
space between the bowls at low resolutions. I found that the more squeezed for room
I was, the more radically sharp the curve could be designed. Taken to its extreme was
the 90 degree angle found in the g.
The arm of the f is relatively short, yet strong. It
is certainly a move away from the Linotype style
fs of the line caster era. These very compressed fs
became the norm for newspapers set with Linotype
line casters, as they could not kern. Here the fag is
squarish like the arm of the r, the ear of the g, and
the descender of the j. The arm of the f meets the
stem with an infexion point like in the r, applying
the general principle from the n.
The extremely open shape of the e and c is balanced by the strong downwards stroke.
The stroke stress is slightly rotated to achieve this efect. The design is reminiscent of
Otl Aichers Rotis design. Whatever one must think of his design, it stands that very
open apertures are desirable from a legibility standpoint, that the large negative space
must be balanced by the weight of the stroke, and fnally that the stroke modulation of
a calligraphic axis imparts a stronger essence of the letter in question. These elements
have to be individually balanced, taking into account the general design.
nau
grf
ecaodp
The arch of the stem on the a mirrors the
downwards stroke on the c and e. Avoiding a
thickening of the end of the arch, opens the
aperture for better legibility. The spur of the a,
d and u mirrors the in-stroke of the n.
15
on the design featuRes of the uPPeR case and sMall caPs
As I chose to design all three eu scripts Latin, Cyrillic and Greek I had to design
them in such a way that they could be set in the same line with each other. In Cyrillic
text from the Latin script can both be written in the original Latin based script or
transliterated into Cyrillic. In languages based on the Latin script, Cyrillic and Greek
would mostly be transliterated. In Greek, Cyrillic would most likely be transliterated,
and languages based on the Latin script could either be written in the Latin script or
transliterated. To achieve consistency, the vertical metrics had to be the same.
What seems a traditional choice in Greek typeface design is to use Latin style capitals
and small capitals combined with a uniquely Greek lower case design. To choose this
approach is certainly easy, as it requires little adaptation, but I feel there is an opportu-
nity to return to the Greek uppercase and small caps, and try to design a more unique-
ly Greek design, more in line with the lowercase design.
Finding the proper proportions and weight for the small capitals proved much
more of a challenge than to design the uppercase characters. The large areas of neg-
ative space within the small caps had to be matched by quite heavy stroke weights
to blend in with the lowercase. Especially the horizontal strokes had to be quite a bit
darker than the horizontals in the uppercase characters. Where the uppercase charac-
ters had slightly larger serifs, the small caps used the same size as in the lower case.
Accommodating the many diacritics for the chosen languages, meant designing sepa-
rate versions of the diacritics for the lower- and upper case characters. This was done
to enable lines to be set solid or with very little leading. As the descenders deliberately
were kept as short a possible, the cedilla, comma accents and ogonecs were a challenge
to design so that they would render distinct from each other on the screen.
Hh
16
on the design featuRes of the italic
The serifs refect the regular style serifs, and creates coherence across the scripts and
styles. The infection point inside the aperture of the n, is repeated from the regular
style. It helps in this case to optically enlarge the inside whitespace, and to aid the eye
up and to the right while conserving space by allowing a narrow letter shape.
The stems are straight, but with curves towards in- and out-strokes. This helps cre-
ate a rendering of repeated and consistent vertical patterns.
The unconnected diagonal stroke of the k allows more whitespace in this dense
letter form. The leg of the diagonal stroke retains a very open form aiding a clearly
defned negative space between both its apertures and the inter-character space.
The in- and out-strokes of curved strokes is closely related to the diagonal in- and out-
strokes. They are open and fast, remaining clearly italic without needing much of a
slant, thus aiding legibility. The strokes however still allow a bite in the page with their
sharp endings.
Large pseudo ink-traps, carved in between the stem and the bowl creates enough
whitespace to render both a large counter and a long stroke joining the stem, enhanc-
ing the fowing nature of italic writing.
nukscfa
17
on the design featuRes of the gReek
The Greek script is in essence a serif-less script. To connect it with the Latin design
the in-stroke of the is inspired from the in-stroke of the regular a, and the Latin base
serifs. The approach to apertures in the Greek script is identical to the Latin script.
An infection point optically enlarges the whitespace and allows more legible screen
rendering.
The stress axis of the Greek script is diferent from the Latin and Cyrillic scripts. To
accentuate this feature while keeping the stress axis proper closer to the Latin design,
the stems have slight swellings and a curved endings.
The has an unconnected diagonal stroke that mirrors the Latin design, and also
here increases the whitespace and aides legibility.
The in-stroke of the mirrors the italic style of the Latin design. Where as the italic
is slanted and fast, this Greek is upright and therefore less pronounced because it is
slower written. It thusly remains closer to the size of the Greek stem stroke endings.
Compared to Latin, the Greek script has many more characters based on round strokes.
This does give a lighter feel to the line of text, as there are no serifs to clearly mark the
baseline as in Latin and Cyrillic. In Greek other elements have to set the direction. The
clear out-strokes in characters such as , , , , , and , are instead leading the eye
along the line.
Ligatures of the common and were designed and are slightly lighter than the
separate glyphs kerned together.
18
on the design featuRes of the cyRillic
The Cyrillic script is admittedly an amalgamation of elements from the Latin- and
Greek script amongst others. Many features from the two scripts are repeated ver-
batim, with a leaning towards latinized forms. What mostly separates the letter forms
from the Latin and Greek script are the proportions and historically- and culturally
based peculiarities of certain letter forms.
Base serifs follow the Latin regular design, whereas the upper terminals mirror the
Latin italic design. The outstroke of the arm of the follow the stress axis with the
Latin design, while the stroke ending is shared with the Greek design.
The dense distribution of vertical stems and the relative lack of ascenders and
descenders create the darker lines for Cyrillic. It makes the interlinear space more
prominent, and creates thus higher contrast paragraphs.
The breve with ball-endings is peculiar to the Cyrillic design.
A special challenge is to adapt Latin uppercase forms to the x-height, and match them
with letter forms identical to the Latin lowercase. There is no easy way to do this, espe-
cially in a semi-modular typeface like Markant. It is a question of creating an internal
logic and then breaking it as few times as possible.
19
on the coMbination of latin, cyRillic and gReek
The design of Markant is neither strictly dictated by a pen metaphor, nor is it com-
pletly modular. A library of related shapes are used to solve similar problems across all
three scripts, weights and styles.
The semi-modular approach makes the work of harmonising the appearance of all
three scripts easier, having a 'library' of shapes to solve identical problems brings
coherence to the scripts. The big challenge is to develop a system a shape library
that can work in all the selected scripts without impairing the nature of the scripts.
on the weights and styles
The x-height of the weights and styles is optically corrected to appear to have the same
size. The means that the italic has a the lowest x-height, and the Extra-Bold has the
highest.
nn
sks
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, 7 2009 287
6
( ),
(http://www.lexilogia.gr/forum/showthread.php?t=16). ( )
- -.
;
. A collection of useful phrases in Greek. Click on the English phrases to see them in many other languages. Key to abbreviations: inf informal, frm formal, sg said to one per-
son, pl said to more than one person. Please speak more slowly (Parakal milte pyo arg) inf. (Parakal mla pyo warg) frm.
My hovercraft is full of eels (To hverkrft mu ne gemto hlia). Greek audio and translations provided by (Yannis
Haralambous) and Mike Sarafdis. Download all the audio fles (Zip format, 1.2 MB). Polytonic Greek phrases. If you would like to make any corrections or additions to this page,
please contact me. Information about written and spoken Greek. Anonymous works of this nature include The Tale of Igor's Campaign ( , Slovo o Polku Igo-
reve) and the Praying of Daniel the Immured ( , or Moleniye Daniila Zatochnika). The so-called (zhitiya svyatikh, lives of the saints)
formed a popular genre of the Old Russian literature. The Life of Alexander Nevsky ( , or Zhitiye Aleksandra Nevskovo) ofers a well-known example.
12 12 South Park, Comedy Central 5 2008 3 13 .
, . = Obama: From Promise to Power. .: , 2008. 512 . ( ). 5000 . iSBN 978-5-367-00872-2.
II (. Barack Hussein Obama II; . 4 1961), ( 20 2009 ), 44-
. . ,
[1]; , , .
, - Har-
vard Law Review. .
1992 2004 , 1997 2004 , .
2000 , 2003 . 2004 ,
2004 . 2004 , 70 % .
20
conclusion
During the process of designing this typeface family I took many setbacks. There was
challenges in overcoming blandness, and trying to design letter forms that had not
been done in just such a way before. I thank Gerard Unger and Gerry Leonidas for their
continual eforts to steer me towards an original and personal design vocabulary.
My intentions was to use the technical limitations of screens as a source of inspi-
ration for the design of my letter forms. This approach had historically yielded inter-
esting results. From the beginning I could sense a connection between Dwiggins
M-formula, the work of Javal & Dreyfuss, and the coarse grid of todays screens. I
would however take me on quite a few detours materialize this into letter forms.
Newspaper text typefaces have, since the newspaper moved away from the book
faces it initial was set in, been increasingly an engineering project. And I hope that my
contribution can fnd a place in todays reality of news publishing.
21
scRiPt & language suPPoRt
The Markant family supports all European Union languages and then some. The
Adobe Latin 3 character set is fully supported, along with Cyrillic for most languages
using Cyrillic, and fnally Greek monotonic.
Latin
Afrikaans Afrikaans, Albanian Gjuha shqipe, Basque Euskara, Bosnian Bosanski jezik,
Breton Brezhoneg, Catalan Catal, Croatian Hrvatski jezik, Czech etina, Danish
Dansk, Dutch Nederlands, English English, Estonian Eesti keel, Finnish Suomi, Faroese
Froyskt ml, French Franais, Gaelic Gidhlig, German Deutsch, Greenlandic Kalaallisut,
Hungarian Magyar nyelv, Icelandic slenska, Indonesian Bahasa Indonesia, Irish Gaeilge,
Italian Italiano, Latvian Latvieu valoda, Lithuanian Lietuvi kalba, Malay Bahasa
Melayu, Norwegian Norsk, Portuguese Portugus, Sami Saami, Spanish Espaol, Swahili
Kiswahili, Swedish Svenska, Polish Jzyk polski, Romanian Limba romn, Serbian Srpski
jezik (see also Cyrillic), Slovak Slovensk jazyk, Slovenian Slovenski jezik, Tagalog, Turkish
Trke, and Welsh Cymraeg.
Cyrillic
Russian , Adyge a, Avar l l, Balkarian, Belorussian
, Bulgarian (Non-localized morphologies), Chechen
, Darginish, Ingushian , Kabardino-Cherkesian ,
Kumykish , Lak , Lezgian l, Macedonian
, Mordovsko-Ersatian, Mordovsko-Mokshanian, Nanai, Nenish,
Nivkh , Nogai , Serbian , Tabasaran l,
and Ukrainian .
Greek
Greek (Monotonic)
22
A B C D E F
G H I J K L M N
O P Q R S T U
V W Y Z
@
a b c d e f g
h i j k l m n o
p q r s t u v w
x y z f f f f f
a b c d e f g
h i k l M n o
P R s t u
v w y
&

-

o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 U o
0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

glyPh RePeRtoiRe
23
& , - . 0 1 2 3 5 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
O P R S T U V W a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y
z

glyPh RePeRtoiRe
24
MaRkant italic
MaRkant RegulaR
MaRkant seMi bold
MaRkant bold
MaRkant extRa bold
MmKkAa
MmKkAa
MmKkAa
MmKkAa
MmKkAa
style & weight RePeRtoiRe
25
Small caps
ABC Abc/d[(ef)]g?!&iok abc abc/defg&scLYiok
Case sentive forms
ab (dh-ehg)-hiok=r4(j)ohdn
AB?! (DH@EHG)&HIOKR(J)OHDN

Case spacing
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYZ

Ligatures
fi f f fl fb fk fh fj ff ffi ffl ffb ffk ffh ffj f f f f f

Discretionary Ligatures
The e
Combining marks
`
Figure styles
Proportional oldstyle default figure style ({[013456789)]}
Proportional lining ()
Tabular oldstyle ({[)]}
Tabular lining ()
Slashed zero
Proportional oldstyle ({[o13456789)]}
Proportional lining (U)
Tabular oldstyle ({[o)]}
Tabular lining (0)
Superscript Subscript
x(1142 6) = y37 r2 x1142 6 = y37 r2
H2O (10,00 + 500) sm HO
/ 1234567890/
tyPeface featuRes
26
Arbitrary fractions
2 1/2 3 1/10 4 125/5100 2 31 4125
Ordinals
1st 2nd 3rd Mlle no1 1 2 3 M no1
Contextual alternates
<- -> <-> -^ -~ ^\ ~/ \~ /^
Stylistic sets
Dutch ijIJ digraph Ijzerwaren ijsvrij biondeR zerwaren svr bondeR
German kapital Eszett Straer STRASSER stRasseR Straer STRAER stRaeR
Localized forms
Polish kreska
Turkish i kitabm KITABIM kitabiM kitabm KTABIM ktabiM
Romanian commaaccents ECEPII aea excepii aeza ECEPII aea excepii aeza
Serbian be

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Essay by Claus Eggers Srensen.

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