2009b SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2 3.6.

4 Liquid Penetrant Examination of Forgings

3.6.4.1 Following final machining by the manufacturer all accessible surfaces of thick and complex forgings, such as contour nozzles, thick tubesheets, flanges, and other complex forgings that are contour shaped or machined to essentially the finished product configuration prior to heat treatment, shall be examined by the liquid penetrant method in accordance with Practice E 165. 3.6.4.2 The evaluation of indications detected by the liquid penetrant method and the acceptance standards shall be in accordance with Part 7 of this Division. 3.6.4.3 Unacceptable imperfections shall be removed and the areas shall be reexamined to ensure complete removal of the unacceptable imperfection. Unless prohibited by the material specification, the forgings may be repair welded with the approval of the vessel Manufacturer. Repairs shall be made utilizing welding procedures that have been qualified in accordance with Section IX. The repaired forging shall meet all requirements of this Division. 3.6.5 Clad Plate and Products Clad plate or products used in construction for which the design calculations are based on total thickness, including cladding, shall consist of base plate listed in one of the material tables in this Division and shall conform to one of the following specifications: a) SB-209 Specification for Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate, b) SB-211 Specification for Aluminum Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes, and Tubes. 3.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolting

3.7.1 General The supplemental requirements in paragraph 3.7 are required for all bolts, studs, and nuts supplied with vessels constructed to this Division. 3.7.2 Examination of Bolts, Studs, and Nuts Bolts, studs, and nuts covered by the material specifications listed in Annex 3.A shall be subjected to the following examinations: a) All areas of threads, shanks, and heads of final machined parts shall be visually examined. Discontinuities, such as laps, seams, cracks are unacceptable. b) All bolts, studs, and nuts over 25 mm (1 in.) nominal bolt size shall be examined by the magnetic particle method or by the liquid penetrant method in accordance with Part 7 of this Division. This examination shall be performed on the finished component after threading or on the material stock at approximately the finished diameter before threading and after heading (if involved). Linear non-axial indications are unacceptable. Linear indications greater than 25 mm (1 in.) in length are unacceptable. c) All bolts, studs, and nuts greater than 50 mm ( 2 in.) nominal thickness shall be ultrasonically examined over the entire surface prior to threading in accordance with the following requirements: 1) Examination shall be carried out by the straight beam, radial scan method. 2) Examination shall be performed at a nominal frequency of 2.25 MHz with the search unit not to exceed 645 mm2 (1 in2) in area. 3) Calibration sensitivity shall be established by adjustment of the instrument so that the first back screen reflection is 75 90% of full screen height. 4) Any discontinuity which causes an indication in excess of 20% of the height of the first back reflection or any discontinuity which prevents the production of the first back reflection of 50% of the calibration amplitude is not acceptable. d) All bolts, studs, and nuts greater than 100 mm (4 in.) nominal diameter shall be ultrasonically examined over an entire end surface before or after threading in accordance with the following requirements: 1) Examination shall be carried out by the straight beam, longitudinal scan method. 2) Examination shall be performed at a nominal frequency of 2.25 MHz with the search unit not to 2 2 exceed 320 mm (0.5 in. ) in area.

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2009b SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2 3) Calibration shall be established on a test bar of the same nominal composition and diameter as the production part and a minimum of one half of the length. A 10 mm (3/8 in.) diameter x 76 mm (3 in.) deep flat bottom hole shall be drilled in one end of the bar and plugged to full depth. A distance amplitude correction curve shall be established by scanning from both ends of the test bar. 4) Any discontinuity which causes an indication in excess of that produced by the calibration hole in the reference specimen as corrected by the distance amplitude correction curve is not acceptable. 3.7.3 Threading and Machining of Studs

3.7.3.1 Studs shall be threaded the full length, or shall be machined down to the root diameter of the thread in the unthreaded portion provided that the threaded portions are at least 1.5 diameters in length. 3.7.3.2 Studs greater than 8 diameters in length may have an unthreaded portion which has the nominal diameter of the thread, provided the following requirements are met: a) The threaded portion shall be at least 1.5 diameters in length. b) The stud shall be machined down to the root diameter of the thread for a minimum distance of 0.5 diameters adjacent to the threaded portion. c) Suitable transition shall be provided between the root diameter and the unthreaded portion. d) Particular consideration shall be given to any dynamic loadings. 3.7.4 Use of Washers When washers are used in conjunction with torquing methods (e.g. the use of manual or hydraulic torque wrenches) for the purpose of bolt tightening, they shall be designed to provide a smooth and low-friction contact surface for the nuts, which are important considerations when torquing methods are used for bolt tightening. NOTE: Flat washers typically should be 6 mm (1/4 in.) thick and made of through-hardened, wrought low alloy steel. See ASME PCC-1 for more information. 3.7.5 Ferrous Bolting

3.7.5.1 Material for Ferrous Bolting a) Approved specifications for ferrous bolting are given in Annex 3.A, Tables 3.A.8, 3.A.9, 3.A.10 and 3.A.11. b) High alloy steel studs, bolts and nuts may be used with carbon and low alloy steel components, provided they are suitable for the application (see Section II, Part D, paragraph A-300, Metallurgical Phenomena). c) Nonferrous nuts and washers may be used with ferrous bolts and studs, provided they are suitable for the application. Consideration shall be given to the differences in thermal expansion and possible corrosion resulting from combination of dissimilar materials. 3.7.5.2 Material for Ferrous Nuts and Washers a) Material for nuts and washers shall conform to SA-194, SA-563, or to the requirements for nuts in the specification for the bolting material with which they are to be used. b) Materials for ferrous nuts and washers shall be selected as follows: 1) Carbon or low alloy steel nuts and carbon or low alloy steel washers of approximately the same hardness as the nuts may be used for metal temperatures not exceeding 480oC (900oF). 2) Alloy steel nuts shall be used for metal temperatures exceeding 480oC (900oF). Washers, if used, shall be of alloy steel equivalent to the nut material. 3.7.5.3 Requirements for Ferrous Nuts a) Nuts shall be semi-finished, chamfered, and trimmed. Nuts shall be threaded to Class 2B or finer tolerances according to ASME B1.1. b) For use with flanges conforming to ASME/ANSI B16.5, nuts shall conform to at least to the dimensions given in ASME/ANSI B18.2.2 for Heavy Series Nuts. c) For use with connections designed in accordance with rules in paragraph 4.16, nuts may be of the American National Standard Heavy Series or they may be of other dimensions provided their strength is equal to that of the bolting, giving due consideration to the bolt hole clearance, bearing area, thread form and class of it, thread shear, and radial thrust from threads.

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