REPORTING Structure of English BSEd 2G/1G

by: Reyes, Charlaine G.

Topic: Words and Word-formation Processes Discussion Topic no. 1
When we form compounds in English, how do we know whether to join the words (hairspray), join them with a hyphen (hair-spray), or leave a space between them (hair spray)? Try to decide if there are any typical patterns in the way we form compounds.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COMPOUND WORDS A compound word is a union of two or more words to convey a unit idea or special meaning that is not as clearly or quickly conveyed by separated words. Compound words may be hyphenated, written open (as separate words), or written solid (closed). An open compound is a combination of words so closely associated that they convey the idea of a single concept but are spelled as unconnected words: lowest common denominator canyon head A solid (closed) compound combines two or more words into one solid word (e.g., breakdown). Closed compound words are the ones that look like one word. At one point, these words werent used together, but theyre now accepted as a real word in the English language. Closed compound words are usually made up of only two words. A hyphenated compoundalso called a unit modifieris simply a combination of words joined by a hyphen or hyphens. The hyphen is a mark of punctuation that not only unites but separates the component words; thus, it aids understanding and readability and ensures correct pronunciation. Words are hyphenated mainly to express the idea of a unit and to avoid ambiguity. shell-like cloud-to-ground strokes well-to-do roof-to-wall construction

Mesozoic to Cenozoic north-trending graben fluvial-paludal floodplain system Sometimes hyphenated modifiers lose their hyphens when they become compound nouns: A clear decision-making process was evident in their decision making. The bluish grey was slowly disappearing from the bluish-grey sky. This is not always so, however: your high-rise apartment building is also known as a high-rise. When modifying a person with his or her age, the compounded phrase is hyphenated: my six-year-old son. However, when the age comes after the person, we don't use a hyphen. My son is six years old. He is, however, a six-year-old. The use of compounding in our language is an evolving process. As expressions become more popular or adopt special meanings, they follow a gradual evolution from two or more separate or hyphenated words to single words. audio visual .......................audio-visual........................audiovisual copy editor.........................copy-editor .........................copyeditor wild life...............................wild-life ...............................wildlife For some years now, the trend has been to spell compounds as solid words as soon as acceptance warrants. This is a trend, not a rule, but it can be helpful in deciding how to format a new or different compound expression.

When to hyphenate a compound word?

1. Some word pairs convey a different meaning when they are written as solid compounds. Choose the correct form for what you mean. anyway (regardless) any way (in any manner or way) blue bird (any bird colored blue) bluebird (a bird of the genus Silalia) high light (an elevated light) highlight (as a noun means the most outstanding part) highlight (as a verb means to give special emphasis or bring attention to) under way (as an adverb means in motion, in process) underway (as an adjective means occurring, performed, or used while traveling or in motion) 2. Words usually are compounded (either solid or hyphenated) to convey an idea that would not be as clearly expressed if the words were not connected. areawide freshwater policymaker bottomfishing icebreaking shoreline downhole onshore right-of-way

drillship offshore water-soluble (compare with water soluble) 3. Certain expressions are written as separate words when they are used as noun phrases but are hyphenated or written solid when they are used as adjectives before nouns. deep sea ................................................deep-sea fauna deep water .............................................deep-water technology food web.................................................food-web dependencies dark green..............................................dark-green algae 4. When verbs are combined with a preposition or adverb, write them as two words. When the same two words are used as nouns or adjectives, however, they should be hyphenated or joined. break up .................................................breakup build up...................................................buildup run off .....................................................runoff shut down...............................................shutdown shut in.....................................................shut-in 5. Most words with prefixes, suffixes, or combining forms are printed solid. However, that although most words beginning with the short prefixes co, de, pre, pro, and re are printed solid, a hyphen is sometimes used to avoid doubling a vowel or tripling a consonant. A hyphen is also used to join a prefix or combining form to a capitalized word or to distinguish a compound word from a homonym. cooperation preexisting pre-Neogene postlease presale prelease hull-less shell-like un-American micro-organism ultra-atomic recreation (leisure), re-creation (create again) recover (return to normal), re-cover (cover again)

A prefix that is standing alone but is representative of a compound word carries a hyphen. over- and underused micro- and macroeconomics The pre- and postsale activities were documented. The pre- and postlease sale reports were completed.

6. The term unit modifier used in GPO refers to one-thought adjectives or adverbs consisting of two or more words that are connected with a hyphen. Unit modifiers can be perplexing, especially when you cant locate a specific rule or example for their use. In such cases, the question of hyphenation necessarily must be left to the discretion of the editor and the author, who must collaborate on how best to clearly and logically present the information to the intended audience. Once a decision has been made, stick with it throughout the manuscriptconsistency within individual manuscripts is important!

7. Use the hyphen to join two or more words in a unit modifier before a noun, but do not hyphenate unit modifiers that appear after a noun. large-scale project ..........................the project is large scale low-grade metamorphic rocks.......metamorphic rocks of low grade bluish-green sea..............................the sea was bluish green 3-inch-diameter pipe .......................a pipe 3 inches in diameter U.S.-Mexican border.......................border of the United States and Mexico 8. Use hyphens with discretion. When the meaning is clear or when a compound is well established or widely known in its field, omit the hyphen. Note that the names of many chemicals, animals, and plants are in this category. bowhead whale study natural gas company grey whale migration oil and gas lease sale activities high school student royalty bidding system land use program Miocene age strata but crude-oil processing oil- and gas-related activities oil-spill risk analysis oil-spill risk analysis data 9. Do not use a hyphen in a compound predicate adjective or predicate noun when the second element is a present participle. Wrong: The horst is northeast trending. The effects could be far reaching. The shale was oil bearing. Commercial fishermen used the area for salmon harvesting. Correct: northeast-trending horst far-reaching effects oil-bearing shale

salmon-harvesting area 10. Do not use a hyphen in a compound predicate adjective when the second element is a past participle or in a predicate modifier of comparative or superlative degree. Wrong: The refinery is State owned. The area is drought stricken. The material has been fire tested. The analysts are best informed. Correct: State-owned refinery drought-stricken area fire-tested material 11. When a series of hyphenated compounds precede a common basic element, the hyphens are retained with each unit. (Note that the hyphens are retained in parenthetical expressions of dual measurements.) 5- by 20-meter radial gate long- and short-term field studies oil- and gas-related activities 150- to 200-m bathymetric line 3.1- to 12.2-meter (10- to 40-ft) intervals 3.1-m (10-foot) pipe 1-m (39.37-inch) pipe 200-m line 12. Do not use hyphens with unit modifiers when the first element is a comparative or superlative. better drained soil larger sized grains higher level decision lower income group

13. Do not use hyphens in two-word unit modifiers where the first element is an adverb ending in ly, or in three-word unit modifiers where the first two elements are adverbs. eagerly awaited moment seismically induced ground failure tightly compacted sandstones unusually swift stream unusually well preserved specimen, but well-preserved specimen 14. Do not use a hyphen in a unit modifier containing a letter or numeral as its second element.

article 3 provisions section C recommendations type 304 stainless steel 15. Use hyphens to express group unit modifiers and to avoid ambiguity. Where you place the hyphen can alter the meaning of the sentence. camels-hair brush...........................camels hairbrush re-creation.........................................recreation 16. Use multiple compound adjectives with restraint. They tend to break the continuity of the sentence and keep the reader waiting for the main noun. Try instead to recast the sentence. high-energy sandstones occur in shallow-water, high-energy shallow water sandstones an oil spill of 1,000 barrels or 1,000-barrel-or-greater oil spill greater equivalent strata of the Endicott Endicott Group equivalent strata

Reyes, Charlaine G.
BSEd 2G/ 1G

Structure of English (Mdm. Sheila Marie De Leon)

Instructions
1.

1
Understand that there are two main purposes for hyphenating. Putting words together to create compound words, and taking them apart to divide and distinguish.

2
Remember to always hyphenate numbers, unless you are writing something for a specific field like chemistry or math. Examples: twenty-three, seventy-five.
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3
Use hyphenation with prefixes and suffixes. If a word comes before a number or a capitalized word, it would be appropriate to hyphenate. An example of this would be: post-1920 or nonEnglish.

4
Connect a single letter with a word by hyphenating. The best example of this is the word T-shirt. This rule does not apply, however, to music jargon. B sharp, for example, would not be hyphenated.

5
Know when to hyphenate modifiers. If you use multiple words to describe a noun, and the words are written before the noun, use hyphens to keep them together. Example: The vineyard was the third-largest winery in California. Do not hyphenate if the describing words come after the noun. Example: The movie was panic inducing for the kids.

6
Utilize a hyphen if you want to break up a word to discern between multiple meanings. For example, the word recreation and the hyphenated word re-creation mean two different things. Also use a hyphen to separate two words that might look confusing to a reader. Example: coop should be co-op; coworker is much more clear as co-worker.

7
Break up words with a hyphen. If you come to the end of a page, but have a long word, use a hyphen to carry the word to the next line. Words should be separated at their syllable breaks. If you are unsure, consult a dictionary. For example, when typing the word misunderstood, separate the word with a hyphen at the page break: mis-understood.

8
Do not use hyphens with words that end in -ly, or with words that compare or are superlative. Example: We had to use extra white bleach to clean the counters. No hyphen in between extra and white.

9
Don't ever separate acronyms, abbreviations or contractions with hyphens. For example, "USA" or "don't" would never be hyphenated! Also, never hyphenate a URL address. Adding a hyphen to a website address would be incredibly confusing. If you have to separate an address, try to break it up after a slash. Example: http://www.bozoclowns.com/red/slippers/ BREAK red/hat.html
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Tips & Warnings

Don't confuse a hyphen with a dash. A dash is used when you want to create a pause or sentence break. It's hard to memorize specific rules for specific words, but it is safe to always hyphenate ex-, self-, all-, and -elect. Example: Margaret was the secretary-elect of the school board, while William was the ex-president. When using a hyphen to tie two words together, do not leave a space between the hyphen and the word. It should all run together. For example: well-read, instead of well - read.

Read more: How to Hyphenate Properly | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_2049064_hyphenateproperly.html#ixzz22pifBM1W

The Standard Definition of a Hyphen The hyphen is a type of punctuation mark that has two primary purposes in the English language today. First, the hyphen is utilized as a means of joining words. Second, the hyphen is used as a mechanism to separate syllables. It is important not to confuse a hyphen with a dash. Generally speaking, a dash should be longer in form than a hyphen and is used for entirely different purposes. The practice of using hyphens to either join words or to separate syllables is known quite simply as hyphenation.

The Hyphen and Writing and Editing Styles The fact is that unlike with most other punctuation marks, there is yet to be amassed a truly definitive set of rules governing the use of the hyphen. There are derivations in which the hyphen is utilized based upon the particular style manual that is being followed or based upon the particular dictionary that is being used for reference. Moreover, there can be derivations in the way hyphens are utilized from country to country as well. Thus, in the end, when it comes to both a writer and editor dealing with the proper use of hyphens, it is vitally important to utilize appropriate reference materials and style manuals that are suitable both to national usage and overall reliability in regard to hyphenation. In recent times, when it comes to the use of the hyphen, one of the primary objectives of writers and editors alike is for the hyphen itself to better support the overall ease of reading. This is particularly the case in regard to more complex written constructions. Thus, in some instances, the bottom line actually has become in regard to hyphenation and hyphen placement a consideration of what will best make it easier for a reader to read, digest and understand a particular text. Deviations from what previously may have been considered standard protocols for hyphen use are accepted in many instances if such a deviation will render it easier (rather than more difficult) for a reader to understand a particular piece of copy, manuscript or text. Basic Rules and Considerations Regarding the Use of the Hyphen The most fundamental rule regarding the proper use of the hyphen is that there should be no space between the hyphen and the words that are being connected. An illustration can be helpful. The incorrect use of a hyphen is as follows: Thirty-five Incorrect placement of the hyphen in this instance includes: Thirty -five Thirty- five Thirty - five There is an exception to this rule when one is dealing with what is frequently referred to as a suspended hyphen. An example of a properly utilized suspended hyphen is: eighteenth- and nineteenth-century authors A space appropriately is placed after the first word and between the conjunctive. As you will see, there is not space between the final words associated with the suspended hyphen. Once again, this is the only instance in which it is permissible to leave a space between the hyphen and words that are being conjoined.

The hyphen also plays a crucial role when it comes to what are known as compound modifiers. Typically, when the compound modifier appears before the noun or pronoun that is to be modified, a hyphen becomes necessary and is utilized. An example of what is meant by this practice can be most helpful to you in this regard. American-football player With the hyphen, it is clear that a discussion is being made of an individual who plays American football. If you take away the hyphen: American football player With the hyphen removed, it becomes completely impossible to ascertain which word actually is being modified. You cannot tell if you are writing of an American who plays football or if you are writing of a player from some other country who plays American football. In short, absent the helpful hyphen (indeed, the vital and necessary hyphen) confusion reigns. As intimated earlier in this article in a description on another matter, numbers below 100 are hyphenated. As was set forth above, a proper way of writing out a number below one hundred would be: Thirty-five In addition, and along the same lines, hyphens are used when a person writes out a fractional number. For example: Three-fifths The hyphen is also becoming ever more common when it comes to surnames. Of course, hyphens have been used in conjunctive surnames for generations. However, in this day and age, it is becoming even more widespread as women who marry strive to maintain their maiden names as part of their surnames. In this regard, the proper usage of the hyphen is as follows: Sarah Jones-Walker The Hyphen and Syllable Separation Before the mass use of the computer, when a manuscript was being typed it oftentimes was necessary to utilize a hyphen in order to separate a word as an ongoing sentence reached the side of the page. An example of hyphenation is used to break apart syllables (particularly for the purposes described in this section) is: Hy-phen British English and U.S. English Hyphen Usage There are some differences in the manner in which the hyphen is used in the United Kingdom and in the United States, although these differences actually are rather minimal. For example, in the U.K. certain prefixes will be hyphenated when they will not be so separated in the U.S:

pre-school in the U.K. whilst preschool in the U.S. co-worker in the U.K. whilst coworker in the U.S. When Not to Use a Hyphen As mentioned previously, there are no longer truly hard and fast rules associated with hyphenation and the use of a hyphen. One could argue that from a historical perspective, a hyphen should never be used except in those specific situations in which it is called for including those situations that have specifically been discussed in this article. However, and as has been noted previously in this article, the more accepted practice today is that should a hyphen actually enhance a reader's ability to understand something or another that is written, it should be utilized and any hard and fast rules governing the use of the hyphen can appropriately be left at the wayside.