JUTE GEOTEXTILES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

DR A.B.M. ABDULLAH
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
JUNE- 02, 2008 DHAKA

JUTE DIVERSIFICATION PROMOTION CENTRE (JDPC) 145 MONIPURIPARA, TEJGAON, DHAKA.

Sl. No

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Composition And Some Physical and Chemical Properties Physical Properties of Jute Fiber: Some Chemical Properties of Jute Fiber Important Characteristic Properties of Geotextile and Application and Uses A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M As a Separator/Separation Reinforcement of Weak Soil and Other Materials: Filtration (Cross-Plane Flow) Drainage (In-Plane Flow) Geotextiles In Rural Road Construction: Erosion Control Mulching Moisturizers Cropland/Hydroponics/Roof Top Planting/ Orchid Production/Floriculture Etc. Irrigation liner As a Protection of Earthquake As Temporary Irrigation Dam Protection of Tea Garden

Page No

1-2

3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 20-21 22-23 24-26 27

3.

ITEM-1 Properties ITEM-2 Model Study and Different Application ITEM-3 Comparative results in road construction: ITEM-4 Erosion Control, Sediment Loss ITEM-5 Construction of Roads for Light Traffic ITEM-6 Control of Bank Erosion ITEM-7 Application River Bank Erosion Control ITEM-8 Design Bio-Degradable Jute Products ITEM-9 Banana Drain (BD) Geotextiles & the Environment Reference

4. 5.

INTRODUCTION
Jute is a seasonal agricultural crop. Widely grow in this part of the world particularly Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Commercial jute fibers are extracted from two spices Chorchorus Capsularis (white), Chorchorus Olitorious (tossa), through complex microbial process of retting. It is a photo reactive plant, only 120 days are needed for its harvesting. Temperate, wet and humid climate of Bangladesh are very conducive to the growth of jute.

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Composition and Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Jute Fiber: Physical Properties of Jute Fiber:
Density-1.47gm/cc Average Fineness-20 denier, i.e weight in gm. of 900 metres of filament Tenacity-4.2gm/denier Average Extension at break-1.2% Average Stiffness-330 gm/denier Average Toughness Index-0.02 Swelling water (area) 40% Specific heat 0.34 cal/g/c0 Specific internal Surface 10-200m2/g Hygroscopicity (Average regain at 65% relative humidity)-13%

Some Chemical Properties of Jute Fiber

Holocellulose Alpha Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Pactin Fat & Wax Protein Mineral Materials 82-85% 58-63% 21-24% 12-14% 0.2-0.5% 0.4-0.8% 0.8-1.5% 0.6-1.1%

Jute is a ligno-cellulosic, composite natural bast fiber. Cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin are its major constituent components & its three dimensional structure is formed by different inter and intra-molecular forces resulted from various physical, chemical, and hydrogen bonds, between them. The commercial fiber consists of hairy strands of cylindrical networks of ultimate jute fiber. Properly retted and washed jute fibers are fairly lustrous with moderate strength but rough to touch. The color of the fiber also varies from creamy white to brown.

Jute is one of the important fiber crops being exceeded in production and use only by cotton. It is a coarse textile fiber being used as a raw material for the production of packaging materials like twines, Hessian, carpet backing, gunny back, tarpaulin, woolpack, cotton bagging etc. It is one of the versatile fibers. Its intrinsic and extrinsic properties are the accumulated properties of individual component and various groups and bonds attested to them. Jute and jute products are biodegradable, photodegradable, thermal degradable, nontoxic, nonplastic, acidic, anionic, hydrophilic, drapable, lessextensible, with higher moisture and UV absorbing capacity and higher tenacity. Most of the cellulose is present in crystalline part of it. Amorphous parts are mostly non cellulosic in nature due to the presence of hemi cellulose and lignin. It has similarity with soft and hard fiber and cotton and wood simultaneously. A vast range of diversified jute products can be manufactured through vertical and horizontal modification. These are textiles, hometextiles, technicaltextiles, Page 3 of 30

medicaretextiles, geotextiles, agrotextiles, woven and nonwoven, composite and non composite, decoratives, toys and handicrafts, pulp/paper and their products and cellulose and cellulose derivates etc, which can be used as a substitute of cotton, wood, synthetic, plastic etc. There are numbers of traditional products as mentioned above which are manufactured in spinning and composite mills through existing conventional jute spinning and looms. A wide range of fabrics can be produced with the variation of drafts, twists, dollop weight, design such as plain, twill, basket, satin/steen with closed, densed and open structure with definite strength, tenacity, porosity, permeability according to need. Moreover, nonwoven, knitted and netted jute fabrics can also be manufactured by needle punching, stitching and chemical bonding, with different strength, thickness, porosity and permeability according to need. Furthermore composite types of fabrics can also be manufactured by the combination of knitted, netted jute fabric, with the specific need and functions. Geotextle particularly jute geotextiles are recently emerging technologies in geotechnical and bio-engineering fields. Geotextles are not a single commodity. These are fabricated by both synthetic and natural fiber with different design, shape, size, composition according to functional need. These applications are generally categorized as; soil stabilizer, application at the interface of the formation of soil and the track back to minimize pumping of fine soil into granular materials; to lay beneath asphalt surface to delay crack development; consolidation of soil through filtration and drainage by filter cake formation; application as erosion control; reinforcement of civil construction; moisturization, protection from rain, wind, light and cold etc. In fact geotextiles are multi functional and location specific in nature. Bioengineering/agro mulching of natural fibrous materials are most effectives due to their biodegradability, echo-compatibility and improvement of soil fertility and texture. In addition to erosion control they also facilitate vegetative growth, de weeding and canopy of the land. Divergent and prospective applications of jute and modified jute products can be used as a solution of various problems related to geotechnical/erosion control/mulching/ environment related activities are narrated briefly in this paper.

1) 2)

Important Characteristic Properties of Geotextiles

These are broadly classified as; Physical properties: a) specific gravity, b) weight c) thickness d) stiffness e) density etc. Mechanical properties : a) tenacity b) tensile strength c) busting strength d) drapability e) compatibility f) flexibility g) functure strength h) tearing strength i) fictional resistance etc. 3) Hydraulic properties: a) porosity b) permeability c) permittivity d) transitivity e) turbity /soil retention f) filtration length etc. Page 4 of 30

4) Degradation properties : a) biodegradation b) hydrolytic degradation c) photo degradation d) chemical degradation e) mechanical degradation f) other degradation occurs due to attack of rudden, mite, termite etc. 5) Endurance properties: a) Crip/ elongation under texture b) abrasion resistance c) clogging length and flow etc. All jute products as mentioned above can be used as geotextiles. But one of the most important weaknesses of the jute products is their quick biodegradability. But their life span can be extended even up to 20years through different treatments and blendings. Thus it is possible to manufacture designed biodegradable jute geotextile, having specific tenacity, porosity, permeability, transmitibility according to need and location specificity. Soil, soil composition, water, water quality, water flow, landscape etc. physical situation determines the application and choice of what kind of jute geotextiles, should be used. In contrast to synthetic geotextiles, though jute geotextileas are less durable but they also have some advantages in certain area to be used particularly in agro-mulching and similar area to where quick consolidation are to take place. Again for erosion control and rural road where soil protection from natural and seasonal degradation caused by rain, water, monsoon, wind and cold weather. Jute geotextiles as separator, reinforcing and drainage activities along with topsoil erosion in shoulder and cracking are used quite satisfactorily. Furthermore after degradation of jute geotextiles lignomass are formed which increases soil organic content, fertility, texture and increases vegetative growth with further consolidation and stability of soil. In fact in mulching and top soil erosion control geojute of special open, netted, design heavy weight (300-1000gm|sq.m) but porous structure create micro climate for easy passages of water retaining soil particles, further application of grasses on it helps to harness stabilization and protection.

Applications and Uses

Geotextiles are used in wide range of areas. Following are the some important application areas where treated-untreated, blended-nonblended, natural and synthetic, geotextiles are used. They may be woven-nonwoven, knittednetted, corded, composite and sandwiched etc. But application of geotextiles is location specific so in addition to the characteristics of geotextiles, identification and application of geotextiles depends on soil type, soil composition, moisture content, liquid limits, plasticityindex, bulkdensity, soil pH, iron/calcium content, clay/silt and sand composition, land sloping & hydraulic action etc. Moreover climatic condition of the application site is also to be considered.

As a Separator/Separation

These are some forms of aggregate used to form some layer which prevent contamination of one kind of material from another kind of material, called separator. They are used in all classes of roads and similar civil foundation as the base of construction on contaminated layer is the single most cause of premature failure. The use of separator prevent pumping effect created by dynamic load and also help the passage of water while retaining soil particles.

In this types of geotextile, thickness and permeability are

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most important characteristic properties. Some of the applications and airfields. Between subgrade in railroads. Between land fills and stone base courses . Between geomembranes and sand drainage layers. Between foundation and embankment soils for surcharge loads. Between foundation and embankment soils for roadways fills. Between foundation and embankment soils for earth and rocks dams . Between foundation and encapsulated soil layers. Between foundation soils and rigid retaining walls. Between foundation soils and flexible retaining walls. Between foundation soils and storage piles. Between slopes and downstream stability. Beneath sidewalks slabs Beneath curb areas Beneath parking lots Beneath sport and athletic fields Beneath precast blocks and panels for aesthetic paving Between drainage layers in poorly graded filter blankets Between various zones in earth dams Between old and new asphalt layers.

areas are; 1) Between subgrade and stone base in unpaved and paved roads 2)

3) 4)
5) 6) 7) 8)

9) 10) 11)
12)

13) 14) 15)

16) 17)

18) 19)
20) B.

Reinforcement of Weak Soil And Other Materials:

Reinforcement types of geotextiles are used to form the foundation and reduce the level of stress in the soil by spreading and evening out the stresses. For examples it would be used for building of a road/any civil construction over soft soils like mashes, swamps, wetland, peat of similar difficult areas. Similarly stability of dams and embankment can be increased with their property of reinforcement. Strength and durability are the

major characteristic properties needed for this type of geotextile. Geotextiles can reduce the thickness of the road-making

materials needed and increase the life span of the road along with cost reduction. A few application areas are shown below; 1) Over soft soils for unpaved road, airfields, railroad, landfills, sports and athletic fields. 2) Over unstable landfills as closure system 3) To warp soils in encapsulated fabric systems. 4) To construct fabric-reinforced walls 5) To reinforcement embankment 6) To stabilized slops temporarily 7) As a substrate for articulated concrete blocks 8) To stabilized unpaved storage yards and staging areas. 9) To soft soils in earth dam construction 10) For use in in-situ compaction and consolidation of marginal soils 11) Playground, golf court, cricket wicket etc.

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Filtration (Cross-Plane Flow)

In filtration fabrics can be either woven or non-woven, to permit the passage of water while retaining soil particles. Porosity and permeability are

the major properties of geotextiles which involves in filtration action. Application helps the replacement of graded aggregate filters by a

geotextiles warping. These applications are also suitable for both horizontal and vertical drains. Some of application areas are given below. 1) In place of granular soil filters 2) Beneath stone base for unpaved and paved of roads, rail roads, airfields. 3) To filter hydraulic fills. 4) As a silt fence 5) As a silt curtain 6) As a flexible form for containing sand, grout or concrete in erosion control systems 7) As a flexible form for restoring underground mine integrity 8) Around crush stone surrounding under drain, drain pipe. 9) Beneath landfill that generate leaching 10) Between backfill soil and voids in retaining walls. 11) As a filter beneath stone riprap. 12) As a filter beneath recast block etc.

D.
1.

Drainage (In-Plane Flow)

Fiber drains/prefabricated drains:

In foundation engineering, consolidation settlement of clayay, silty and muddy soil creates serious problems for construction engineers. The application of various types of drains is to allow accelerated dissipation of pore water pressure by lateral drainage. These drainages are used for stabilization of civil constructions. There are various kinds of drains having their own characteristic properties, these are; sand drain, cardboard drain, wick drain, prefabricated drain and latest innovated banana drain. Ideal drains would have following characteristics: 1) High permeability to enable rapid dissipation. This permeability must be much higher than that of the ground to be treated. 2) Good flexibility to enable large ground movement and not act as a pile and so prevent consolidation. Similar stiffness to soil mass is preferred. 3) A good hydraulic connection with a natural or placed permeable blanket layer which act as a hydraulic sink and have continuously over its length. 4) Introduction into the soil should be without any harm/disturbance as to modify its beneficial action as drain. 5) Remain useful as a drain over the required period in most cases a few months and rarely over a year for consolidation processes as opposed to permanent drains. 6) It should designed biodegradable. 7) The properties should kept over various states of stress usually increasing stress. 8) Porosity/permeability/textures of the drain body should not be clogged by the surroundings fine soils.

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9)

To reduce consolidation time it is obviously necessary to shorten the length of the flow paths. Installation of vertical drains of high permeability capacity is needed for quick and specific path direction.

Some of the application areas of these drains are given below:

1. As a chimney drain in earth dam 2. As a drainage gallery in earth dam 3. As a drainage inceptor for horizontal flow 4. As a drainage blanket beneath a surcharge fill 5. As a drain behind a retting wall 6. As a drain beneath railroad ballast 7. As a water drain beneath geomembrances 8. Beneath aggregate in unpaved roads 9. Reinforcement of embankment fills and earth dams 10. Repairing slope failures and landslides 11. Construction of mattresses for fills over soft soils 12. Water drainage behind retaining walls 13. Water drainage beneath building foundations.

In fact though geotechnical appliances are function oriented yet same appliances can work for more than one functions simultaneously.

E.

Geotextiles In Rural Road Construction:

The use of geotextile products in temporary and rural unpaved road construction is one of their most common uses, and work on them is well established. The basis behind their use is that by placing a geotextile between the weak subgrade soil and the aggregate fill the unpaved road construction will be established. The geotextile will: provide a physical barrier to the intermixing of the aggregate and subgrade soil provide local reinforcement restrains the subgrade sub-base from downward and lateral movement in the rut restrains the subgrade soil from upward and lateral movement between the ruts Act as a support membrane provide sufficient fiction to limit lateral sliding of the aggregate improve the quality of rural roads increase life span of the road cost reduction of repair stands natural climatics like flood /monsoon destruction natural geotextiles like jute geotextiles help balancing eco-system. Considering above factors treated and untreated, composite and blended, jute geotextiles can be used in stabilizing, protecting them from natural and seasonal devastation with increasing life span.

F.

Erosion Control
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Erosion control products are designed to control erosion and cover a diverse range of products which includes; nets, meshes, mats, blankets, both synthetic and natural biodegradable and non boidegradable are used to mitigate erosion under different conditions, according to short ,medium and long term. In order to control the process of erosion, geotextiles must have following properties: Reduce rain drop impact Intercept rainfall and run off Reduce wind and run off velocities Store water/water holding capacity Infiltrate surface water Better drapibility and compatible to land surface Environmental and Ecological friendly Improve soil fertility Compatible to the application site. Jute geotextiles particularly geojute of open, porous and knitted structure (500-1000gm|sqm) are generally used for its effective and advantage over synthetic for its easy biodegradable, drapable, and easy to contact with soil along with capillary actions so that they can easily be compatible with application slope area. The use helps to create microclimate to protect top soil erosion by rain, water, wind flow etc. Recently hessian of 270-300 g/m2 have also shown to be effective in erosion control in certain cases.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

G. Mulching

In agricultural practices, particularly in agronomic/horticultural activities, various fibrous materials are being used from time immemorial for better and effective benefits in producing better crops. Mulches are used to suppress the growth of certain plant species, whilst enhancing the growth of others. Agromulching is a general term applied to mulches used for agricultural applications and includes traditional loose mulches such as straw. Most application require suppression of weed growth to reduce competition with the selected or designed vegetation for vital resources such as moisture, light and nutrients. End users have included horticultural and land escaping operations. To ensure success, jute geotextiles must have following characteristics. * suppress weeds growth * enhance growth of the selected vegetation spices by reducing competition and enhancing soil/plant/water relationship. *Protection from heat and cold from drying & wilting etc. Jute geotextiles are biodegradable and have only a lifespan of one season. In horticultural applications this may correspond with a crop season, and the products is simply removed and disposed of at harvesting. Where agro-plant mulch is required for a longer time (as in land escaping applications) then careful selection of site and species is important, or specialized treatments may have to be used to increase the longevity of the mulch product.

These mulches are used in the cropland where conditions are less favorable and there is a need to protect them. A natural mulch is most commonly Page 9 of 30

straw, hay although nearly any organic materials (leaves, peat, wood chips, barks, banana leaves etc. that are non toxic can be used ) There are also synthetic mulches such as polypropylene, plastics, bitumins/latexes, treated fibrous material etc. Mulch provides some protection from rainsplash, erosion retards runoff traps sediment and creates a better environment for plant germination and development. Some times treated and untreated light jute fabrics in the form of taps are used for covering plants from natural injury from cold and wilting. These are nursery pot, nursery sheet, nursery tapes, nursery fabrics etc.

H. Moisturizers
Moisturizers are generally from natural fibers. They are fabricated and design so that they have high water holding capacity. High capiliraties and hydrogen bonding properties are special properties for these types of geotextile, so that they can provide water to the plants /crops/land/structure when needed. Important characteristics and functions these types of geotextiles are to perform; 1) Water holding, storing and discharging capacity. 2) Protecting soil moisture for facilitating the germination of seed. 3) Protecting soil moisture form evaporation and holding heat of the soil facilitating the germination of seed. 4) Siphoning water according to the need of plant 5) Facilitating the growth of useful soil microbs 6) Work as weed controller to help the growth of crop/plant 7) To protect plant from cold/wilting effect. These are woven, nonven, composite, treated and untreated fabrics like nursery sheet/pot, nursery tapes etc. some time with special treatment for higher water absorption capacity, anti microbial protection etc. Some applications areas are: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Seasoning newly constructed RCC/civil structure during building Protect land from desertification by planting specials type of grass/herbs/plants and providing water for initial growth propagation. Protection of forest plant from draught/dehydration by supplying soil moisture and preventing evaporation. Anti forest fire retardant/stopping fire propagation by the application of specially treated geotextile in forest area.

Land Reclamation From Sea/Desert

Jute is a versatile fiber having composite nature of high chelate forming groups along with high water absorbing capacity, can easily form complexes with silts passing through the big rivers and settle down quickly as a sedimentation at the confluence to sea/river. By setting them land reclamation can be undertaken and further with the formation of lignomass quicker vegetative growth occurs. On the other hand desert area can be transformed in to a cropland with the transformation of sand into soil by gradual supply of water and plantation on it. Page 10 of 30

Cropland/Hydroponics/Roof Production/ Floriculture Etc.

I

Top

Planting/Orchid

These are special type of fabrication made by sandwiching nonwoven with open structure netting where nonwoven part contains with seed, fertilizer and soil in specific ratio according to crop need. Water is occasionally sprinkled to the fabrics. Generally these are used as seed bed during emergency and devastating flood. This seed bed can be placed anywhere like roof of the building. Again similar types of fibrous fabrics are also used for hydrophonic agriculture, generally placed on raft made of banana stem or similar structure. Roof top planting /orchid production/flori culture became very popular and modern approach of gardening/floriculture in top roof of buildings and similar places. These types of jute geotextiles are similar to that of cropland but they are modified with specific need base in respect to water content, soil content, fertilizer content and canopy needs. These types of geotextiles are getting popular in city and urban areas as these not only harness economic benefits but also protect environment by Carbondioxide -Oxygen balance in the atmosphere.

J.

Irrigation liner

Irrigation liners are non permeable fabrics, generally synthetics or natural modified with resin/rubber/polymers etc. so that water can not pass through it. But compatible with canal structure and land. Important properties of irrigation liners are; Save water from sieve during irrigation. Reduce waste of water during irrigation Reduce soil erosion during irrigation Save land for cultivation by using movable canal liner. Prevent soil degradation during irrigation Reduce water evaporation during irrigation Create beneficial climatic condition for growth of crop with appropriate local climate. Some times these irrigation liners are made with differently treated jute ribbon. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

K.

As a Protection of Earthquake

Though jute and other fibrous materials were used as a reinforcing material in the construction of mud houses of this part of the world from time immemorial, recently jute and other fiber materials have been identified as an effective raw material for stabilizing various buildings made as of ancient mud houses in Asia and African countries from protection of earthquake.

L.

As Temporary Irrigation Dam

These are specially treated /modified jute fabrics which are hydrophobic,non permeable and easily movable so that water can be channeled with in a short usable area. Page 11 of 30

M. Protection of Tea Garden

Jute having high moisture and UV protecting character have a definite capability to protect soft tea leaves giving appropriate moisture and protection from UV radiation reflected from sun by giving canopy.

ITEM-1

Table 1: Properties of some specific jute fabrics can be used as jute

geotextiles:

Property Construction Thickness (mm) Mas/unit area (g/m2) Linear density M/C of Yarns (g/m2) x-mc No. of yarns M/C Per inch X-MC Narrow stip tensile M/C Strength (K/n) X-M/c

Type A B-Twill 2 644 0.3721 1.0431 13 9 21.78 22.50

Type B A-Twill 2 756 0.4656 1.2745 10 8 27.50 27.50

Type C Hycee cement 2 682 0.3355 0.8633 10 11 24.26 25.00

Type D D.W plain 2 538 0.3416 1.1736 10 8 20 24.50

ITEM-2

Model Study GeoTextiles:

and

Different

Applications

of

Jute

BJRI in cooperation with Arcedia Development Ltd. Co. successfully completed a model study with designed biodegradable jute geotextiles as separator, filter, fiber drain (BD) and reinforcing materials in a 60x25x20 civil construction with 800 slope of retaining wall at BJRI premise with 5 years design life in 1993-1998. After 10 years at 2003 that no fracture observed in the model structure. On the other hand a solid Porous Cake framed with degradation of jute geo-textiles in different layers. Though strength of fabrics changes in certain area to great extent, it was postulated at certain type of complex legends might be formed with reduced lignomass, with some constitute of jute and soil. Similarly, erosion control model study was performed in Bandarban and some other places to control landslides by SRDI and also geo-jute was successfully applied in greater Dhaka Flood Control Barrage BJMC. Again an in complete experiment was undertaken for stabilizing a section of Deldual-Lauhaty Road at Tangail District and using jute geotextiles.

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ITEM-3

Comparative results of the performance of jute geotextiles with different synthetic geotextiles in road construction:
Trade Name

Table 2 : Properties of geotextiles used

Weight (gm/m2) ASTM D-191064 153 136 180 Thicknes s (mm) ASTM D-1777 15 mill 15mill Grab tensile Strength (N) ASTM D-1682
(minimum)

Propex 4545 Muirafi 600x Typar Supac 5-P Petro mat Terra m 140

400

Elongati on At Break (%) ASTM D-1682 500

(min.)

Trapezodial tear Strength (N) ASTM D-2263 534 312 325

Permeabili ty (cm/s) falling head 2x10-2 (min.) 2x10-2 (min.) 0.01 0.02 0.05

Type

1335 580 556-670

62 80

Nonwoven woven Nonwoven Nonwoven (Polypro pylene) Nonwoven Nonwoven

(75% Polypr. +25% Nylon)

146 280

1.1

512 1128

65 150

343

0.072

Jute Fabric

680-750

1.75-1.85

800-900

15-20

300-350

0.02-0.04

woven

Result-1: Dynamic Load Test

Thickness of aggregate (mm) 100 mm 200 mm Rut depth without JGT with JGT
22 mm 18 mm 10 mm 7 mm

Remarks
With the use of JGT more than 50% reduction in rut depth in both the cases

Result-2: Effect of Jute Geotextile on Unconfined compressive strength

Water content (%)
25 30 35

Unconfined compressive strength (kn/m2) 110 (without fabric) 300 (with fabric) 45 (without fabric) 115 (with fabric) 36 (without fabric) 65 (with fabric) 20 5.0 25 4.7

Strain at failure (%)

8 (without fabric) 26 (with fabric) 10 (without fabric) 30 (with fabric) 22 (without fabric) 42 (with fabric)

Result-3: Effect of Jute Geotextile on CBR Value

Water content (%) CBR Value Without (%) fabric 30 3.5 35 2.6 Page 13 of 30

With fabric

8.0

6.8

5.2

4.5

ITEM-4: EROSION CONTROL

Comparative Study of Synthetic and Jute Geotextile on Erosion Control

Objective:
i) ii) Evaluation of the performance of jute geotextile in surfical erosion control. To assess the comparative performance of such a system, a qualitative trail has been conducted using three synthetic geotextiles, one jute geotextile (JGT) and one composite geotextile.

Laboratory investigations An artificial embankment slope constructed beneath a rainfall simulator was used for the experiment. The embankment slope modeled by battered face of the soil was inclined at 260 to the horizontal to represent a 1:2 slope. The slope width of 5m was divided into 6 trails bays, each 500mm wide to allow a space between adjacent bases. Simulated rainfall was generated using a series of nozzles fixed to an oscillating bar above the slope Rainfall drop size was 1.3 mm Kinetic energy of rainfall was 14J/ m2/mm Eight storms were used each having return period of 100 years of Eastern England. First five storms had rainfall intensify of 40mm/1hr.duration. The first storm was on a pre-wetted slope. The remaining four storms at the intensity were run in pairs at three day interval such that the first storm of each pair fall on a dry slope. Two hours duration was allowed for drainage before starting the second cycle on a wet slope. After a three day drying the same cycle was repeated. A different approach was adopted for the last 3 storms. Rainfall intensity was increased to 75mm/hr and the storm duration was decreased to 20 minutes. The first cycle comprised one storm failing on a dray slope and after 2 hours, a second storm was caused to fall on a wet slope. After a three day period, the slope was pre wetted and a single storm was applied to the wet slope. The six plot was top soiled and seeded in the normal manner and used as control plot. All the six plot was top soiled and seeded to assess the ability of each product to resist washout of the ungerminated seed.

1. ABOUT THE TRAIL PLOTS AND GEOTEXTILES

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The control plot and other 5 plots were covered with 200 mm -top soil comprising 12% clay, 29% silt, 33% sand and 26% gravel. Seeding was done by hand using commercially available grass seed @ 28grms/m2

Table-3:
Geotextil es Compositi on Properties
Weight 500 g/m2 Thicknes s Tensile Strengt h 7.5kN/ m Opening size 11mmx18m m Durability 2 years

JGT

Environme nt

Enkamat 7010 Ternsermat Geoweb

Jute (80 Cellulose, 12% lignin etc) wood/wool mulch contained in PP strand mesh Polyamide Polyethylene HDPE

360g/m2

25mmx37m m

18 month

260g/m2 4500g/ m2 1740g/ m2

9mm 18mm -

0.8kN/ m min 0.4kN/ m min -

6mm-8mm -

Results

Table-4: The results obtained are presented in the following table:

System
Control JGT Enviromat Enkamat Tensermat Geoweb Storm Duration

Dry slope 40 mm/hr.

25 02 03 19 28 16 01hr.

Wet slope 40 mm/hr.

33 09 16 41 37 33 01hr.

Wet slope 75 mm/hr.

50 11 31 34 23 23 20mins

2. SEDIMENT LOSS: The relative effects of different rainfall intensities where sediment yeild expressed in grams are shown in the following table and figures.

System Control JGT

Table-5:

Dry slope 40 mm/hr. 70 6

Wet slope 40 mm/hr. 92 25

Wet slope 75 mm/hr. 263 57 Page 15 of 30

Enviromat Enkamat Tensermat Geoweb

4 56 81 51

23 121 106 104

87 189 124 136

3. Mean values of Soil Erodibility (grams/mm) are indicated

following table and figure: Table-6:

System
Control JGT Enviromat Enkamat Tensermat Geoweb Storm Duration

in the

Dry slope 40 mm/hr.

7.1 16.4 7.5 10.4 9.0 12.3 01hr.

Wet slope 40 mm/hr.

8.0 1.7 1.1 6.4 7.8 8.6 01hr.

Wet slope 75 mm/hr.

5.8 2.1 1.0 3.3 3.3 6.2 20mins

Overall average
7.0 6.9 3.6 7.4 7.2 7.9

ITEM-5 Effective Use Of Jute Geotextile In Construction Of Roads For Light Traffic:
Laboratory Experiment Ascertainment of improvement of load bearing capacity of sub grade of road with the introduction of jute geotextiles and one and two layers of bricks. Experimental Investigations Six sets of plate load tests were conducted with 2.5 mm thick steel plate was placed centrally into the test pit of size 150 cm x 150 cm & 30 cm deep. The conventional method was followed for the plate load test.. The schedule of the tests is given below:

Table-7:
Test Set
(a) (b) (c) (d) (d) (e) (e) (f) (f)

The Test Pit

30cms 60cms; made 30 cms; by filling with same virgin soil 60cms; made 30 cms; by placing same virgin soil over JGT (60cm x 60cm) Same as in set (c) Same as in set (b) JGT (60cmsx30 cms) was placed at 60cms depth and 30cms depthwas made by placing over JGT virgin soil

No brick layer One layer of bricks No brick layer

Layers of brick laid over the final level

One layer of brick Two layers of brick Two layers of brick

Characteristics of fabrics used

The soil used on the test was silty clay having following properties:LL: 78% Page 16 of 30

PL: N.M.C.: Unconfined Compressive Strength: Proctor OMC: Max. Dry density:

40% 30% 4.7tm2 21% 1.566gm/cc

Results

The yield Stresses and corresponding settlements for different cases are given below:

Table-8:
Virgin soil (set a) Compacted soil underlain by single layer of brick (set b) Compacted soil underlain by one layer of jute geotextile (set c) Compacted soil overlain by single layer of bricks and underlain by a layer of jute geotextile (set d) Compacted soil overerlain overerlain by two layers of bricks (set e) Compacted soil overrlain overrlain by two layer of jute geotextile (set f)

Type of test medium

Yield stresst/m2
12.11 27.90 19.40 35.50

Settlement, mm
30.00 58.70 70.00 27.00

21.20 19.30

26.00 12.70

Characteristics Weight Thickness Tensile Strength In-plane permeability Cross plane permeability Conclusion

418 gm/m2 2.305mm 0.0704Kg/cm 6.425x 10-3 cm/sec 1.358x 10-3 cm/sec

Placement of one layer of bricks on the top of the surface of compacted soil set (b) helps on increasing the load carrying capacity quit significantly compared to virgin soil, set (a) or simply a jute geotextile layer overlain by compacted soil set (c) The response of two layers of bricks over compacted soil (set e) has been better. But when one brick layer along with a jute geotextile layer overlain (set d) the load carrying is improved and is higher than that in the cases when only two layers of bricks are used (set e) The best results is obtained when two layers of bricks are used in addition to a layer of jute geotextiles (set f) but (setd) appears to be the most effective both from performance and economic point of view incase of low volume rural road construction. Page 17 of 30

Page 18 of 30

ITEM-6
CONTROL OF BANK EROSION
Objective: To protect the island from severe erosion which made hindrence on navigation Tides - Semi diurnal with periodicity of 12.42hrs. - Average flood period-5hrs - Average ebb period 7.42 - Maximum spring -0 6.25 meter - Minimum Neap -0.71 meter - Peak velocity in spring 3.0 meters/second - Mid- April to mid-September-strong southwesterly winds -March to May-Northwesters reaching up to 9 in Beaufort Scale - Wind generated waves-1.6 meter -Periodicity-6to 8 secounds -General Consumption of Bank Soil

Tidal Range Current Wind

Weave

Table-9
Depth Sand
Med 2.0-0.425mm 3m 6m 9m 0.32% Fine 0.425-0.07mm 0.50% 0.30% 50.80% silt 0.0750.002mm 65.50% 61.70% 48.88% clay (<0.002mm) 34.0% 38.0%

TREATMENT WITH JGT

For preventing of migration of soil particles from the bank and also for providing escape routs to the confined water to neutralize the differential over pressure, jute geotextile smeared with bitumen was used on the embankment. For entrapping silt through extraneous contrivances mangrove vegetation over jute geotextile was made as an alternative method to the conventional practice of using bamboo cages with bricks fixed on them , concrete hexapod etc. Properties of Jute Geotextile used Material: Thickness Breaking strength (kN/m) Elongation at break (%) D. W. Twill-8x12850 gsm bitumen treated 2.83mmat100g/cm2 33.2 (warp way) 28.2 (weft way) 11.8 (warp way) Page 19 of 30

Puncture resistance (Kgf/cm2) Air Permeability (m2) / m2 min water Permeability at 10cm water head (1m2)/sec pore sizes (Microns)

13.5 (weft way) 37.9 16.2 16.2 150

Results
No subsidence of disturbance of the protected stretch has taken place after a period of one and half years. Samples of Jute were also tested. Strength in both directions was found to be reduced by about 70%. But there appears to be no adverse effects on performance. The average siltation over this period has been estimated to be around 50cm over the boulders Inspection was again carried out in November 2001. No subsidence and disturbance of the armour layer were observed. Jute Geotextiles samples were exhumed from the site. At some locations they were in place. The samples taken out showed that they had not lost their prometry feature, the bituminous treatment was also in excellent shape. There certainly has been consider degradation in their strength but the samples were neither torn nor punctured. The fabric perfectly draped the bank soil. Soil samples collected below the geotextiles were tested

Table-11:
Sample no
1 2 3 4 5

N.M.C %
54.20 47.07 46.72 51.83 46.71

M.C. (Saturate d %)
57.15 53.91 55.0 57.92 54.88

Bulk Density
1.67 1.64 1.63 1.67 1.65

Saturate d density
1.72 1.70 1.71 1.76 1.74

permeabili ty (cm/sc)
3.60x10-4 0.89 x10-4 6.7 x10-5 -----1.266 x10-5

Table-12:
Sample no. L.L (%)
54 51 50 51 49

P.L( %)
20 24 26 25 26

P.I. (%)
34 27 24 26 23

Sand %
------8.5 14 ---60.5

Silt %
51 51.5 58.5 49 39.5

Clay %
49 48.5 33 37

1 2 3 4 5

Conclusion

Use of JGT in river bank protection appears to be an efficiant alternative to conventional method in respect of capital investment and recurring maintenance cost. The undistributed bank after 11 years implies that JGT performed its designated functions and help in natural consolidation of the bank soil and Page 20 of 30

durability of JGT beyond 1-1/2 years, even under continuing adverse conditions, provide to be redundant due to catalytic function of JGT.

ITEM-7 APPLICATION RIVER BANK EROSION CONTROL

Causes of Erosion : Concavity of Course Heaving up of water during the monsoon due to the constricted course of the River Strong Protective Work on the opposite bank. Soil : Fine 0.175 mm) Co-efficient of soil permeabilit 10- 4 Sec. Monsoon discharge 9330 cusec Maxm. Velocity 2 meters second Angle of internal fiction 30 Construction of a toe wall crated boulders (9001200) Preparation of Bank slope to 1:2 Laying of Bitumen Treated JGT on the prepared Slope Laying of armour (450 thick) Weight 760 gsm (1200 gsm after bitumen treatment) Tensile Strength (MDCD)-2020 kn/m after treatment) Porometry 150 microns Permittivity at constant head - 35010 5 Sec. Puncture Resistance 400N The treated stretch is in a fine shape after three years of its completion in 2004 as per the written report of I & W Deptt. Govet. of West Bengal. Based on excellent performance of JGT, I & W Deptt. has undertaken the bank protection work with JGT in other stretches of the same river.

Remedial Measures

Type of JGT Used

Performance Evaluation

Prevention Geotextile
Objective :

of

Railway

Track

Subsidence

with

Jute

To restore the settled track to the desired level by improving bearing capacity of the fills under respective dynamic loads. The track has been undergoing persistent settlement in the last 25 years. Short term remedial intervention did not work.

Pre-remedial Situation at the Site

The old railway embankment was built was cohesive fills of varying composition silty clay to silty loan. The embankment height varies between 1 m to 6m from GL. Side slope of the embankment varies between 1:2 to 1:5 The cess at the side of the southern was almost non existent the due to unabated erosion of the surficial soil. Borrow pils almost touch the toe of the embankment most places with water within.

Page 21 of 30

Properties of sub grade soil

Table-13:
Properties Shear strength (T/sqm) Natural dry density TREATMENT WITH JGT Woven JGT was laid on the sand spread over the sub grade and non-woven JGT was laid over woven JGT. Woven JGT was used to check the movement of sub grade and helps allow pore-water to seep through the fabric pores. Nonwoven JGT was placed as shock absorber and as drainage medium. Non woven JGT was used as encapsulated rubble (brick ballast) drains at a suitable gradient by inserting them under the subgrade with their open ends exposed on the embankment slope. Open weave JGT was used to guard against erosion caused by precipitation on 5 slope (slope 1:2.5) Shrinkable but not black cotton type 1.47 1.96 70% - 80%

Properties of Jute Geotextiles Used

Table-14:
Properties
Weight (g/m) at 20% MR Threads/dm (MDCD) Thickness (MM) Width (cm) Strength (kN/M) (MDCD) Elongation at break % (MDCD) Pore size (O90) Micro Water permeability at 10 10 cm water head (m2/s) Puncture resistance Coefficient of water permittivity (m/s) Water holding capacity (% on by dry wt.) Open area (%)

Woven (Bitumen treated)

1200 10239 2 76 2121 1010 150 20 400 -

Non woven Open mesh

1000 8 150 67 2025300 3.4104 500 6.54.5 4 122 107.5 500 50

ITEM-8
Page 22 of 30

DESIGN BIO-DEGRADABLE JUTE PRODUCTS:

Jute geotextile undergo designed biodegradation in soil, the decomposition of fibers takes place within ecological cycle, climatic conditions and soil properties. A few types of jute geo textiles treated with various chemical compositions designed by treatment -1, treatment -2, treatment -3, and treatment 4, respectively and then tested their biodegradability, durability, moisture holding capacity in a standard laboratory test. Results of above treated geotextiles are shown in the following tables:

Table-15: BIODEGRADABILITY, DURABILITY AND MOISTURE HOLDING

CAPACITY OF JUTE AND TREATED JUTE MATERIALS Biodegradibiltity
Time in month 3 12 12 12 12 Weight loss (%) 30 15 10 5 1-3

Type of product

Durability Moisture holding capacity

time in year 0.25-0.80 0.50-1.25 2.0-5.>10 >20 (%) 12 9-10 6-8 5-6 3-4

Light Weight hession Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

SOME PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES JUTE GEOTEXTILE

Table-16:
Produ ct Name
Composit ion Thick ness Weigt kg/m2 Tensile strength Warp(KB M/M) Tensile strength Weft (KN/M) Elongatio n Warp% Elongatio n Weft

CCJCR M-I

CJCR M-2

CJCR M-3

CJCR M-4

CJCR M-5

CJCR M-6

CJCR M-7

CJCR M-8

3.0 6.00 300

2.0 6.00

2.0 6.00 250

2.0 6.00 200

2.0 6.00 175

2.0 6.00 150

2.0 6.00 125

4.0 0.60 100

75 10 15

50 10 15

75 10 15

50 10 15

50 10 15

50 10 15

50 10 15

50 10 15

Cre (%)<1% AFTER TWO YEARS AT 50% OF MAXIMUMLOAD Durability > 15 >20 20 >20 >20 >20 >20 (Year) E- Modulus of Elasticity- RANGING FROM 1500 to 2000 (Mpa)

>20

Page 23 of 30

Table-17:
Properties

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES JUTE FILTER AND VERTICAL DRAIN

Unit
kg/ m2 mm KN/M KN/M % % mm N N N N 1/M2/s M2/S(200 ) Kpa 0.4 2.0 15 20 15 15 0.15 450 550 1000 1000 50 2.10-2

Weight Thickness Strip Tensile Strength Warp Director Weft Director Elongation Warp Elongation Weft Pore size opening Trapezoidal Tear Strength (Warp) Trapezoidal Tear Strength (Weft) Grab strength Warp Director Weft Director Transmittivity

Range of value

0.06 4.0 40 40 30 20 0.30 800 900 2000 2500 250 5.10 -7

The biodegradability of jute fabrics varies directly with environmental conditions such as water, soil and pH.

ITEM-9

BANANA DRAIN (BD)

`

Banana dtain is a new types of fiber drain acting like a wick drain (WD) prepared mainly with jute fiber but coir, banana fiber and synthetic fiber also used. It is a composite types of products where two /three type woven, nonwoven and netting materials are used. In it the innermost netted part is enveloped by nonwoven and woven parts respectively. The woven outer part is specially blended cloth with jute coir and jute cuttings. The non woven middle part is made with a mixture of jute caddied, coir masticated garments wasts in specific proportion. The innermost part is made with special types of yarns made by non retted, non spun, jute ribbon in the vertical ribs connected with horizontal light ribs at definite angles with interconnection Simulating the natural banana stem.

Table:-18:
Materials
Jute fiber, jute ribbon jute cutting, caddis, coir, banana fiber, rayon masticated garment wasts

PROPERTIES OF BANANA DRAIN Fabrics

a) Plain twill untreated and treated woven structure jute fabrics b) Untreated and treated

Yarn
Two ply(258.2text) treated jute yarn

Ribbon
Non retted non spun modified jute ribbon (5-7 mm diameter)

Other parameters

Type: composite Parts: 2/3 parts Width: 100200mm Thickness: n5-15

Page 24 of 30

non woven lap of different proportion coir, caddis, coir caddis, banana fiber, rayon masticated garment wasts

Weight: 0.3-1.0kg Tensile strength: Warp: 1.8kN/m Weft: 0.84.5kn/m Permeability: Vertical 0.0008m/s Horizontal: 0.0005/m/s at = 300kpa Durability: 110years Elongation: 15%20% in warp and weft direction

Table-19: Consolidation time and loss and strength of different types of BD

Type of Drain
One Jacketed Banana Drain (Non woven and net core) One Jacketed (woven and net core) Two Jacketed (Woven+non woven+net core) WD SD

Consolidation time (Days)

Untreated 140 Treated 123

Loss in bursting strength (%)

Intreated biomass Treated 3

138 120

126 100

biomass structure is deformed but not converted into biomass biomass biomass

3 2

135 142

130 133

4 7

Application:
Application of BD is altogether different from those of WD or SD. Theory is generally applied after civil construction by boring holes by mechanical/electrical means. But BD are applied the construction time of civil work with special design and time of consolidation of BD in clay soil and design spacing can be calculated with the equation developed by Prodhan etal, 1984.

Page 25 of 30

Jute has similar properties as wood and cotton. It is hydrophilic and quick degradable. This is not suitable for using as GT material where life span is necessary for more than 120-150 days. Design time for consolidation of soft claye soil may require more than 360 days. BD is special types of fiber drain where jute fibers with higher content of lignin have been used as lignin is more resistant to biodegradation. Moreover non biodegradability and hydrophobic characters of these products are improved by modifications. Structure is BD is simulated from the steam of Banana Plant. In the drainage system, soil pore pressure is reduced by removing water through the drain by the formation of hydraulic connection by the drainage system either by wick or sand media by gravitational process. In BD innermost hydrophobic and less biodegradable network act similarity. One jacketed woven or nonwoven BD has similar property like those of WD and SD. But two Jacketed BD works better as both capillarity and hydraulic properties functions simultaneously. All the treated drains are better than untreated ones are shown in table. Moreover due to hydrophobicity, and permeability of BD consolidation is increased. Before completion of total consolidation, they become biomass and restrict further consolidation. But treated ones can function up to the designed time. As loss of strength is very insignificant during consolidation, the BD work as reinforced type of JGT due to its composite nature. In BD consolidation process seems to be governed also by hydrogen bonds and capillary system of the media which determined by Abdullah et al, It may be stated that better consolidation effect can be achieved by BD as compared to other drains . In Bangladesh conditions BD are supposed to be more economic than those of synthetics and other types of fiber drains.

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GEOTEXTILES & THE ENVIRONMENT

Environment and ecological sustainability become one of the prime issues in the modern developmental strategy. Without positive ecological sustainability technology/product becomes obsolete. No benefit can be harnessed from this type of technology whatever big achievement it may be. Geotextiles are not new technology. But their modern uses have started with the advancement of synthetic and polymeric products and their ever increasing applications in different formed and areas of civil engineering are not very old. It is initiated only a few decades ago. Again uses of natural fibrous materials in the field of bioengineering, erosion control and agromulching are also recent practices. In geotechnical uses like fibre drain, separator, filter and reinforcing materials are mostly synthetic and non biodegradable with longer span of life. Woven, non-woven, composite geosynthetics are used in the construction of roads-highways, railways, waterbodies, river banks erosion controls and other areas. Recent study of International Fabrics Association shows following eight end uses for geotiextiles with the percentage of market share (i) asphalt overlay (35%) stabilizer (30%) (iii) drainage (16%) (iv) liners (6%) (v) silt fence (6%) (vi) rail road (4%) (vii) reinforcement (viii) filter in barrages/embankment, seashore protection (rest.). On the other hand in soil bioengineering, permanent and self propagating, vegetation is wanted with environmentally desirable and aesthetically pleasing besides economical and self sustainability. The roots bind the soil and counteract surface erosion and instable conditions, natural geotextiles are more acceptable for their better performance. Acid rain, deforestation, desertification, depletion in ozone layer and biodiversity, loss of flora-funa, warming of earth, rising of sea water level etc have come global issues and directly related with ecosystem as a whole. Synthetic geotextiles are made of polymers and plastics. Hydro-carbon, petorchemicals, fossils are the basic raw materials for their production. Thus all green house gases and effects are some how related with their manufacturing. Moreover, non-destructible nature of these synthetic geotextiles has direct effect on soil, water air and other biotic and a biotic system. Again this geotextiles often come in contract with life cycles of animals, fisher, insects, pest along with various micro organisms and create imbalance in their natural conditions. On the other hand soil bioengineering provides adequate protection from erosion. They provide environmental benefit incorporating vegetation by employing grass, shrubs and tress in specific configuration and immediate protection. Reinforcement by roots and included fibres provided resistance to sliding or shear displacement. Again streams, banks, beds and biota are interlinked and within them various physical, chemical and biological pathways and processes dictate the form and characteristics of the water bodys of rivers, their productivity shape and the biotic community found within them. These interlink ages are based upon the geology and climate of the region within which the water resides. These features in turn dictate the types of soils found within the water body, the vegetative communities, Page 27 of 30

erodability of the soils and shops, the type of river channel, its hydrograph, form of stability and structure.

All these features together dictate the abundance and biodiversity of the ecosystem. Thus eco developments, rehabilitation and management of rivers and their channels and banks together its hydrogical cycle and physical process that define the characteristics of hydrologic and ecologic pathways within the water body and are involved in bioengineering and optimal management of ecosystem considering various ecological niche within it. Synthetic geotextiles are polymeric, compound. During their manufacturing process various plasticizers, fillers, sensitizes, stabilizers, antioxidants etc. are to be compounded for effective product development. These additive materials are more hydrolysable and have got properties from alkaline to acidic in nature. Hindred phenols, amines, metallic chelates, metallic oxides, phosphates and various sulphonic compounds and pigments are used depending on the polymeric compounds and nature of the uses. Degradative processes of polymeric compounds are oxidative and surface phenomena. When they are exposed to heat, sunlight and UV radiation, oxidation takes place on the surface of the materials, so that the materials become weak and brittle leadings to fracture. Though synthetic materials do disintegrate, the plasticizers and other components applied in products processing are oxidised and hydrolysed. In various experimental observations it was found that acidity development in some cases due to presence of acidic acid dioctyl pthalate, phoshites, su;ohides due to the hydrolysis of the plasticizers. Similarly turbidity of the liquid developed due to the decomposition of various components like fillers, stabilizers and sensitizers like carbon black, hindered phenols and amine. Alkalinity is developed in some cased due to the formation of amine derivatives, metal oxides and hydroxides by hydrolysis caused by temperature, pressure and humidity on composite components. Microbial growth changes due to the formation /generation of nitrogenous compounds from amines component. It was observed that when synthetic geotextile materials are exposed to UV lamp /direct sunlight and heat, their surface becomes rough and fractured and colours are changed. This clearly indicates surface degradation of synthetic geotextiles. Absorption of moisture in open atmosphere and burial conditions may be due to the decomposition of plasticizers and other ingredients into hydraulic ones. Comparatively lower absorption in the open condition may be due to the evaporation of moisture in open atmospheric condition. In addition it was also observed that when synthetic geotextiles are used in Bangladesh and similar conditions, soil temperature increases 1-20C which is directly related with the in growth of microorganisms. This also creates change in flora-funa in the application areas. The synthetic geotextiles have got direct negative impact on climate and ecology as a whole. Following some comparative characteristics of jute geotextiles and synthetics geotextiles are shown below:

Page 28 of 30

TABLE-19: COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC & JUTE GEOTEXTILE

SI. No
2. 3. 4.

Name of observations

Effect on synthetic geotextile

Non Biodegradable

Effect on Jute Geotextile

1. Biodegradability

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Designed Biodegradable Photo degradability Not Photodegradable Photodegradable Ionic Property Normal nonionic Anionic Metal content Mercury, lead, None cadmium, coper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, Arsenic etc. Stabilizer \ sensitizer \ filler\ Present Absent pigment Warming effect Soil temperature No effect increasing 1-20C Leaching effect pH changes from 4.5- 8.5 Compatible Normally not Compatible compatible Biomass Negative effect Fertilizer effect Stacking effect Slippery Non-slippery On burring Toxic gas evolves Only co evolves Effect on water Pollution on leaching No pollution Effect on fish/ microbes/ Harmful Harmless eggs etc. Effect on plant Harmful Helpful Effect on biological path Possibility of creating No disturbance way disturbance in biological pathway Effect on agricultural Increase insect growth No effect activity by increasingsoil temperature Prone to rat Yes Modified Extensibility High extensible Low Extensible Shape and size Any dimension Any dimension Fabrication Woven, Nonwoven, Woven, Nonwoven, Composite Composite Expected design Life Not possible (if possible possible , creates other problems) Application technology Special technology and Simple and indigenous costly Full scale model study was not done Done Origin Foreign Local Cost More Less Availability Imported Local and easy Foreign exchange Yes no Supply Foreign Any quantity can be supplied locally

Page 29 of 30

References
1. An Approach to Photo-Stabilization of Jute Abdullahs PhD Thesis , 1983 2. An Introduction to Jute/Allied fibers properties and processing Abdullah, Latifa, Matin, International Jute Organization ,Dhaka-1992 3. A Hand book of Geotextiles Particularly natural goe-textiles from jute and other vegetable fibers, Abdullah, FAO-2000 4. Banana Drains, Abdullah, Prodhan, Rahaman, Khan, Kabir, Proceeding of 5th international conference of geotextile Vol.-5 Singapore,1994 5. 6. 7. 8. BJRI Annual Technical Report -2001 Personal Communication with Dr. Shoeb, SRDI A Manual on Use of Jute Geotextiles in Civil Engineering, JMDC, 2008 Performance Evaluation of Jute Geotextiles, JMDC, 2007

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