RESERVOIR I PP-324 A

Rocks continental

Rocks marine

transport in transport and solution and sedimentation precipitation of particles rocks

Sediments water sweet

sediments

Sedimentary rocks that have Are formed by sediments

settled into layers. The layers are squeezed together until they harden into rock. Formed by the cementation of sediment grains/particles on or near surface at ordinary temperature . Sandstone Limestone (CaCO3) Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2

Igneous Rocks
An igneous rock is a rock that had molted (derriti) but it later cooled and hardened (endureci). Formed by solidification of molten minerals/materials: Beneath surface (magma):Granite At surface (lava): Basalt

Metamorphic Rocks

Is an igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed (alterada) by heat and pressure. Formed within earths crust by transformation of other rocks at high pressure and temperature (marble,slate)

conversion factors are: 1 acre-ft = 43560 ft3 1 acre-ft = 7758 barrels 1 barrel = 5.61458 ft3

Petroleum System Elements

prone organic matter

Source Rock - A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-

Reservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas

accumulates:

Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil

accumulates Permeability - passage-ways between pores through which oil and gas moves

Seal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot

move effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)

Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that

focuses oil and gas into an accumulation

Migration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and

gas moves from source rock to trap

Seven Key Elements of Petroleum Reservoir

1. Source Rock 2. Reservoir Rock 0 3. Timing / Burial 1000 History 4. Maturation 2000 5. Migration 3000 6. Cap Rock 7. Trap 4000
5000

HIGH PRESSURE

6000

7000
10 km 8000

9000 10000

DK - 11 -

Reservoir Components

Reservoir Rock

Cap Rock

Fluids

Reservoir Trap
DK - 12 -

Geology Structural Products

Fold Fault Fracture

DK - 13 -

Structural Reservoir Trap

DK - 14 -

Structural Reservoir Trap

Normal Faults
DK - 15 -

Structural Reservoir Trap

DK - 16 -

Structural Reservoir Trap

DK - 17 -

Structural Reservoir Trap - Anticline

DK - 18 -

Structural Reservoir Trap - Fault

Fault Leaked Fault Sealed

Ilustration of HC accumulation on Hanging DK - 19 wall of Normal Fault

Stratigraphyc Trap

Pinch out Channel

DK - 20 -

Standard Scientific Units

Parameter Length Mass Time Velocity Symbol Dimensions cgs L m t u L M T L/T cm gm sec cm/sec SI metre kg Sec metre/sec Darcy Field cm gm sec ft lb hr

cm/sec ft/sec stb/d (liquid)

Rate

L3 /T

cc/sec

metre3 /sec

cc/Sec Mscf/d (gas)

Pressure

(ML/T2 )/L2 dyne/cm2 M/L3 M/LT L2

Newton/metre2 (Pascal) kg/metre3 kg/metre.sec metre2

atm

psia

Density Viscosity

gm/cc gm/cm.sec (Poise) cm2

gm/cc lb/cu.ft cp cp

Permeability k

Darcy

mD

DK - 21 -

Common Conversion Factors

1 ft = 0.3048 m 1 bbl = 0.159 m3 1 dyne = 10-5 N 1 psi = 6.9 kPa 1 Btu = 1055 J 1 cp = 0.001 Pa s 1 lb = 0.454 kg 1 acre = 4047 m2 = 43560 ft2 1 acre-ft = 1233 m3 1 atm = 101.3 kPa 1 cal = 4.817 J 1 HP = 746 W 1 md = 10-15 m2 1 bar = 100 kPa

DK - 22 -

Anticlin e
Pinchou t

Fault

Salt Dome

Unconformi ty

Porosity

i.
ii.

Define: Porosity = Total pore volume in the rock sample Total rock sample volume (solid+pore)
Mathematically:

V Vl

iii. iv. v.

Range of porosity: 0.1 to 0.3 Use reservoir core to measure porosity Limitations

a.

Rock sample must be large enough to obtain many sand grains and many pores to be representative

b. Features sample has a different type of pore space from sandstone Fluid Saturation i. Water saturation, Sw = Volume filled by water Total pore volume Oil saturation, So = Volume filled by oil Total pore volume

ii.
iii.

If oil and water is the only fluid present, Sw + So = 1

In most oil fields Sw tends to increase as porosity decrease

iv.
v.

Typical value of Sw 0.1 to 0.5

Free gas also present in oil pools, Free gas saturation, Sg = Volume filled by free gas Total pore volume

vi.

3 factors should always be remembered conceiving fluid saturation a. It vary from place to place in reservoir rock; Sw higher in less porous sections due to gravity segregation of the gas, oil and water

Example
One of the most important determinations for an oil accumulation is the volume of oil in place. Suppose that in geological evidence is known that the area extent of an oil reservoir is 2 million sqft and that the thickness of the bay zone is 30 ft. If the sand porosity and water saturation are 0.2 and 0.3, respectively, how much oil is present?
Solution:

Volume of bay = 2,000,000 ft3 x 30 ft = 6x107ft3

Total pore volume = 0.2 x 6x107 = 12x106 ft3

Then Sw+So=1; So = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7

Total oil volume = 0.7 x 12x106 = 8.4x106 ft3

b. Vary with cumulative withdrawal; oil produced replace by water or gas c. Oil and gas saturation frequently expressed in terms of HC-filled pore space.

Pore space = V
HC-filled pore space: SoV + SgV = (1-Sw)V

Therefore,Oil saturations, Gas saturations,

S0V So S (1 S w )V 1 S w
' o

S
' g

S gV (1 S w )V

Sg 1 Sw

i.

MER (Most Efficient Recovery)

MER rate: based on most oil and gas that can extracted for a sustained period of time without harming the formation

ii. Generally, most well cannot work 24 hrs, 7 days a week could damage formation i. Multiple Completions Drilling single well at several different depth in formation

ii. Reason: increase production from a single well

PRODUCED FLUID

CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT W

PRESSURE (PSI) 1000 2000

INJECTION GAS 0

1000 CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED

2000

3000

DEPTH (FT TVD)

OPERATING GAS LIFT VAL 4000

5000

6000

7000

FBHP

SIBHP

GAS CAP DRIVE

DISSOLVED GAS DRIVE

WATER DRIVE

Sistema cerrado (un pozo)

Field Production
1.Primary Recovery (Natural Methods)
i. 1st method of producing oil from a well
a. pressure inside reservoir relieved when well punctures and gas trapped in oil forms bubbles b. Bubbles grow, exert pressure push oil to well and up to surface (20-30%)

ii. Solution gas drive

iii. Gas cap drive

a. If contain gas cap, drill well directly into oil layer gas cap expand

b. Expanding gas pushes oil into well (40%)

iv. Water drive scenario

a. Water layer press against oil layer b. Water pushes oil towards surface and replace it within the pores of the reservoir rock c. Highest recovery: up to 75%

2.Secondary Recovery
i. Used to enhance or replace primary techniques
a. Additional injection well is drilled into the reservoir b. Pressure water injected

ii. Water flooding

c. Water displaces the oil in reservoir

iii. Mechanical Lift

a. Reciprocating or plunger pumping called horsehead b. Pump barrel lowered into well on 6 inch string steel rod (sucker rods) c. Up and down movement force oil up to tubing

3. Tertiary Recovery
i. When 2nd recovery no longer effective
a. Steam Flooding steam injected, heats oil to flow readily

ii. Thermal Process

b. in-situ combustion (fire flooding) air injected, a portion if oil ignited , combustion front moves away from air injection well toward production well

iii. CO2 injection

a. CO2 injected, mix with oil reduces forces that hold oil to pores, allows easily displace by injected water iv. Chemical recovery i. Inject polymer into water phase of reservoir trap, large molecule add bulk to water, water thicken, wash oil from pores ii. Sometimes surfactant added to reduce force water to solid

4. Improvement of formation characteristic

i. To aid 3rd recovery because production drop
a. Injecting acid into a soluble formation (exp: carbonate) to dissolve rocks
b. Enlarge the existing voids and increase permeability

ii. Acidizing

iii. Hydraulic Fracturing

a. Inject a fluid into formation under significant pressure to enlarge existing fracture and create new fracture b. This fracture extend outward from well bore into formation therefore increase permeability

1. Petroleum hydrocarbon production involve 2 districts

i. ii. Reservoir a porous medium with a unique storage and flow characteristic Artificial structures includes well, bottom hole, surface gathering, separation and storage facilities

Petroleum Production System

2. Production Engineering - attempts to maximize production in a cost effective way 3. Appropriate production technology and method related directly with other major area of petroleum engineering such as formulation evaluation, drilling and reservoir engineering

4. Petroleum Hydrocarbon
i. ii. Mixture of many compounds petroleum and natural gas Mixture depending on its composition and conditions of P and T occur as liquid or gas or mixture of 2 phase

4. Oil Gravity
i. Commonly expressed in degree API
o

141.5 API 131.5 SG60o F

ii.

The terms heavy, medium and light crude cover approximately the ranges 10 to 20o, 20 to 30o and over 30o API, respectively Homogeneous formation produce only oil and water (no free gas) then

5. Instantaneous Water/Oil Ratio (WOR) i.

ko dP qo o dl
ii.

k w dP qw w dl

The pressure drop in oil may differ slightly from that in the water owing to effect of capillary forces, so dividing the equations above, results in

qw k w o qo ko w

iii. At the surface

qw Bo qw qo Bo qo
Bo k w o WOR ko w

iv. Or from above equation

(surface)

Where Bo is oil formation volume factor:

v. Bo is defined as ratio of the volume of oil (plus the gas in solution) at reservoir T and P to the volume of oil at standard conditions (so-called stock-tank oil)

6. Instantaneous Gas/Oil Ratio (GOR)

i. Homogeneous formation producing only oil and gas (no water production, although water may be present in the formation)

ii.

Where the pressure drop across the distance dl is the same for both fluid, if capillary forces are neglected. Dividing

ko dP qo o dl

qg

k g dP

g dl

qg qo

k g o ko g

iii. Stock-tank oil rate will be qo/Bo, and surface free gas rate qg/Bg. In addition to free gas produced from the formation, each barrel of stock-tank oil will release a volume Rs of gas, then the total surface gas/oil ratio is

iv. At the surface

v.

Therefore

Bo qg Rs Rs qo Bo Bg qo
GOR Rs Bo k g o Bg ko g

qg Bg

(surface)

7. Productivity Index
i. ii. Bottom hole flowing pressure - producing pressure (Pwf) at the bottom of the well The difference bettwen this and the well static pressure (Ps) is

Drawdown Ps Pwf

iii. Ratio of producing rate of the well to its draw down is called Producing Index. iv. If the rate q (bbl/day) of stock-tank liquid and draw down (psi), the productivity index (J) is defined as

q J P P s wf

(bbl/day/psi)

iii. Productivity index is based on the gross liquid rate (oil rate + water rate) iv. Specific productivity index, Js is the number of barrel (gross) of stock-tank liquid produced/day/psi/ft net thickness

J q Js h h( Ps Pwf )

Rock Permeability

i.

Measurement of the fluid ability to flow through the connected pores of the reservoir.
A function of a degree of interconnection between pores in the rock The concept was introduced by Darcy in a classical experimental work from both petroleum engineering and ground water hydrology. Is expressed in milidarcies or Darcies. The flow rate can be measured against pressure (head) for different porous media The flow rate of fluid thru specific porous medium is linearly proportional top head difference betwen the inlet and outlet and characteristic property of the medium, thus u = kDP Where k = permeability and is a characteristic property of the porous medium

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi. The rock permeability is measured from core samples (plugs or whoke core) in the laboratory or it could also be calculated from well testing

a.

Suppose a cylindrical sample (core) of a porous rock is fully saturated with liquid of viscosity . l
A Q

P
1

P
2

b. Experimentally for a particular rock sample the expression

Equation

Ql k A( P P2 ) 1

Darcy

where k is constant c. Q will increase a k increases, the higher the value of k the more readily will liquid flow through the core

d. If in flow rate contain two fluid (oil and water), free gas is not present then,

Qo ol ko A( P P2 ) 1
d. If Q (cm3/s), (cp), l (cm) A (cm2), and P1 and P2 (atm), the value of k in Darcy is 1 Darcy = 10-8 cm2

Qw wl kw A( P1 P2 )

NUCLEOS PRESERVADOS

PERFIL DE RADIACION GAMMA

Objetivo: Puesta en profundidad.

Gamma Total Gamma espectral

Equipo de Gamma

Equipo de Gamma

Equipo de Gamma

Puesta en Profundidad

200 180 160 140

Gamma (API)

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 940

945

950

955

960 Profundidad (mbbp)

965

970

975

980

GR Pozo

Gamma Corona

PLAN DE TRABAJO
Considerar: Objetivo del trabajo Recuperacin y estado del ncleo Urgencia de datos En ncleos preservados ver estado de preservacin y estado de la muestra (necesidad de freezar el ncleo)

MANIPULEO DE NUCLEOS EN LABORATORIO

Marcar encastres Marcar techo y base general, y techo y base de cada metro Marcar lnea que una puntos de mayor inclinacin de las capas, lnea azul o verde. Marcar lnea roja a la derecha Numerar trozos

MANIPULEO DE NUCLEOS EN LABORATORIO

Estimacin y localizacin de tramos de mala recuperacin Marcar profundidad cada 50 cm Marcar ubicacin de plugs y numerar. Duplicacin de nmeros de trozos y encastres. Planilla de pozo

Marcado de lneas de orientacin

Marcado de lneas de orientacin

Numeracin de trozos

LABORATO RIO

PLANILLA DE CONTROL

EXTRACCION DE PLUGS
De acuerdo al plan de trabajo: Seleccionar plenos dimetros Seleccionar intervalo de muestreo Duplicacin de plugs Preservacin de plugs

PLENO DIAMETRO

PLENO DIAMETRO

EXTRACCION DE PLUGS DE PLENO DIAMETRO

Con isopar Con agua de formacin Con nitrgeno lquido Con aire Dimetro: 38 mm 25 mm Longitud: 1.5 cm-6cm Ideal: 6cm.

EXTRACC ION DE PLUGS

EXTRACCI ON DE PLUGS

EXTRACCI ON DE PLUGS

EXTRACCIO N DE PLUGS

FRENTEADO DEL PLUG

FRENTEADO DE PLUG

FRENTEADO DE PLUG

FRENTEA DO DE PLUG

CORTE Y PULIDO
Remarcar lneas de orientacin y nmero de trozo si es necesario. Cortar longitudinalmente un tercio del dimetro total por lnea azul/verde. Corte: con agua, isopar, nitrgeno lquido, aire.

CORTE DE NUCLEO

CORTAD ORA

CARACTERISTICAS DE ROCAS RESERVORIO

-Porosidad -Permeabilidad

POROSIDAD
-Es una medida que indica la relacin entre el espacio poral de la roca reservorio y el volumen total de la roca reservorio. -Se expresa en porcentaje.

Arenas consolidadas

PERMEABILIDAD
Es una medida que indica la facilidad de un fluido a fluir en una roca porosa. La unidad que la representa es el Darcy.

FLUIDOS DEL RESERVORIO

Fluidos en el reservorio
Gas Petrleo Agua

Petrleo
Densidad (API) Gradiente (psi / ft) Viscosidad (cp) Factor de volmen de formacin (Bo) Temperatura (F)

Agua de formacin
Corte de agua (%) Salinidad (ppm Cl) Gradiente (psi / ft) Viscosidad (cp) Factor de volmen de formacin (Bw) Temperatura (F)

Gas Natural
Composicin Relacin Gas Petrleo (GOR) Gradiente (psi / ft) Factor de volmen de formacin (Bg) Temperatura (F)

Formacion productiva
-Son aquellas rocas reservorio que mantienen fludos hidrocarburos entrampados en su interior.

Trampa para petrleo y gas

Condiciones.Roca fuente. Porosidad y permeabilidad. Tope y fondo con roca impermeable.

Tipos de reservorio

-Reservorio de arenisca -Reservorio de caliza

Porosity Determination from Logs Porosity Determination from Logs Most log interpretation techniques in use today use a bulk volume rock approach Quantitative rock data must be input into equations to derive values of phi and Sw. For example: Db = x Df + (1 - ) Dm Porosity is then derived: = (Dma - Db)/(Dma - Df) Values of matrix density are normally assumed: Dma = 2.65 for clean sand = 2.68 for limy sands or sandy limes = 2.71 for limestone = 2.87 for dolomite Fluid density is that of the mud filtrate: Df = 1.0 (fresh) = 1.0 = 0.73N (salt) Where: N = NaCl concentration, ppm x 10-6 Accurate knowledge of grain density is essential

Porosity at Net Overburden (NOB) Increase in NOB can reduce porosity. Generally the reduction is <10% of total porosity. Less severe in consolidated rocks, more severe in unconsolidated rocks Grain Density Measure the bulk volume of the sample. Weigh the sample. GD = Dry weight/Grain volume Most rocks are mixtures of minerals. The grain density of any rock is variable and is dependent on the mineralogy: 1.25gm/cc -- volcanic ash, some coals 2.65gm/cc -- clean, quartz sandstone 2.68gm/cc -- shaly sandstone with some carbonate 2.71gm/cc -- clean limestone 2.87 - >3.0gm/cc dolomite 2.32gm/cc -- gypsum 2.96gm/cc -- anhydrite 3.89gm/cc -- siderite Accurate values of grain density are important because grain density is used to correct wireline logs for potential sources of error

Fluid Saturations from Cores Through knowledge of porosity, permeability and residual fluid saturations (oil, water and gas), it is possible to predict with a high degree of accuracy the probable type of fluid which will be produced from a given interval. Review of the core fluorescence can also be an indicator of oil gravity and should be factored when type of production is predicted. DATA USE

Use of Routine Core Data of Routine Core Data Laboratory measurements of routine core properties (phi, k, saturation) are commonly used for the following purposes:
to define pay, to interpret gas/oil and oil/water contacts, to estimate rate of production, to determine storage capacity and evaluate vertical sweep efficiency by secondary and tertiary recovery methods Wettability : Definitions : Water Wet the water phase is preferentially attracted to the surfaces of the grains and water occupies most of the small pores. Common in sandstones, especially those that contain some shale Oil Wet the oil phase is preferentially attracted to the grain surfaces and the oil occupies most of the small pores. Can occur in carbonates (particularly those with abundant small pores) and in some very clean (shale-free) sandstones Neutral Wet no preference for either water or oil Fractional Wettability certain areas of the rock are oil wet, others are water wet due to mineralogical changes or to changes in adsorption of the oil Mixed Wettability the larger pores contain oil (oil wet) and the smaller pores contain water (water wet). Common in carbonate reservoirs with heterogeneous pore geometry Formations generally increase in their degree of water wetness above 200C

Capillary Pressure (1) Capillary pressure exists in a hydrocarbon reservoir fundamentally because of differences in the density of various fluids that affect the pressure gradients: Pressure gradient of water = 0.44 psi/ft (density = 1gm/cc) Pressure gradient of oil = 0.33 psi/ft (density = 0.8gm/cc)* Pressure gradient of gas = 0.09 psi/ft (density = 0.2gm/cc)** * 30API ** 5000psi As hydrocarbons accumulate in a trap, the difference in density between the fluids results in a vertical segregation of the fluids: gas on oil, oil on water For example, at 10,000ft, oil pressure = 3300 psi and water pressure = 4400 psi

Capillary Pressure Capillary pressure in reservoirs can be defined as the difference between the force acting downwards (hydrostatic head, related to density contrasts) and the force acting upwards (buoyancy, related to pore throat size, interfacial tension and contact angle) Capillary pressure is measured in the laboratory generally using plug samples or rotary sidewall cores. Occasionally cuttings samples are used In the most common type of test, a non-wetting phase fluid (e.g. mercury) is injected into the rock at slowly increasing values of pressure. The amount of fluid injected at each increment of pressure is recorded and is presented as a capillary curve

Capillary Pressure and Water Saturation (2) Reservoir Sw decreases with increasing height above the free water level (the level at which the reservoir produces only water) Zones that are at irreducible water saturation (Swirr) produce only hydrocarbons. Swirr occurs where sufficient closure and hydrocarbon column exist The transition zone occurs between the free water level and the Swirr level. Formations in this zone produce water and hydrocarbons The magnitude of the Swirr and the thickness of the transition zone are a function of the pore size distribution Small pore throats = low permeability = high Swirr

Initial Reservoir Fluid Distribution The amount of Sw at any height in the reservoir is a function of: Pore throat size, wettability, interfacial tension, saturation history and differences in fluid densities These variables control capillary pressure, therefore there is a relationship between Sw, h, Pc and pore throat size Laboratory measurements of capillary pressure are used to relate Sw to height above the free water level as long as appropriate values of laboratory and reservoir interfacial tension and contact angle are used Laboratory tests can be made with different fluids oil, brine, mercury

Capillary Pressure: : Static Measurement Static Method Mercury injection Widely used, rapid, economic and simple. Mercury is the non-wetting phase and is injected into a cleaned and evacuated core plug at successively increasing pressures from 0 to 60,000psi The core plug cannot be used for further testing because of residual Hg saturation Hg capillary pressure data must be scaled to reservoir conditions using the following formula: . Conversion factor = Mercury Pc = Sm Cos m Water-Air Pc Sw Cos w Where: Sm = surface tension of mercury Sw = surface tension of water m = contact angle of mercury against a solid (140 degrees) w = contact angle of water against a solid (0 degrees)

Capillary Pressure: Dynamic Measurement Dynamic Method -- Centrifuge Generally uses oil-brine fluid system but actual reservoir fluids can also be used Rapid, more complicated and more expensive than mercury Pc measurements Requires preserved or restored-state core plugs Large (2 inch) plugs are required. These can be used for further analysis Brine saturated samples are centrifuged at ever increasing speeds under oil to obtain a relationship between capillary pressure and saturation

Capillary Pressure: Rock Controls Pore geometry is a fundamental control on capillary pressure, in particular the size of the pore throats: the capillary pressure characteristics change with changes in Rock Type (pore geometry) In heterogeneous reservoirs, it is essential to collect capillary pressure data for each Rock Type that is present in the reservoir All other factors being equal, the lower the permeability the smaller the pore throats the higher the Pce and the higher the Swirr Capillary pressure data is used to determine the height above free water (column height) for each Rock Type and to improve the prediction of the type of fluid produced (hydrocarbon/water)

Use of Pc in Reservoir Simulation and Reservoir Characterization For purposes of simulation and characterization, it is necessary to know the Free Water Level (FWL) When FWL is known it is possible to predict Sw at any height in the reservoir even in areas that lack well penetrations This is particularly important in the following cases: Areas with long transition zones and no obvious FWL Areas with misidentified or unknown FWL Areas with unknown or incorrect Rw Areas where a, m and/or n are incorrect or unknown Areas with multiple Rock Types (where a, m,n and Sw vary as a function of Rock Type) In these situations, it is possible to solve for Sw using either the Pc curves or the Leverett J Function.

Clculo de Reservas de Petrleo y Gas

Definicin de Reservas

Petrleo crudo Gas: Gas Natural, Gas condensado Lquidos del Gas Natural Sustancias asociadas

Estimacin de Reservas

Basados en: Interpretacin de Datos de Ingeniera y/o Geologa disponibles a la fecha. Condiciones econmicas existentes como precios , costos y mercado.

RESERVAS FACTIBLES DE RECUPERAR

ENERGIA NATURAL (RECUPERACION PRIMARIA) METODOS DE RECUPERACION MEJORADA

Los Clculos de Reservas se pueden realizar:

Mtodos Volumtricos Balance de materiales Anlisis de Curva de Declinacin Simulacin de Reservorios

Mtodo Volumetrico
Mapa de curvas de nivel de la zona productiva (arena neta productiva).

Se emplean dos mtodos para determinar el volumen bruto: Trapezoidal V = h*( 0.5*A0 + A1+A2+A3+0.5*A4) Piramidal V = h (A0 + 4*A1+2*A2+4*A3+A4) 3

Mtodo Volumtrico - Reservorios de Petrleo

Para el clculo de petrleo insitu: N = 7758*V**(1-Swi) / Boi Para STB el petrleo remanente: Nf = 7758*V**(1-Swg) / Bo Nf = 7758*V**(1-Sw El Factor de recobro F.R./ :Bo Sg) F.R. = Np/N = 1 - Nf/N V = Volumen bruto en Acres*ft = Porosidad en fraccin Swi = Saturacin inicial de agua Fraccin Boi = Factor de volumen de formacin de petrleo inicial Bo = factor de volumen de formacin de petrleo final

Mtodo Volumtrico Reservorios de Gas

Para el clculo de gas insitu: G = 43560*V**(1-Swi) / Bgi
SCF Para el gas remanente:

Ga = 43560*V**(Sgr) / Bga El Factor de recobro F.R. : F.R. = Gp/G =(Bga-Bgi)/Bgi

Mtodo Volumtrico - Reservorios de Gas Condensado

Encontramos la Tr y Pr y Mtodo 1. luego el valor de Z luego o = 141.5 / (131.5 + API) determinamos: Mo= 6084/(API-5.9) Gw = 379 PV/ ZRT mw = R g 28.97 + 350 o V = 43560 AH (1-Swi) R = 10.73 Psia-ft3 / lb-mol R 379 Fraccin de gas: nw = R + 350 o fg = R /(R + 132800o/Mo 379 Mo Cantidad de gas: Mw = 0.07636 Rg + 350 o G = Gw* fg Cantidad de lquidos 0.002636 R + 350 o Mo N = Gw fg/R w = Mw/28.97=Rg + 4584 o R + 132800o Mo

Mtodo Volumtrico - Reservorios de Gas Condensado

Existe una grfica de Bo es Mtodo 2. funcin de: avg gas prod. = gt ; R SCF/STB, gt , st , gt = qps ps + qst st Temperatura reserv. qps + qst P reservorio , Conociendo STB a altas relaciones gas/petr cond./MMSCF y Cantidad de lquidos utilizando una grfica desarrollada por Standing N = 7758Ah (1-Swi)/ Bo podemos determinar una Cantidad de gas : G = Rsi* N relacin (R)= u/ gt y mediante la correlacin emprica desarrollada por Standing podemos encontrar Bo para reservorio de condensado.

Anlisis de Curvas de declinacin

Exponencial

Hiperblica Declinacin vara con rate instantaneo b <> 0 , b <> 1

Armnica Declinacin es directamente proporcional a la rate instantneo b=1

Lineal

CARACTERISTICAS

Declinacin es Constante

EXPONENTE

b=0

b=1

q=q
RELACION: Rate - Tiempo

i i e

-a t

q = q i ( 1 + b ai t )-1/bq = q i ( 1 + ai t )-1 q =qi(1 - ai t )

RELACION: Rate - Cumulative

qi - q Np = ai

qib 1-b 1-b Np (1-b)ai i - q ) = (q

qiln qi Np = i (q ) a

(q1 - q2)t Np = 2

Tiempo de Abandono

ta =ln r
a

b ta r - 1 =

bai

r ta = - 1 ai

1 ta 1 - /r =

ai

Anlisis de Curvas de declinacin

Aplicaciones Mecanismo PLOT

Hiperblico Exponencial

Gas Solucin Gas Solucin Intrusion agua con corte agua = 0 Intrusion agua con corte agua <> 0 Intrusion agua, donde produccion de fluido total permanece cte.

log (Np) vs log (q) Np vs q Np vs q

2

Lineal Np vs corte (petroleo/agua)

Exponencial

Np vs q

Armnica

Intrusin de agua de flanco Np vs q Impulsin capa gas con bajo GOR, gas solucion = 0 Impulsin capa gas con bajo GOR bajo gas en solucin

Lineal

Np vs 1/p

Hiperblico

log (Np) vs log (q)

b = 2,0

Impulsin capa gas Np vs GOR despues que GOC alcance Np vs Profundidad del GOC a los pozos productores

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Gas

Para el clculo tenemos: masa inicial- masa final final = imasa P /zi removida ni - nf = n producido del reservorio P/z PiVi/ziRT - PfVf/zfRT = PscGp/RTsc Vf = Vi - We + WpBw Gi GBgi -(G -Gp) Bgf = We + WpBw Gp MMM SCF Reservorio volumtrico, no hay intrusin de agua entonces Vi=Vf Pf/zf = Pi/zi - Psc TGp/Tsc = b - m Gp

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Petrleo

Reservorios No saturado, produccin PETROLEO cerca al punto de Burbuja no hay intrusin de agua, Compresibilidad de la formacin AGUA y agua=0 Pi Vi = Vf ; Vi = N Boi ; Vf = Nf Bof = (N - Np) Bof Luego: N Boi = (N - Np) Bof N = Np Bof / (Bof - Boi ) F.R. = (Bof - Boi )/ Bof
Reservorios No saturado, produccin cerca al punto de Burbuja no hay intrusin agua , si efectos compresibilidades Cf +w = Cf +CwSwi/ (1-Swi) N = Np Bof / (Bof - Boi (1- Cw+f DP)) F.R. = Bof - Boi (1- Cw+f DP)/ Bof
PETROLEO

AGUA

Pb

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Petrleo

Pb
GAS

PETROLEO

PETROLEO

AGUA

AGUA

Pi Reservorios No saturado, produccin debajo al punto de Burbuja no hay intrusin de agua Vi = Vf = Vo + Vg; N Boi = (N - Np) Bof + Gf Bgf
Gf = Nrsi - (N-Np)Rs - NpRp siendo Rp = Gp/Np

Pf

N = Np [Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs)]/ [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs)] F.R.= [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs)]/ [ Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs)]
Si hay intrusin de agua:

Vi = Vf = Vo + Vg+ Vw Vw = We-BwWp N ={ Np [Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs)]- (We-BwWp)} [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs)]

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Petrleo

Pb
GAS

PETROLEO

PETROLEO

AGUA

AGUA

Pi

Pf

Reservorios No saturado, produccin debajo al punto de Burbuja no hay intrusin de agua, considerando la expansin del volumen poroso N= Np [Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs)] [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs) + Cf+w Boi DP] F.R.= [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs) + Cf+w Boi DP ] [ Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs)]

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Petrleo

Pb
GAS GAS

PETROLEO

PETROLEO

AGUA

AGUA

Pi

Pf

Intrusin de agua. Reservorios saturado, produccin debajo al punto de Burbuja , intrusin de agua, considerando la expansin del volumen poroso m= Vgli/Voi Vi = Vf = Vo + Vgd + Vgl + Vw; Vgl = m N Boi [Bg - Bgi] / Bgi
N= Np [Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs) - (We-BwWp) ] [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs) + m Boi [Bg - Bgi] / Bgi]

Simulacin de Reservorios
Fundamentalmente se basa en los principios fsicos de conservacin de masa, flujo de fluido y la conservacin de energa. Contiene un juego de ecuaciones que permiten describir el comportamiento de los fluidos en un reservorio. Los tipos de simuladores existentes: Black Oil , Composicional, Recuperacin Mejorada entre otros.. Es un estudio planeado y organizado para obtener buenos resultados, teniendo en consideracin: Geometra del reservorio Propiedades de roca y fluido Pruebas de presin Datos de produccin y completacin Diseo del modelo del reservorio Inicializacin del modelo del reservorio. Anlisis de sensibilidad del modelo Ajuste de historia Performance del reservorio