A Textbook on: Basics of

Civil
1/e
2012-13 onwards

ngineering

THE MANAGEMENT CONSORTIUM

First Edition: 2012-13 onwards MRP: - ` 200/Students Discounted Price: - ` 130/Published by: TMC Book World, Gokulpeth, Nagpur

All Rights Reserved with TMC No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photocopy, microfilm, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries can be emailed to tmcnagpur@gmail.com

Preface

T he pu r pose o f t hi s te xtboo k is to prese nt a n int rod uct io n to t he s ub ject of Basics of Ci vi l Engi neering of Bac helor of Engineeri ng (BE) Semester -I. T he bo ok co nta i ns t he sy llabus f ro m bas i cs of t he s ub jects g o in g i nto t he i n tr i cac ie s of t he s ub jects . St ude nts are now required to so lve m in imum Four (4) Ass ignments based on the Sy llabus. Eac h to pic is fo llo wed b y Ass ignment Questions w hi c h no w f or ms the c om pu lso ry pa rt of i nternal assessment . A ll t he c on ce pts ha ve bee n ex plai ned w it h re le va nt e xam ples a nd d ia gr am s to ma ke i t inte re sti ng f or t he reade rs . A n attem pt is made he re b y t he ex per ts of T MC to ass i st t he st ude nts b y w a y o f pro v idi ng St udy text as pe r t he cu r r ic ulum w it h n on - co mme rc ia l c on s ider at io ns . We owe to many websites and thei r free contents; we wou ld like to spec ially ack nowledge contents o f website www .wi ki pedia .com and var ious authors whose wr iti ngs formed the basis for this book . We ack nowledge our t hanks to them . At t he e nd we wo u ld li ke to sa y t hat t he re is a lwa ys a ro om fo r

i m pro veme nt in w hate ve r we do . We wou ld a ppre ci ate a ny sug gest io ns r ega rd i ng t his st udy mate r ia l f ro m t he reade rs so that t he co ntent s c a n be m ade mo re inte re sti ng and mea n in gf ul. Readers can ema il thei r queries a nd doubts to tmcnagpur@gmail.com. We sha ll be g lad to he lp you immediately.

Ed ited and C om pi led by :

Dr.Mukul Burghate,

BE (C i v i l ), M B A, S E T ( C o m me r c e )

And Team TMC Nagpur

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Syllabus and TMC Contents

Unit 1 Syllabus and TMC Contents
Introduction to Civil Engineering: Introduction and scope of Civil Engineering. Role of Engineers in the infrastructure development. General concepts related to building: Selection of site, basic functions of buildings, Types of buildings Residential, Public, Commercial, and Industrial. Principles of planning, orientation of buildings, introduction to bye-laws regarding building line, Height of building, open space requirement, F.S.I., Carpet area, built up area, setbacks, ventilation. Components of Buildings: Introduction to Types of loads on buildings. Substructure Types of soils; rocks and foundation strata, concept of bearing capacity, Types of foundation and their suitability. Superstructure Types of construction: Load Bearing, Framed, and Composite. Building Materials: Introduction to basic construction materials; cement, bricks, stone, aggregates, reinforcing steel, structural glazing, structural steel; Concrete types: PCC, RCC, Prestressed, Precast and Ready Mix Concrete. Use of various eco- friendly materials in construction.

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Surveying: Various types of maps and their uses; Introduction to digital mapping; Principles of survey, Introduction to various survey instruments such as EDM, Lasers, Total Station, and digital planimeter. Modern survey methods. Introduction to GIS, GPS and their applications. Transportation Engineering: Role of transportation in national development; Various modes of Transportation. Classification of Highways: Expressways, NH, SH, MDR, ODR, VR; Types of Pavements, Traffic Signs, signals, Parking system, and Causes of Accidents.

75

Environment and Natural Resource Management: Water supply - Sources, drinking water requirements, impurities in water and

117

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their effects; Purification of water, modern purification processes; Standards of purified water. Waste Management: Collection and Disposal methods of Liquid, solid and gaseous wastes. Water Resources Engineering: Introduction to Hydraulic structures of storage; water conveyance systems; Watershed management: Definition, Necessity and methods; Roof top rain water harvesting and Ground water recharge: relevance and methods.

Instrumentation in Civil Engineering Structures: Various Instruments used in construction, water resources, Environmental Engineering, Foundation

149

Engineering, Thermocouples, condition monitoring equipments, Half Cell Potentiometers, Strain Gauges. Management of Utilities using telemetry & SCADA System. Sustainable Development: Role of Engineers in Sustainable Development. Concept of green buildings and LEED Certification.

Bibliography and further readings; Modal Question Paper

180

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Unit

: Introduction to

C E
ivil

ngineering

Introduction
Since time immemorial, human beings have been engaged in building all kinds of structures. From huts made of mud to Taj Mahal made of marble, we have definitely come a long way. As civilizations matured, it simultaneously led to the development of bigger, better and diverse structures. From cave dwellings, human beings had moved on to construct houses, palaces, canals, dams, highways, and skyscrapers. These civilian structures played a significant role in the development of human race and gave various dimensions to human life as various activities evolved: Social, Political, Economic and Recreational. Some significant structures from the past include the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Great Wall of China to the magnificent Taj Mahal. Also worth mentioning here are buildings from the ancient cities of MohenjoDaro and Harappa. These are just but a mere glimpse of the examples set by one of the oldest branches of engineering, that is, Civil engineering. Civil engineering is one of the most popular and broadest fields of engineering. Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale construction work was usually placed in the hands of military engineers. Military engineering involved work such as the preparation of topographical maps, the location, design, and construction of roads and bridges; and the building of forts and docks. However, the term civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Amongst all branches of engineering, the range and application of civil engineering is the broadest and the most visible. In fact, the entire infrastructural framework of a modern nation is the creation of civil engineers. The credit of building mighty power plants, dams, airports, sea ports, highways, inland waterways and industrial plants goes to civil engineers. These professionals are also engaged in building an
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unending range of urban structures such as commercial complexes, skyscrapers, tunnels, bridges, roads, urban rapid transport systems, sports stadia and so on. Wherever you might be, in cities or towns or in the far-flung areas of the country you simply cannot miss the creation of civil engineers. The nature of this profile makes it an evergreen prospect for career minded youngsters. There is an endless demand for this job profile both in the private as well as in public sector undertakings in our country.

Scope of Civil Engineering

Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields. Civil engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the world which include: Water works, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc. Civil engineering is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including:

1. Environmental engineering, 2. Construction engineering, 3. Structural engineering, 4. Earthquake engineering, 5. Water resources engineering, 6. Materials engineering, 7. Surveying 8. Transportation engineering, 9. Municipal or Urban engineering 10. Geotechnical engineering, and 11. Coastal engineering.
Scope of each one of these sub-discipline is explained as follows:

1. Environmental engineering
Environmental engineering deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, and/or thermal waste, the purification of water and air, and the remediation of contaminated sites, due to prior waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment and hazardous waste management. Environmental engineers can be involved with pollution reduction, green engineering,
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Assignment Questions:
1. 2. Instrumentation and measurement systems play an important role in the Civil Engineering? Explain Write notes on: (i) Concrete testing instruments (ii) Steel testing instruments (iii) Masonry testing instruments 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Explain the principle and limitations of Half Cell Potentiometers? State Strain Gauge Applications and Principle? What is Telemetry? Telemetry applications: Explain the SCADA Working? What are the benefits of SCADA? Define sustainable development. Define sustainable development? Why is it necessary? Keeping in view your locality, describe any four strategies of sustainable development.

10. Explain the Role of Engineers in Sustainable Development? 11. What is Green Building Concept? Mention its advantages and disadvantages? 12. What is LEED Certification and how it is related to Green Building concepts? 13. State the Benefits of LEED-India-certified buildings?

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Bibliography and Further Readings

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Agarwal, S.K. (1996). Industrial Environment Assessment and Strategy (Ed.) APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 415. Basic Civil Engineering: By Dr. B. C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain. Building Construction and Construction Materials, G S Birdie and Ahuja, Dhanpat, Rai Pubishing House, New Delhi, 2007 Building Construction: By Sushil Kumar Building Drawing Design: By Shah and Kale Concrete Technology: By M.S.Shetty Construction Engineering and Management, S Seetaraman, Umesh Publications, New Delhi, 2003 Construction Planning ,Equipments And Methods: Robert Peurifoy, Clifford J. Schexnayder, Aviad Shapira and Robert Schmitt Dutt, R. and Sundaram, K.P.M. (2004); Indian Economy, 50th Edition, S. Chand & Co, New Delhi. 10. Economic Survey (2004-05); Government of India, New Delhi. 11. Elements of Civil Engineering: By S. S. Bhavikatti 12. Foundation design: theory and practice / N.S.V. Kameswara Rao. 13. Hand Book of Civil Engineering, Vazirani and Chndola, S Chand and Co, New Delhi, 2004 14. http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/testigbc.jsp?desc=22968&event=22869 15. http://www.usgbc.org/Default.aspx 16. Irrigation And Hydraulic Structures: By S.K.Garg 17. Jimenez, E. (1995); Human and Physical Infrastructure: Investment and Pricing Policies, in Behrman, J. and Srinivasan, T.N. (eds.), Handbook of Development Economics, Chapter-43, Vol-3B, North-Holland. 18. Kumar Praveen, Kumar Ashwani, Dhawan, P.K. and Murty, A.V.R., Performance of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Road Construction A Case Strudy, Indian Highways, July 1999. 19. Kumar Praveen, Mehndiratta H.C. and Kumar Anant, "Economic Analysis of Rural Road Construction Under PMGSY" Indian Highways, Indian Roads Congress, Vol 133, No. 8 August 2005, pp 21-33. 20. Kumar, (1986). Pollution Control Handbook, Utility Publications, Secunderabad, 57. 21. Ministry of Finance (1996); The India Infrastructure Reports: Policy Imperatives for Growth and Welfare, Government of India. 22. Sen, Raj Kumar (ed) (2005); Social Sector Development in India, Deep & Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 23. Surveying And Leveling: By Kanetkar and Kulkarni 24. Textbook of BUILDING CONSTRUCTION by S.P.Arora & S.P.Bindra 25. Transportation Engineering: By Khanna & Justo 26. Water Supply And Sanitary Engineering: Including Environmental Engineering, Water And Air Pollution Laws And Ecology: By G. S. Birdie, J. S. Birdie 27. Wiley, N.Y., (1960). The Disposal of Municipal Refuse (Ed.) H.D.B. Parsons.

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Modal Question Paper for Winter 2012

First Semester of Bachelor of Engineering (BE) Examination

Basics of Civil Engineering

Time: Two Hours] NB:-

[Max. Marks: 40

1) All the Five Questions are compulsory. 2) All questions carry equal marks.

Q1. (a) What is Civil Engineering? Discuss various sub-discipline of civil engineering. or (b)Distinguish between dead load and imposed load in a building. How their values are assessed? Q2. (a) What are the different types of maps and their representative scales? or (b) On what principle the working of an EDM is based? Write four basic steps of working with an EDM.

Q4. (a) Explain the principle and limitations of Half Cell Potentiometers? or (b) What is Green Building Concept? Mention its advantages and disadvantages?

Q5. (a) What is substructure? Discuss various functions of foundations. (b)What is meant by modes of transport? State the different modes of transport. or (c)Why are Traffic Signals needed? What are the ill effects of parking? (d) Define sustainable development? Why is it necessary?

Q3. (a) What are different types of concrete dam? Explain each with neat sketches. or (b) What is artificial recharge? State two methods by which groundwater can be recharged artificially.

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