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NEMATODES (roundworms)

Organism Ascaris lumbricoide s Enterobius vermicularis Ancylostom a duodenale Necator americanus Strongyloid es stercoralis Trichostron gylus spp. Trichuris trichiura Capillaria philippinens is Human whipwor m Barrel/football shaped ova; 2 prominent polar plugs Peanut-shaped ova; 2 flat polar plugs Common name Human Roundwo rm Human pinworm Old world hookwor m New world hookwor m Human threadwo rm Distinct Characteristics Largest nematode; presence of albuminoid coat in fertilized egg Colorless, Dshaped ova 2 pairs of ventral teeth; c-shaped 1 pair of cutting plated; s-shaped Habitat Small intestine MOT Ingestion of fertilized egg (oral-fecal) Inhalation of ova; oralfecal Skin penetration Skin penetration Skin penetration Ingestion of filariform larvae; skin penetration Oral-fecal Infective Stage Fertilized ova Diagnostic Stage Unfertilized andd fertilized ova Ova Ova Host DH: human Vector Diagnosis
Kato technique

Pathogeni city Ascariasis (P)

Treatment Albendazole

Clinical Manifestat ions

Colon Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine Colon

Ova Filariform larvae Filariform larvae Filariform larvae Filariform larvae Embryonated ova Embryonated ova

DH: human DH: human

Scotch tape swab


Ancylostomiasi s (Wakana disease) (P) Direct fecal smear/ culture

Enterobiasi s
Culture of larvae Necatoriasis (Uncinariasis ) (P) Strongyloidia sis

Mebendazole Albendazole

Pruritus ani Ground itch

Ova

DH: human

Albendazole

Ground itch

Rhabditiform larvae Ova

DH: human (may be dogs and cats) DH: cattle, sheep, etc IN: human DH: human

Direct fecal smear, sputum sample Fecal smear

Albendazole, Ivermectin, Thiabendazole Thiabendazole, Fenbendazole, Ivermectin, Mebendazole Albendazole

Larva currens

trichostrongy liasis

Small intestine

Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish (bagsic, bagsang, birut) Ingestion of raw or

Embryonated and unmebryonat ed ova Embryonated or unembryonat ed ova

Zinc sulfate floatation

Trichuriasis

Prolapsed of the rectum

Trichenella spiralis

porkworm

Found in nurse cell; smallest

Skeletal muscle

Encysted larvae

Encysted larvae

DH: human Fish-eating birds IH: Fish (bagsic, bagsang, birut) DH: human RH: pig,

Stool analysis, intestinal biopsy

Capillariasis

Albendazole, Mebendazole

Initial: borborygmi and vague abdominal pain CNS and heart

Muscle biopsy

Trichinosis

Thiabendazole, Mebendazole

nematode

tissue

undercooked meat Dogs:transm ammary, transplacenta l Human:Inge stion of embryonated ova Cats : transmamma ry Human : Ingestion of embryonated ova Drinking of contaminated water (with infected copepods) Ingestion of undercooked infected snails and fish and infected vegetables; ingestion of rat feces Ingestion of undercooked infected snails; ingestion of rat feces Ingestion of infected raw or Embryonated ova Larvae

human

damage, pneumonia, meningits, pleurisy, etc


ELISA/EIA Western-Blot analysis Toxocariasis Dogs: Antihelminthics Humans: Albendazole Visceral larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans

Toxocara canis

Dog roundwor m

Small intestine

DH: dogs PH: human

Toxocara cati

Feline roundwor m

Small intestine

Embryonated ova

Larvae

DH : dogs PH : human

ELISA/EIA Western-Blot analysis

Toxocariasis

Cats: Antihelminthics Humans: Albendazole

Visceral larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans

Drancuncul us medinensis Angiostrong ylus cantonensis

Guinea worm

Triangular mouth with sclerotized plate Lacks buccal capsule; adult female show red digestive organ

Abdomin al tissue; lower limbs Brain, CSF, eyes

Larvae

Adult female worm

DH: human IH: water fleas or copepods DH: rat IH: snails IncH: human PH: prawn, crab

Water fleas or copepod s Snails

Direct observation

Dracunculiasi s

Stick; no antihelminthic treatment

Blister formation

Rat lungworm

L3

L3

CT or MRI SCAN, IMMUNO-PCR

Angiostrongy liasis

Surgical operation

Eosinophilic meningitis

Angiostrong ylus costaricensi s Gnathostom a spinigerum

Oral opening surrounded by 3 small lips

Mesente ric arteries in ileocecal region

L3

L3

Bulbous head with a pair of lateral lips surrounding

L3

L3

DH: rat IH: snail IncH: human PH: prawn, crab DH: pig, cat, dog IH: cyclops,

snails

X-RAY

Angiostrongy liasis

Surgical operation

ELISA, Intradermal test

Gnathostomi asis

Surgical removal

Painful pruritic swellings

the mouth Anisakis simplex Herring worm Body cavity is reduced to a narrow pseudocoel; Mouth is surrounded by projections used in feeding and sensation gastroint estinal

undercooked seafood and meat Ingestion of infected raw seafood

L3

L3

snails IncH: human DH: fish, squid IH: cyclops IncH: human

Gastroscopic examination during which the 2 cm larvae are visualized and removed

Anisakiasis

Surgical removal

Phocanema decipens (Pseudoterr anova decipiens) Wuchereria bancrofti

Cod/seal worm

Ingestion of infected raw seafood Adult: no nuclei at tail tip; sheathed microfilaria Lymphat ic system Skin inoculation by a mosquito

L3

L3

Bancrofti s filarial worm

L3

Microfilaria

DH: fish, squid IH: cyclops IncH: human DH: human IH: mosquito culex, anopheles, aedes DH: human IH: mosquito mansonia, anopheles, aedes DH: definitive IH: deerfly DH: human IH: blackfly

Histopathologic examination of tissue

Anisakiasis

Surgical removal

mosquit o culex, anophel es, aedes mosquit o mansoni a, anophel es, aedes Deerfly

Brugia malayi

Malayan filarial worm

Adult: 2 discrete nuclei at the tail tip; sheathed microfilaria

Lymphat ic system

Skin inoculation by a mosquito

L3

Microfilaria

Giemsastained blood,Xray,Membranefiltration method, Ultrasonograph y Thick smear, knott test, antibody detection technique, ultrasound Visual observation

Bancroftian filariasis, Lymphatic filariasis

Diethylcarbamazin e (DEC)

Elephantiasi s lower limbs

Brugian filariasis

diethylcarbamazin e citrate (DEC), Ivermectin

Elephantiasi s upper limbs

Loa loa

African eyeworm

Onchocerca volvulus

No lips, 8 pairs of pappillae, sheathed microfilaria Unsheathed microfilaria; different nuclear arrangement; coiled in SQ nodules

Subcuta neous tissue Subcuta neous tissue

Skin inoculation by deerfly Skin inoculation by blackfly (Simulium)

L3

Microfilaria

Loiasis

Diethylcarbamazin e (DEC)

Calabar swellings Changes in skin pigmentatio n; dermatitis;b lindness; true

L3

Microfilaria

Blackfly

Skin snips,Palpating , Slit Lamp Exam, Nodulectomy

Onchocercias is, River blindness, Onchocerco mas

Surgical removal of nematode from eye; chemotherapy.

Mansonella ozzardi

Ozzardis filarial worm; new world filaria


Formerly Diptalone ma perstans

cylindrical and bilaterally symmetrical worm; pseudocoel, or a false body cavity; unsheathed
Cylindrical; tail is half a coil in females and a full coil in males; unsheathed, have a blunt tail, and nuclei extend to the end of the tail; ability to elongate and contract

Body cavities, mesente ry, visceral fat body cavities: peritone al cavity, pleural cavity,

Skin inoculation by a biting midge

L3

Mircofilatia

DH: human IH: biting midge

Biting midge

thick film or Knott technique

Mansonelliasi s ozzardi , Ozzards filariasis, Eosinophilia; serous cavity filariasis Perstans filariasis

Diethylcarbamazin e (DEC)

elephatiasis Cold legs; Itchy red spots; Inguinal adenitis ocular and abdominal pruritus, and abdominal pain

Mansonella perstans

Skin inoculation by midge

L3

Microfilaria

DH: human IH: midge

Culicoide s Midges

thick film or Knott technique

doxycycline

Mansonella streptocerc a

Formerly Diptalone ma streptocer ca

dermis of the upp er trun k, shou lders , and arm s.


Curled tail; No sheath; Nuclei extend to tail tip Right side of the heart and pulmonar y artery of dogs and other mammals

Skin inoculation by midge

L3

Microfilaria

DH: human IH: midge

Culicoide s Midges

skin biopsy and histopathologic examination

Streptocercia sis;

Diethylcarbamazin e (DEC)

Subcutaneo us Filariasis

Patches of reduced skin pigmentatio n; Itchy skin; Thickened areas of skin; Skin bumps; Enlarged lymph node Fever; Cough; Chest pain; Coughing up blood; Lung nodule

Dirofilaria immitis

Dog heartwor m

Skin inoculation by mosquito

L3

microfilaria

DH: human, dog, fox, etc. IH: mosquito

Mosquit o

finding microfilariae in a blood smear/ ELISA

Dirofilariasi s

Immiticide

CESTODES (tapeworms)
Organis m Dihyllobot hrium latum Common name fish tapeworm broad tapeworm Dog tapeworm Cucumber tapeworm Doublepored tapeworm Dwarf or human tapeworm Distinct Characteristics Longest tapeworm; operculated ova at one end and a knob at the other end 2 reproductive system; 8 egg packet Habitat Small intestine MOT Ingestion of infected raw/undercoo ked fish Fecal-oral; ingestion of vector Infective Stage Plerocercoid larva Diagnostic Stage Ova Host DH: human IH: crustacean, small fish DH: dog and cat OH: human Fleas; dog lice Vector Diagnosis
Endoscopy

Pathogeni city
Diphyllobothr iasis

Treatment
Praziquantel

Clinical manifestat ions megaloblast ic anemia

Dipylidiu m caninum

Small intestine

Cysticercoid larva

Proglottid

Direct fecal smear

Dypilidiasis, dog tapeworm infection

Niclosamide , Prazinquant el

Abdominal pain; Diarrhea; Itchy anus; Urticaria induce enteritis with nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dizziness induce enteritis with nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and

Hymenole pis nana

Hymenole pis diminuta

Rat tapeworm

Segments are wider than long; Genital pores are unilateral, and each mature segment contains three testes; ova with fibers Ova: striated outer membrane and a thin inner membrane; ova w/o fibers

Small intestine

Fecal oral; ingestion of vector

Embryonated ova

Ova

DH: human, mice IH: grain beetle

Fleas, beetles

Fecal smear

Hymenolepi asis

Prazinquant el, niclosamide

Small intestine

Ingestion of vector

Cysticercoid larva

Ova

DH: human, rat IH: beetle, caprophilic arthropods

beetle, caproph ilic arthropo ds

Direct Fecal smear

Hymenolepi asis

Prazinquant el,

Taenia solium

Pork tapeworm

7-13 uterine lateral branches

Small intestine

Fecal-oral

Cysticercoid larva & embryonated ova Cysticercoid larva

Ova, gravid proglottid

DH: human IH: pig

Fecal smear

Cysticercosi s

Prazinquant el, niclosamide Niclosamide , Quinacrine hydrochlori de , Bithionol, Mebendazol e, Prazinquant el Prazinquant el, Epsiprantel, Febendazol e

Taenia saginata

Beef tapeworm

15-30 uterine lateral branches

Small intestine

Fecal oral

Gravid proglottid

DH: human IH: beef

Scotch tape swab, ELISA

TAENIASIS SAGINATA

dizziness Seizure, abdominal pain, blurry vision, eosinophilia proglottids may also also crawl out of the anus

Multiceps multiceps

Coenurus tapeworm

Pear-shaped

Small intestine

Ingestion of proglottid

Ova, proglottid

Ova, proglottid

DH: dogs, fox IH: sheep PH: human

Gross examination of proglottid, fecal floatation method, necroscopy

coenurosis

Presence of painless nodules

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