Romanized Sujung Anyoung hashimnikka? Taewoo Ne. Anyoung haseyo? Chu-eum bwebgetseumnida. Sujung Sungham i utdukke dweseyo?

Taewoo Je i-reumeun Taewoo imnida. Sujung Sujung-i yeyo. Hokshi Gohyang eun udiseyo? Taewoo Jun Busan e samnida. Sujung ssi neun yo? Sujung Seoul saram imnida. Manna-ge dwesuh bangapseumnida. Taewoo Ne, numoo bangapseumnida. English Sujung How do you do? Taewoo Well. How are you? Nice to meet you. Sujung May I have your name? Taewoo My name is Taewoo. Sujung Im Sujung. I am wondering, where is your hometown? Taewoo I live in Busan. What about you, Sujung? Sujung I am from Seoul. Its nice to be able to meet you. Taewoo Yes, its very nice to meet you. Taewoo Anyoung haseyo? Hokshi young-uh haseyo? Sujung Jwesong hamnida. Young-uh mot hamnida. Taewoo Juh-do hangook-uh jogeum bakke mot hamnida. Sujung Geurukoonyo? Hangookmal-eun ulmatdong-an baewutsuyo? Taewoo Handal bakke mot baewutsuyo. Sujung Geuraedo numoo jal hashineyo! Taewoo Gamsahamnida! English Taewoo How are you? Im wondering, do you speak English? Sujung Im sorry. I dont speak English. Taewoo I only speak a little Korean. Sujung Is that so? How long have you been learning Korean? Taewoo Ive only been learning for one month.

Sujung But you speak very well! Taewoo Thank you!

Taewoo Bab mugutsuh? Sujung Eung. Taewoo Maw mugutsuh? Sujung Naega maw mugutdura? Ah, matda. Sam gyup sal mugutsuh. Taewoo Mat itsutgetda. Sujung Eung. Jinjja mat itsutsuh! English Taewoo How are you? (Did you eat rice?) Sujung Yes. Taewoo What did you eat? Sujung What did I eat? Oh yes, thats right. I ate pork belly. Taewoo That must have been tasty. Sujung Yes. It was really tasty.

Taewoo Sujung ssi, shiksa hashutnayo? Sujung Ajikyo. Taewoo Waeyo? Sujung Shigan i ubsusuyo. English Taewoo Sujung, have you eaten? Sujung Not yet. Taewoo Why? Sujung There was no time.

Welcome to the very first practical, hands-on writing lesson! In the previous lesson you learned that there are 14 consonants in Korean alphabet. Were going to start our lesson by learning the first two. You must be thinking "what are these bunches of blocks and lines?!" It is true that each character is like a building block, used to construct a syllable. Most characters have a sound of their own. Each "/jamo" has its own name, as well as its own stroke order, called " /ganada soon". " /Ganada soon" is the way how " /jamo" should be written. Always remember to write from left to right, top to bottom. "" Consonant Name Sound /giyeok g, k "/Giyeok" is the first "/jamo" letter. It is pronounced like g or k in English. It is a velar consonant, pronounced by putting the tongue against the upper palate. The design of comes from the profile image of the tongue when the consonant is pronounced. The stroke order goes as follows:

/giyeok A consonant in "/jamo", always comes first in a Korean word, but it cant be used by itself. Each consonant in "/jamo" has to be combined with a vowel or vowels to create a Korean word. That is, a Korean word must have at least one consonant and one vowel. Here are some examples of words consisting of "/giyeok": gabang bag gamja potato gwaja snack, chips "" Consonant Name

Sound /nieun n "/Nieun" is the name for letter . It is pronounced like n in English and it is a coronal (lingual) consonant. Coronal consonants are pronounced by using the flexible front part of the tongue. The design of "/nieun" comes from the shape of the tongue tip touching the upper palate when the sound is prnounced. The stroke order is like this:

/nieun Here are some examples of words consisting of "/nieun": nugoori racoon namja man, male nolituh playground *** Congratulations! That's the end of this writing lesson. ! Anyounghee gyeseyo! See you later!

We have done the first two consonants in "/jamo". In our lesson today, we are going to look at the next two consonants in "/jamo", "/digeut" and "/rieul". "" Consonant Name Sound / digeut d, t "/Digeut" is the third "/jamo" in "/Hangeul". It is pronounced like d, or sometimes like t in English. Just like "/nieun", "

/diguet" is a coronal consonant. According to King Sejong the Great, who invented the Korean alphabets and wrote "/Hoonminjung-eum", a book on Korean alphabets, "/digeut" is pronounced with the tongue and it is composed of an extra stroke to "/nieun". The stroke order goes as follows:

/digeut As we have learnt in our previous lessons, consonants cannot create words by themselves. They need to be followed by vowels to form Korean words. A Korean word has to be composed of at least a consonant and a vowel. Here are some examples of words consisting of "/digeut": dachida to be hurt dwitmyun back dongmool animal "" Consonant Name Sound /rieul l, r "/Rieul" is the name for the letter in "/jamo". It sounds likes l or r in English. "/Rieul" is another coronal consonant. The stroke order goes as follows:

/rieul The same rule applies to it, as well as all the other consonants. It cannot stand alone in a Korean word and has to be a part of the building blocks in a Korean word. But according to "/Hoonminjung-eum", the Korean alphabet book, /rieul is a semi-tongue consonant. Its written form resembles the shape of the tongue. Here are some examples of words with "/rieul": ramyeon instant noodle rotari rotary

saryegeum reward *** Thats it for todays lesson. In the language and culture section you'll learn some survival phrases so that you'll know what to say or do in case you go to Korea before you feel confident enough with your Korean! We will also continue with our "/jamo" lessons in the writing section. Meantime, try to practice writing "/jamo" in the correct stroke order and try to find some words that start with the consonants we have covered already. ! Anyounghee gyeseyo! See you then!

n todays writing section, we are going to have a look at a set of consonants, /mieum" and /bieup". "" Consonant Name Sound / mieum m /Mieum is the 5th /jamo and also the first bilabial consonant. It sounds like m in English and is a square-shaped character, designed after the shape of the lips in contact with each other when it is pronounced. The stroke order goes as follows:

/mieum Always write from left to right, top to bottom. And remember a /jamo cant appear by itself in a word and has to be used together with a vowel. Here are some examples of words made with/mieum: maneul garlic mukda to eat

maekjoo beer - garlic "" Consonant Name Sound / bieup b /Bieup looks very similar to /mieum, because it is in the same bilabial consonant family. /Bieup is pronounced like b or p in English. The stroke order goes as follows:

/bieup As with /mieum, /bieup cannot be used by itself and has to be combined together with a vowel to create a word. The same rule applies for all the other consonants. They cannot stand alone and have to be parts of the building blocks to create words. Here are some examples of words containing /bieup: bada beach, sea bap meal, cooked rice bool fire *** Congratulations! You have made it to the end of our lesson today. Now you deserve a rest! Later when you have time, try to go through the lesson once more thoroughly. Go out with your friends and demonstrate your Korean skills in front of them in a Korean restaurant or show off your knowledge about Korean cuisine. Meanwhile, remember the two /jamo we learnt today and try to find some more words that start with /mieum or /bieup. We will also continue with our /jamo in the next writing section. Until then ! Anyounghee gyeseyo! Goodbye!

Welcome to the writing section of todays lesson! Before we start, give yourself a pat on the back! Youve made half way through the list of single consonants in Korean /jamo. I hope you have spent some time practicing what we have covered in the previous lessons. Now lets carry on with the seventh and eighth consonants in /jamo. "" Consonant Name Sound / shiot s is called /shiot. It is named in a different way from /nieun or /rieul, because there is no Chinese character for /eut. /Shiot is the first sibilant consonant in /jamo. By saying sibilant consonant, I mean it is a dental sound, pronounced by using the teeth. Its simple structure of two strokes constructed together like a roof is designed according to the shape of the teeth. Its stroke order goes as follows:

/shiot Remember to always write Korean characters from left to right and from top to bottom. /Shiot cant be used by itself to create a word, just like all the other consonants in /jamo. Here are some examples of words that include /shiot: saram person saengaknada to remember soegogi beef - beef "" Consonant Name Sound

 / ieung silent, ng /Ieung can appear at the beginning of a word, as in /an, in which case it is silent. Or sometimes it can appear at the end of a word, as in /nyoung, in which case it is pronounced like ng in English. Despite that, it is counted as a consonant in Korean, the first glottal consonant (throat sound) in /jamo. /Ieung is different from the other /jamo in that it is not related to any Chinese character. Its design derives from the shape of a person's throat. The stroke order goes as follows:

/ieung Unlike most of the other /jamo, /ieung has a circular shape. The stroke starts from the top, and then goes anti-clock wise. Here are some examples of words containing /ieung: adeul son olida to put up wangja prince *** Congratulations! You're doing well! We're going to continue in the writing section with the second half of the single consonant list in Korean /jamo. ! Anyounghee gyeseyo! See you soon!

"Mr." & "Mrs." When saying someones name in Korean, formally, you should use the suffix "/ssi" after their name. Just remember that Koreans put a person's surname first, and Christian name second. For example: = Gildong Hong Kim ssi Mr. Kim Hong Gildong ssi

Mr.Gildong Hong Rank & Status There are also other formal and informal ways to address people. If people have an official rank or status, it is polite to address them with the honorific "/nim". Even at work, colleagues will address each other with honorifics. The ending "/nim" is also used with many family terms to make them honorific. So you may address your own father as " /abuji", but when talking about someone elses father, you would use "/abunim". For example: Base noun Honorific Romanized pronunciation English translation / sunsaeng sunsaengnim teacher / abuji abunim father / nuna nunim elder sister / adeul adeunim son / sajang sajangnim the president of a company By the way, "/sunsaengnim" can also be used to address other people who have higher education, like doctors, professors, teachers and medical professionals. Not Just for Names The honorific system is not only used for names and when addressing people. Believe it or not, action words have their own set of polite equivalents too! They can be converted by putting "/si" or "/eusi" after the root and before the ending. Hold on a second, "what's the root?" you ask. The infinitive form of an action word is made of two parts: the root or stem, and the suffix. In English for example, to do" is the infinitive form whilst in Korean it is "/hada". The root is the first part of the word "/ha", and the suffix is "/da". Depending on what you want to say, and who you're saying it to, you need to take off the suffix "/da" and add a variety of other endings instead. This root and infinitive business applies to most action words, except a

couple whose roots change as well. Confusing for language learners, I know! Don't worry, and you'll get there! It just takes a little patience and some practice. For example: Infinitive form Regular honorific Romanized pronunciation English translation /gada gasida to go /jukda jugeusida to write /ikda ilgeusida to read - to read Infinitive form Special honorific Romanized pronunciation English translation /itda gyeshida to exist /jada joomooshida to sleep /mukda deushida to eat

Seven Levels There are seven levels of speech in Korean. The level you choose shows a different degree of respect for a person. Each level requires a different ending for words. Among the seven, there are six formal forms, called "/jondaetmal" and the only informal form is called "/banmal". In modern Korean society, only a few of the seven levels are used. The other most formal

levels are becoming archaic and can only be seen in movies and novels. "/Hasosuche" is the highest level you can speak in Korean. It is extremely formal and polite, but it no longer exists in modern Korean. Yet it is still used in bibles and historical dramas. "/Hapsyoche" is the common level spoken between strangers, by TV announcers and to customers. It is formal and polite. "/Haoche" is only spoken among older people. Some younger generations use it online but it is hardly ever spoken. It is formal and neutrally polite. "/Hageche" is generally used by older people when they are addressing younger people, but it is getting less popular. It is formal and neutrally polite. "/Haerache" is used between close friends, family members of similar ages or to younger people. It is also used almost universally in books, newspapers etc. It is formal and either neutrally polite or impolite. "/Haeyoche" is the most common level used between strangers. It was traditionally used more by women but men in Seoul have started using this level instead of "/hapsyoche". It is informal but polite. "/Haeche" is mostly used between close friends or to someone younger. It is informal and either neutrally polite or impolite. It is the only "/banmal" out of the seven levels and is the only level where word endings vary in a statement, question, proposal, command or exclamation. I know you would probably fall asleep if we tried to explain all the seven levels today! Don't worry! We are not going to do that! Besides, it's not necessary to use all levels in today's the society anyway. Some Examples mukda to eat (infinitive form) Speech level hapsyoche haerache haeyoche mukuyo mugeuseyo haeche Non-honorific mukseumnida mukneunda Honorific mugeushimnida mugeushinda

mukuh mukeushuh

"/boda", to see, to look at (infinite form): boda to see, to look at (infinitive form) Speech level hapsyoche haerache bonda boshinda haeyoche bwayo boseyo haeche bwa boshuh Non-honorific Honorific boshimnida

ENGLISH Sam

Subject Action word Object throwsa ball.

Korean: Subject Sameun Object gongeul Action word . dunjinda.

"Somebody Does" However, when Korean sentences contain no objects, the sentence order is seemingly the same as that in English. ENGLISH Subject Action word Sam drinks. Korean: Subject Action word . Sameun mashinda.

o understand Korean sentence structures better, it is worthwhile to explain the word predicate first. A predicate tells us what the subject of the sentence do or does. In other words, a predicate is the action word in a sentence. Take the sentence Sam gives me an apple as an example. Gives is the action word, or the predicate, because it tells us what the subject Sam does. Both a subject and a predicate are compulsory in a complete English sentence. Yet in a Korean sentence, a predicate is compulsory, while the subject is not. For example, if someone asks you what do you do, in English you would reply I study. But in Korean you can simply say: "/Gongboohae." (study)

Changing the suffix at the end of the action word can give people some idea of who or what you are referring to. Please note that Korean action words and descriptive words can be conjugated. By changing the suffix after the word root, you can change an action word into a descriptive word and vice versa. "Somebody Something in Such a Way Does." In an English sentence with the main structure of subject-action wordobject, we can sometimes put something else at the end of the sentence to give additional information. For example, after the main structure Sam throws a ball, we can add the word away for better illustration. That additional part is called complement in grammar. Thus the English sentence pattern goes like subject-action word-object-complement. Yet in Korean, a sentence with a complement should be organized in the pattern of subject-object-complement-action word. Here are some more examples to help you understand that better. ENGLISH Subject Action word ObjectComplement Sam paintsthe house blue.

Sameunjibeuljibeulchilhamnida. "Excuse Me!" When you are in Korea, you may notice that most Koreans keep some distance from foreigners. Dont get the wrong impression that Koreans dislike foreigners. They dont! They stay away just because they are often scared of English speakers! But if you can speak proper Korean, you can approach them. The most common way to start a conversation is /jugiyo. It literally means that place or over there. It can be taken as the equivalent of excuse me. Here is a list of some phrases you can use to start a conversation with: JugiyoExcuse me Shillyehamnida jwsonghamnida exuse me. Pardon me sory

Another reason for Koreans to keep their distance from foreigners is that a lot of foreigners come to Korea to work (usually as English teachers) over a long period of time but they never learn basic Korean words. The majority of Korean elderly people think it is bad-mannered not to be able to say some basic sentences after staying for a reasonable period of time. So it is always polite to excuse yourself first when you start a conversation with elderly people. You can say either of these two phrases: Hangookmal jal mothamnida I am not good at Korean Je Hangookmal tjalbseumnida My Korean is short (not good) "Pardon?" It would be great if the situations you come across or what you hear in real life were exactly the same as those covered in our interactive audio course. But unfortunately thats impossible. Also, in our interactive audio course, you can always rewind and listen again whenever you cant follow or catch what is just said. But how can you manage when that happens in real life? Dont panic! You can say any of the following options: Jal mot aradeurutseumnida I misunderstood

Ihaereul mot haetseumnida I didn't understand Dashi malhaejooseyo Tell me again Chunchunhee malhaejooseyo Speak slower

Sometimes hearing a sentence two or three more times just isnt enough! Especially when confronted with different pronunciations and dialects, it might be a better idea to ask the others to write down for you. () (Jong-i-e) Jugujooseyo Please write down (on paper) "Can You Speak English?" Last but not least, you can still ask if they can speak English. I suggest you try your best not to use that tactic as that wont be of any help with your Korean skills, but if you really have to, itll be much more respectful to ask in Korean. ? Young-uh hal jool aseyo? Can you speak English? Greetings & Farewells Greetings There are many ways to greet people in Korean, as in any other language. But, due to the amount of emphasis on respect and politeness in Korean culture, the Korean way of greeting is different from English in that people bow to each other! Yes! Korean people stand properly, lower their heads and bend their upper bodies to the people they greet. On formal occasions, people should give a 90-degree bow, but nowadays, most people only make it 45-degrees. After the bow, people shake hands with each other. That is the formal and professional way of greeting, especially to someone older or in a higher position. There are also other less formal ways, where people just shake hands or even just wave a hand or nod. At Any Time of the Day Besides using body language, of course you can say certain phrases to greet people. The first and easiest way is to say hi or hello. Youll probably be surprised if I tell you there are actually no Korean equivalents for English greetings like hi or hello. You might see in a dictionary that they are translated into /yubo or /yuboseyo. You can use those two Korean expressions to greet people, but their literal meaning is excuse me or hey, there.

Or you might want to pass on your greetings by asking, How are you?. That is translated into /anyoung haseyo in a dictionary. The word /anyoung means well or fine and the sentence /anyoung haseyo literally means are you doing well?. Although it sounds like a question, it is commonly taken as a greeting. So instead of saying I am fine, you only need to repeat the same sentence /anyoung haseyo as a reply. Or you might want to use its short and informal abbreviation /anyoung. That is the most common greeting used between close friends or to younger people. And in reply to that, people only need to say /anyoung between close friends, or /anyoung haseyo to elder people.

? Anyoung haseyo? How are you?

! Anyoung! Hi!, Hello! At a Particular Time of the Day Here are some special greetings you can give after getting up in the morning.

? Anyounghee joomooshutsuyo? Did you sleep well? (polite way to people older than you)

? Jal jatsuh? Did you sleep well? (informal way to people younger than you)

And here are some sentences you can say before going to bed at night. Anyounghee joomooseyo Please sleep well (polite way to people older than you)

() Jal ja(ra) Sleep well (informal way to people younger than you)

Long Time No See! Oraenmanimnida Long time no see (polite)

Oraenmaniya Long time no see (informal)

? Jal jinae shutsuyo? Have you been well? (polite)

? Utduke jinaeshutsuyo? How have you been? (polite) Jal jinaetseumnida I have been well (polite) The following expressions can also be used as greetings, but only when the two parties meet after not seeing each other for a while. Regards to ... Korean culture also features stronger family bonds than many other cultures. So, when people meet their close friends or people younger than themselves, theyll ask about their families, especially about the health. But remember never to greet people older or in higher positions in that way. Here are some examples: ? Boomonimeun gungang hashuh? Are your parents healthy? (polite) Gungang hashimnida They are healthy (polite)

? Boomonimeun jal gyeshuh? Are your parents doing well? (polite)

, Ne, jal gyeshimnida

Yes, they are doing well. (polite) On First Meeting As a foreigner having newly arrived in the country, or on your very first meeting with someone, you can also use one of the following two options to greet someone. Mannasuh bangapseumnida Happy to meet you Jal bootak deurimnida I offer you a request, please look after me. Farewells Likewise, there are many different ways to say farewell in Korean, depending on the occasion. The formal way is to bow, the same as when people first meet. To say goodbye in Korean, you can use one of the following phrases: Anyounghee gyeseyo Please stay well. (polite: when you are leaving and the other person is staying) Jal itsuh Stay well (informal: when you are leaving and the other person is staying) Anyounghee gaseyo Please go well. (polite: when you are staying and the other person is leaving) Jal ga Go well (informal: when you are staying and the other person is leaving) Joshimhee gaseyo Please go carefully (polite: when you are staying and the other person is leaving) Daeum e tdo bwayo Lets meet again next time (polite) It might seem strange to foreigners, but it is common practice in Korea for the person leaving to say, Ill call you when I arrive or for the person staying to say, call me when you arrive. That is a courtesy to show their concern for each others safety. ( ) (Jibe gasuh) Junhwa hae (When you get home) Call me (a commanding expression used to someone younger or in a lower position)

( ) (Jibe gasuh) Junhwa halkge (When I get home) I will call you (an informal way to someone younger or in a lower position) Yullak hae Contact me (command) Yullak halkge I will contact you

The pumsa are themselves grouped together according to the following chart. Content words Substantives myeongsa (nouns) daemyeongsa (pronouns) susa (number words) Verbs (broadly speaking) dongsa (action verbs) hyeongyongsa (descriptive verbs or adjectives) Modifiers gwanhyeongsa (determiners, prenouns, or indeclinable adjectives) busa (adverbs) Other content words gamtansa (interjections or exclamations) Function words josa (particles or postpositions) Both cardinal and ordinal numbers are grouped into their own part of speech. Descriptive verbs and action verbs are classified separately despite sharing essentially the same conjugation. Verb endings constitute a large and rich class of morphemes, indicating such things in a sentence as tense, mood, aspect, speech level (of which there are 7 in Korean), and honorifics. Prefixes and suffixes are numerous, partly because Korean is an agglutinative language. There are also various other important classes of words and morphemes that are not generally classified among the pumsa. 5 other major classes of words or morphemes are: eomi (verb endings) jisieo (demonstratives) jeopsogeo (conjunctions) jeopdueo (prefixes) jeommieo (suffixes) Substantives Postpositions Main article: Korean postpositions

Korean postpositions are also known as case markers. Examples include (neun, topic marker) and (reul, object marker). Postpositions come after substantives and are used to indicate the role (subject, object, complement, or topic) of a noun in a sentence or clause. For a larger list, see wikt:Category:Korean particles. Case clitics Both nouns and pronouns take case clitics. Pronouns are somewhat irregular. As with many clitics and suffixes in Korean, for many case clitics different forms are used with nouns ending in consonants and nouns ending in vowels. The most extreme example of this is in the nominative (subject), where the historical clitic i is now restricted to appearing after consonants, and a completely unrelated (suppletive) form -ka (pronounced -ga) appears after vowels. Case clitics Case After V After C Nominative ka -ga -i Accusative lul -reul ul -eul Genitive -uy -e1 Dative (also destination) -ey -e (inanimate) -uy key2 -ege (animate) Locative (place of event, also source) -ey se -eseo (inanimate) -uy key se2 -egeseo (animate) Instrumental -lo -ro3 -ulo -euro Comitative (also and) -hako -hago -wa kwa -gwa lang -rang -i lang -irang 1 -uy is a morphophonemic spelling, which is pronounced the same as , -e. 2 -uy key and -uy key se are compounds. Key is a noun meaning "neighborhood, behalf." Standard Korean spelling treat them as opaque, but here it is broken down etymologically. 3 -lo also occurs with stems ending in l. Informational clitics Information Topic* Additive* And (and so clitics Type After V After C nun neun un -eun to -do on) na -na -i na -ina

* The topic and additive markers mark the noun phrase with case markers. They override the nominative and accusative case markers rather than being attached after those case markers. Nouns () Myeongsa, "nouns," do not have grammatical gender and though they can be made plural by adding the suffix deul to the end of the word, in general the suffix is not used when the plurality of the noun is

clear from context. For example, while the English sentence "there are three apples" would use the plural "apples" instead of the singular "apple", the Korean sentence sagwaga se gae isssumnida "apple three(things) exist" keeps the word sagwa "apple" in its unmarked form, as the numeral makes the plural marker redundant. The most basic, fundamental Korean vocabulary is native to the Korean language, e.g. (nara, country), (nal, day). However, a large body of Korean nouns stem from the Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters e.g. () san, "mountain," () yeok, "station," () munhwa, "culture", etc. Many Sino-Korean words have native Korean equivalents and vice versa, but not always. The choice of whether to use a Sino-Korean noun or a native Korean word is a delicate one, with the Sino-Korean alternative often sounding more profound or refined. For a list of Korean nouns, see wikt:Category:Korean nouns. Processual verbs Korean () dongsa, which include (sseuda, "to use") and (kada, "to go"), are usually called, simply, "verbs." However, they can also be called "action verbs" or "dynamic verbs," because they describe an action, process, or movement. This distinguishes them from ( ) hyeongyongsa. Korean verb conjugation depends upon the tense, aspect, mood, and the social relation between the speaker, the subject(s), and the listener(s). Different endings are used depending on the speaker's relation with their subject or audience. Politeness is a critical part of Korean language and Korean culture; the correct verb ending must be chosen to indicate the proper degree of respect or familiarity for the situation. Descriptive verbs () Hyeongyongsa, sometimes translated as "adjectives" but also known as "descriptive verbs" or "stative verbs," are verbs such as yeppeuda, "to be pretty" or bukda, "to be red." English does not have an identical grammatical category, and the English translation of a Korean hyeongyongsa is usually a linking verb + an English adjective. However, some Korean words which do not match that formula, such as aswipda, a transitive verb which means to "to lack" or "to want for", are still considered hyeongyongsa in Korean because they don't involve an action. For a larger list, see wikt:Category:Korean adjectives. Copulative and existential verbs The copula clitic i may be historically related to the nominative case clitic i . Regardless, nouns do not take the case clitic ka when followed by the copula. The copula inflects like any verb, except that it has a special honorific form. The copula takes the negative prefix an , but the result is written as if it were a single morpheme: ani. Nouns do take the nominative clitic i/ka / -ga before the negative copula. The derived form ani yo is the word for "no" when answering a question. (In the case of a negative question, ani yo is equivalent to "yes" in English.)

The copula is only for "to be" in the sense of "A is B". For existence, Korean uses the existential verbs iss- iss-/it- "there is" and eps- eobs- "there isn't." The honorific existential verb for iss- is kyesi- gyesi-. Modifiers Determinatives Korean () gwanhyeongsa are known in English as "determiners," "determinatives," "pre-nouns," "adnouns," "attributives," "unconjugated adjectives," and "indeclinable adjectives." Gwanhyeongsa come before and modify or specify nouns, much like attributive adjectives or articles in English. Examples include () kak, "each." For a larger list, see wikt:Category:Korean determiners. Adverbs Korean adverbs (, busa, ) include (tto, "also") and (gadeuk, "fully"). Busa, like adverbs in English, modify verbs. For a larger list, see wikt:Category:Korean adverbs. Other content words Exclamations Korean interjections (, gamtansa, ) are also known in English as "exclamations". Examples include (ani, "no"). For a larger list, see wikt:Category:Korean interjections. Syntax Korean is typical of languages with a verb-final word order, such as Japanese and Turkish, in that most affixes are suffixes and clitics are enclitics, modifiers precede the words they modify, and most elements of a phrase or clause are optional. Number (It is against grammatical rules for the plural marker '-deul' to occur at some of the alternative positions given in the following examples, and it is highly uncommon or at least somewhat unnatural for the most of them. Please review the grammatical consistency of this subsection.) Korean has general number.[4] That is, a noun on its own is neither singular nor plural. It also has an optional plural marker tul -deul, which is most likely to be used for definite and highly animate nouns (primarily first- and second-person pronouns, to a lesser extent nouns and third-person pronouns referring to humans, etc.) This is similar to several other languages with optional number, such as Japanese. However, Korean tul may also be found on the predicate, object of the verb, or modifier of the object, in which distributive plural reading (as opposed to a collective indicates that the word it is attached to expresses new For instance, in ai tuli kimuy key-0 ppang ul-0 manhi-0 cwue-ss-e-0 aideuri gimege bbangeul manhi jueosseo on the verb, case it forces a reading) and information.

child-pl-NOM

Kim-to

bread-ACC

a_lot give-PRET-INT,

Tul could also occur at any of the 0's. If it did, it would not be redundant with the plural marking on the subject. For example, in, haksayng tuli phungsen hana lul sa-ss-e-yo haksaengdeuri pungseon hanareul sasseoyo student-pl-NOM balloon one-ACC buy-PRET-INT-POL "The students bought a balloon", it's not clear if they bought one balloon together, or one each. However, without the ACC on "one", haksayng tuli phungsen ul hana sa-ss-e-yo haksaengdeuri pungseoneul hana sasseoyo student-pl-NOM balloon-ACC one buy-PRET-INT-POL "The students bought a ballon together" and, with ssik ("each") on "one" haksayng tuli phungsen ul hana ssik sa-ss-e-yo haksaengdeuri pungseoneul hanassik sasseoyo student-pl-NOM balloon-ACC one-each buy-PRET-INT-POL "The students bought a balloon each", "balloon" is specified as a distributive plural. Subject-verb agreement While it is usually stated that Korean doesn't have subject-verb agreement, the conjugated verbs do, in fact, show agreement with the logical subject (not necessarily the grammatical subject) in several ways. However, subject-verb agreement in Korean usually only narrows down the range of subjects. If the logical subject of a sentence is narrowed down enough to be obvious from verb endings, then it is ungrammatical to redundantly state it explicitly. Personal agreement is shown partly on the verb stem before the tense-aspect-mood suffixes, and partly on the sentence-final endings. Korean distinguishes: Honorific subjects from non-honorific subjects in the second or third person via a verb suffix. Korean distinguishes first person from non-first in emotion verbs, which take the verb -hada as a suffix in the third person. first person from third person, partially, in the future and the past tense. inclusive first person from exclusive first person, and first person from third person, in the jussive mood[5]

Korean does not distinguish: singular from plural on the verb (though this is systematically marked on pronouns) second person from third person in statements second person from first person in questions The following table is meant to indicate how the verb stem and/or the sentence ending can vary depending on the logical subject. The row labeled "1st" contains the form used for the 1st person statements (also used for the 2nd person in questions). The row labeled 3rd contains the forms used for the other persons. The column labeled "emotion verbs" illustrates the paradigm of muesi silh-ta mueosi silta, a typical emotion verb phrase meaning "to dislike something". The column labeled "jussive ending" contains the various jussive sentences endings in the plain style. The difference between -(u)m a and ca ja is clusivity; -(u)ma is exclusive of the listener, -ca is inclusive. Logical person Person agreement on stem Emotion verbs Person agreement on final ending Jussive ending 1st Person muesi silh- -(u)m a -ca 3rd Person Non-honorific muesul silhe ha- -e/a la / Honorific muesul silhe hasi- -(u)sye la Subordinate Clauses Verbs can take conjunctive suffixes. These suffixes make subordinate clauses. One very common suffix -ko -go, can be interpreted as a gerund if used by itself, or, with a subject of its own, as a subordinating conjunction. That is, mek.ko meokgo means approximately "eating," koki lul mek.ko gogireul meokgo means "eating meat," and nay ka koki lul mek.ko nae-ga gogi-rul meog-go means "I eat meat and..." or "My eating meat." Another suffix, somewhat similar in meaning, is se -seo which is, however, attached to long stem of a verb. The long stem of a verb is the one that is formed by attaching e/a / -eo/-a after a consonant. Both sometimes called gerunds, the verb form that ends in se and the one that ends in -ko juxtapose two actions, the action in the subclause and the action in the main clause. The difference between them is that with se the action in the subclause necessarily came first, while -ko conveys more of an unordered juxtaposition. Se is frequently used to imply causation, and is used in many common expressions like manna se pan.gapsupnita Manna-seo bangapseumnida (literally, "Since I met you, I'm happy" -or- "Having met you, I'm happy"). If -ko was used instead, the meaning would be closer to "I meet you and I'm happy," that is, without any implied logical connection. These are both subordinating conjunctive suffixes and can't (in the more formal registers, at least) derive complete sentences of their own without the addition of a main verb, by default the verb is . Nay ka

koki lul mek.ko issta naega gogireul meokko itta therefore means "I am eating meat." The difference between this and the simple sentence nay ka koki lul meknun ta is similar to the difference in Spanish between "Estoy almorzando" and "Almuerzo," in that the compound form emphasizes the continuity of the action. The -se form is used with the existential verb iss for the perfect.

Differences between North Korean and South Korean Main article: NorthSouth differences in the Korean language The Korean language used in the North and the South exhibits differences in pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.[27] Pronunciation In North Korea, palatalization of /si/ is optional, and /t/ can be pronounced [z] between vowels. Words that are written the same way may be pronounced differently, such as the examples below. The pronunciations below are given in Revised Romanization, McCuneReischauer and hangul, the last of which represents what the hangul would be if one were to write the word as pronounced. Word Meaning Pronunciation North (RR/MR) North (Hangul) South (RR/MR) South (Hangul) to read (continuative form) ilko (ilko) ilkko (ilkko) Amnok River amrokgang (amrokkang) amnokkang (amnokkang) independence dongrip (tongrip) dongnip (tongnip) idea / sense / conception gwallyeom (kwallym) gwannyeom (kwannym) * innovative hyeoksinjjeok (hyksintchk) hyeoksinjeok (hyksinjk) * Similar pronunciation is used in the North whenever the hanja "" is attached to a Sino-Korean word ending in , or . (In the South, this rule only applies when it is attached to any single-character Sino-Korean word.) Spelling Some words are spelled differently by the North and the South, but the pronunciations are the same. Word Meaning Pronunciation (RR/MR) Remarks North spelling South spelling sunshine haeppit (haepit) The "sai siot" ('' used for indicating sound change) is almost never written out in the North. cherry blossom beotkkot (ptkkot) cannot read monnikda (monnikta) Spacing. Hallasan hallasan (hallasan) When a - combination is pronounced as ll, the original hangul spelling is kept in the North, while the hangul is changed in the South. rules gyuyul (kyuyul) In words where the original hanja is

spelt "" or "" and follows a vowel, the initial is not pronounced in the North, making the pronunciation identical with that in the South where the is dropped in the spelling. Spelling and pronunciation Some words have different spellings and pronunciations in the North and the South, some of which were given in the "Phonology" section above: Word Meaning Remarks North spelling North pronun. South spelling South pronun. ryeongryang (ryngryang) yeongnyang (yngnyang) strength Initial r's are dropped if followed by i or y in the South Korean version of Korean. rodong (rodong) nodong (nodong) work Initial r's are demoted to an n if not followed by i or y in the South Korean version of Korean. wonssu (wnssu) wonsu (wnsu) mortal enemy "Mortal enemy" and "field marshal" are homophones in the South. Possibly to avoid referring to Kim Il-sung or Kim Jong-il as the enemy, the second syllable of "enemy" is written and pronounced in the North.[28] rajio (rajio) radio (radio) radio u (u) wi (wi) on; above anhae (anhae) anae (anae) wife kkuba (kkuba) kuba (k'uba) Cuba When transcribing foreign words from languages that do not have contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated stops, North Koreans generally use tensed stops for the unaspirated ones while South Koreans use aspirated stops in both cases. pe (p'e) pye (p'ye), pe (p'e) lungs In the case where ye comes after a constant, such as in hye and pye, it is pronounced without the palatal approximate. North Korean orthography reflect this pronunciation nuance. In general, when transcribing place names, North Korea tends to use the pronunciation in the original language more than South Korea, which often uses the pronunciation in English. For example: Original name North Korea transliteration English name South Korea transliteration Spelling Pronunciation Spelling Pronunciaton Ulaanbaatar ullanbattareu (ullanbattar) Ulan Bator ullanbatoreu (ullanbat'or) Kbenhavn koeppenhabeun (k'oeppenhabn) Copenhagen kopenhagen (k'op'enhagen) al-Qhirah kkahira (kkahira) Cairo kairo (k'airo) Grammar Some grammatical constructions are also different: Word Meaning Remarks North spelling North pronun. South spelling South pronun. doeyeotda (toeytta) doeeotda (toetta) past tense of (doeda/toeda), "to become" All similar grammar forms of verbs or adjectives that end in in the stem (i.e. , , , , and ) in the North use instead of the South's . gomawayo (komawayo) gomawoyo (komawyo) thanks -irregular verbs in the North use (wa) for all those with a positive ending vowel; this only happens in the South if the verb stem has only one syllable. halgayo (halkayo) halkkayo (halkkayo) Shall we do?

Although the hangul differ, the pronunciations are the same (i.e. with the tensed sound). Vocabulary Some vocabulary is different between the North and the South: Word Meaning Remarks North spelling North pronun. South spelling South pronun. munhwajutaek (munhwajut'aek) apateu (ap'at') Apartment (appateu/appat') is also used in the North. joseonmal (chosnmal) han-gugeo (han'gugeo) Korean language gwakbap (kwakpap) dosirak (tosirak) lunch box dongmu (tongmu) chingu (ch'ingu) Friend was originally a non-ideological word for "friend" used all over the Korean peninsula, but North Koreans later adopted it as the equivalent of the Communist term of address "comrade". As a result, to South Koreans today the word has a heavy political tinge, and so they have shifted to using other words for friend like "".[29][30] Others In the North, guillemets and are the symbols used for quotes; in the South, quotation marks equivalent to the English ones, and , are standard, although and are also used.

o be / i-da / ''I am Jane' / it-da/ " A book is in the bag." to go / ga-da/ to do / ha-da / Unlike the English dictionary, one should be cautious in using an English-Korean / Korean-English Dictionary. Korean has this dictionary form for words specifically on verbs and this is not the form used in a conversation. This is also something that you will miss learning when you dwell too much on phrasebooks. It is also important to note that in a sentence Korean normally uses particles or marker for subject, topic or object. These particles form part of the word and is pronounced without any pause. So the word (Na which mean I or me) can be heard as: or (Naega or nae) I as subject in a sentence or (Naneun or Nan) I as topic in a sentence the second one in contracted form (Naui) possessive form as in mine or my (Nado) Me too or I too I'm American. . Play audio Che-ga meegookin imneeda. I'm studying Korean.

 . Play audio Hangook-mal-ul kongbu-hamneeda. or: Hangoong-mal-ul kongbu-hamneeda My name is Charles. Charles. Play audio Che eerum-un Charles imneeda. I like exercising. . Play audio Oondong-ul cho-ah-haeyo. He speaks English well. . Play audio Cho-boon-un yongo-rul chal hamneeda. This is delicious. . Play audio Mashee-eessoyo.mashesaio It looks like rain. . Play audio Piga ol goht katahyo(nu citim h) I can read Korean. . Play audio Hangul-ul ilgul soo issoyo. Verbs - Part 2 - To come - To meet - To go out - To be finished - To finish - To teach - To study - To work - To learn - To borrow - To speak - To send - To drink One way of using honorifics is to use special "honorific" nouns in place

of regular ones. A common example is using (jinji) instead of (bap) for "food". Often, honorific nouns are used to refer to relatives. The honorific suffix - (-nim) is affixed to many kinship terms to make them honorific. Thus, someone may address his own grandmother as (halmeoni) but refer to someone else's grandmother as (halmeonim). Base noun Honorific English translation (halmeoni) (halmeonim) grandmother (abeoji) (abeonim) father (hyeong) (hyeongnim) a male's older brother (noona) (nunim) a male's older sister (oppa) (orabeoni) a female's older brother (eonni) a female's older sister (adeul) (adeunim) son (ddal) (ddanim) daughter honorific verbs All verbs and adjectives can be converted into an honorific form by adding the infix -- (-si-) or -- (-eusi-) after the stem and before the ending. Thus, (gada, "to go") becomes (gasida). A few verbs have special honorific equivalents: Base verb/adjective Regular honorific English translation (gada) (gasida) "to go" (batda) (badeusida) "to receive" (jakda) (jageusida) "(to be) small" Base verb/adjective Special honorific English translation (itda) (gyesida) "to be" (masida) (deusida) "to drink" (meokda) (deusida) "to eat" (meokda) (japsusida) "to eat" (jada) (jumusida) "to sleep" (baegopeuda) (sijanghasida) "to be hungry" A few verbs have special humble forms, used when the speaker is referring to him/herself in polite situations. These include (deurida) and (ollida) for (juda, "give"). (deurida) is substituted for (juda) when the latter is used as an auxiliary verb, while (ollida, literally "raise up") is used for (juda) in the sense of "offer".

Honorific forms of address Pronouns in Korean have their own set of polite equivalents, e.g. (jeo) is the humble form of (na, "I") and (jeohui) is the humble form of (uri, "we"). However, Koreans usually avoid using the second person singular pronoun, especially when using honorific forms, and often avoid the third person pronouns as well. So, although honorific form of (neo, singular "you") is (dangsin, literally, "friend" or "dear"), that term is used only as a form of address in a few specific social contexts, such as between two married couples or in an ironic sense between strangers. Other words are usually substituted where possible, e.g. the person's name, a kinship term, a professional title, the plural yeoreobun, or no word at all, relying on context to supply meaning instead.

Ssi (Hangul: , Hanja: ) is the most commonly used honorific used amongst people of approximately equal speech level. It is attached at the end of the full name,such as Kimcheolsu-ssi () or simply after the first name, Cheolsu-ssi () if the speaker is more familiar with someone. Appending -ssi to the surname, for instance Kim-ssi (), can be quite rude, as it indicates the speaker considers himself to be of a higher social status than the person referred to. Previously, higher-ranked individuals used -ssi to address individuals of lower ranks; recently however, -ssi has begun to be used symmetrically, for two individuals of approximate equal standing. This change perhaps indicates towards the leveling out of previously rigid, hierarchical Korean social rankings. Seonsaeng Seonsaeng (, ), commonly translated as "teacher", has much more formality and is used to show respect to the addressee. Seonbae/Hubae Seonbae (, ) is used to address senior colleagues or mentor figures, e.g. students referring to or addressing more senior students in schools, junior athletes more senior ones in a sports club, or a mentor or more experienced or senior colleague in a business environment. As with English titles such as Doctor, Seonbae can be used either by itself or as a title. Hubae (, ) is used to refer to juniors. However, the term is not normally addressed to them directly, and is mainly used in the third person. Gun/Yang Gun (, ) is used moderately on very formal occasions, such as weddings, to a male only. Yang (, , Chinese: niang) is the female equivalent of . Both are used in a similar fashion to Ssi, succeeding either the whole name or the surname in solitude. Less common forms of address Gwiha (, ) can be seen commonly in formal letters, often used by a company to a client. Gakha (, ) is used only in extremely formal occasions, usually when addressing presidents and monarchs. Nari () or alternatively, Naeuri (), was used by commoners in the Joseon Dynasty to refer to people of higher status but below daegam (, ), English equivalent of "His Excellency"[1]. The honorific is of native Korean origin. halmeoni ( grandmother).

A Males English

A Females

, (changing , changineoreun) , (shiabeoji, siabeonim) father in law , (changmo, changmonim) , (shiameonim, shiameonim) mother in law , (anae, buin) (nampyon) spouse (hyeongje) (oppadeulgwa namdongsaengdeul) brothers , (hyeong, hyeongnim) (oppa) older brother , (nuna, nunim) (eonni) older sister Common terms which can be used by both male and female related , (chobumo, chobumonim) grandparents , (harabeoji, harabeonim) - grandfather , (halmeoni, halmeonim) grandmother , (bumo, bumonim) parents , (aboeji, aboenim) father , (eomeoni, eomeonim) mother , (ai, ae) children , (adeul, adeunim) son , (ddal, ddanim) daughter , (sonju, sonjuai) grandchildren (sonja) grandson (-) (sonnyeo-ddal) -grandaughter (saui) son in law (myeoneuri) daughter in law (sachon) cousin (ajeosshi) uncle (ajumeoni) auntie (joka) nephew (joka ddal) niece (dongsaeng) younger siblings