August 16, 2012 th 5 period

Essay 1. Describe the Indian societies and their geographic distribution before the coming of the European explorers. What did these cultures contribute to the Europeans, and why, despite these contributions, did the invaders still think of the American Indians as savages? a. Before the European explorers settled on the New World, it was inhabited by many different Indians. Each small community of Indians differed slightly from the others. They sprouted from the same ideals, but slowly changed after time. They grew crops, hunted, and had ranks. Most Indians settled in areas with good soil, a source of water, and a fair or extravagant, amount of game. The Indians had the woman grow the crops, raise the children, and do the average housework. As the woman did their work, men would go to war, or hunt for game. The more a man hunted or the number of heads he brought back from battle would give him a higher rank. The higher his rank, the more wives he would have. All of the many different tribes branched from the same idea. Each had their own unique touches. The work was always divided. Rank and status within the community was always important. 2. Compare and contrast the Spanish and the English motives for colonization. How were both sets of motives reflected in the organization of the colonies that each nation established? a. The Spanish and the English both came to the New World to colonize on the new land. Each succeeded in their plans. Their colonies reflect how they did so. Both began with the same ideas. The Spanish managed to build and start their own colonies all throughout the Americas. They grew their crops and began making prosperous colonies that only grew. They become counterparts with the few natives near them and managed to survive through winters. They made well put-together colonies. The English, however, settled on North America. They settled surrounded by Native Americans and attempted to make them civilized. The English ended up having multiple wars with the Native Indians and lost many lives of the first few settlers. The English took much longer to grow into a colony in the New World.

3. How did earlier exploration and colonization experiences influence the way England, Spain, and other European nations attempted to colonize America? a. Earlier exploration influenced the way England, Spain and others attempted to colonize America by adding new obstacles. The previous explorers and colonies had already settled down onto the New World. Early explorers from European nations may have caused uproar in their motherlands when it was discovered. The past ways they colonized new lands may have worked for them best in the past. Explorers prior to each of the other nations may have already settled onto the lands. Depending on how the next explorer to settle next to them responds to their lifestyle, it could take decades to prosper. With others already on the land, there has to be some sort of reaction between the two groups. Often times a truce must be made in order to keep peace and grow. Other colonies that have grown to be massive and productive could have possibly inspired other nations to spread out and become just as productive. Whether it is for the money, or for the land, it caught their attention. Most of them lacked materials needed to have a successful colony. The first set of settlers was just lab rats. 4. Explain the relationship between Spanish colonists and the Indians. Why did the Indians come out the losers? a. The Spanish colonists and the Indians were neutral at first. After a while the Spanish began taking from the Indians. They took little by little. In return, the Indians responded by tried to attack the Spanish several times. The Indians had very few victories. They were massively outnumbered by the Spanish. They had so much to gain if the Spanish were to be defeated. Luck and plans were not with them. The Spanish gained control of much land. They were able to colonize well. Their colonies grew enormous. The Indians were claimed as the losers since they were unable to reclaim their land. 5. Describe the social and cultural backgrounds of the Africans brought to America. How were these backgrounds different from those of the Indians? Europeans? How were the backgrounds of these people alike? a. The Africans brought from America were actually up for sale in Africa, by Africans. They were bought and exported all over the world for the use of helpers, maids, and such. Most purchases were to the English and Central America. They were resold in a marketplace type place to the public for citizens. The Indians and Europeans did no such things. They were above becoming servants. The Indians lived free lives and went where they pleased. The Europeans used servants. The Indians, Europeans, and Africans had few in common with this situation. They all divided work. The Indians worked to support themselves. The Europeans worked for money. The Africans worked because it was what they were bought to do.

Primary Sources 1. Who created this primary source? John Smith a. When was it created? 1584 b. Where does your eye go first? The King himself in a conflict with a King his neighbor and mortall enemy was shot in two places through the body, and the thigh, yet recoured: whereby he lay at his chiefe towne six days journey from thence. c. What do you see that you didnt expect? Only the women wear their hair long on both sides. d. What powerful words and ideas are expressed? John Smith used the word trust as if it were to establish that they had a peaceful relationship with these fellow Indians. e. What feelings and thoughts does the primary source trigger in you? It sparked a little interest when I saw the phrase shot in two places, thats it. f. What questions does it raise? Why are there so many words spelled wrong/weird g. What was happening during this time period? h. What was the creators purpose in making this primary source? It explained the Indian life before the transformation of the tribes was complete. i. What does the creator do to get his or her point across? He explains what is going on at the time. j. What was this primary sources audience? His audience was the Europeans. k. What biases or stereotypes do you see? The Indians lack resources and wear multiple animal skins. 2. Who created this primary source? Christopher Columbus a. When was it created? 1490s b. Where does your eye go first? That in the said island there shall be founded three or four towns, situated in the most convenient places, and that the settlers who are there be assigned to the aforesaid places and towns. c. What do you see that you didnt expect? d. What powerful words and ideas are expressed? e. What feelings and thoughts does the primary source trigger in you? f. What questions does it raise? How long did it take for the letter to get there? g. What was happening during this time period? The Americas were being colonized. h. What was the creators purpose in making this primary source? His purpose is to update and let the King and Queen know how the exploration of the New World is. i. What does the creator do to get his or her point across? Lists all that has happened. j. What was this primary sources audience? The King & Queen of Spain k. What biases or stereotypes do you see? I see little biases. He clearly states when his own opinion comes in towards the end of his letter.

3. Who created this primary source? Queen Elizabeth I a. When was it created? 1584 b. Where does your eye go first? ELIZABETH c. What do you see that you didnt expect? I didnt expect a lot of typos. Or strange English. d. What powerful words and ideas are expressed? Sir Walter Reigh has been given a great authority and power from the queen. e. What feelings and thoughts does the primary source trigger in you? This makes me a tad bit happy. f. What questions does it raise? Was he honored when he died? g. What was happening during this time period? The New World was being colonized by many nations. h. What was the creators purpose in making this primary source? Her purpose is to inform all those of a specific power being granted to someone. i. What does the creator do to get his or her point across? She addresses the props of his grace. j. What was this primary sources audience? Her audience was Sir Walter Reigh and England. k. What biases or stereotypes do you see? None. Where Historians Disagree 1. Read the Newsweek article on The First Americans. Summarize briefly the varying arguments on the arrival of Native Americans to the New World. Do you find one more appealing or persuasive than the others? ---------2. Read the articles on the demographics of Columbian Hispaniola and the recent studies of Native American health before Columbus. Do these studies suggest that the number of pre-Columbian Native Americans should be revised upward or downward? a. These studies suggest that the number of pre-Columbian Native Americans should be revised downwards. The reason being that the Indians had worse health than originally thought. The Aarawak/Taino was a very gentle culture. They were sick before Columbus even discovered the Americas. If you think about it, they slept in pretty much, under kept tents. They did this all throughout the year. They only made clothes from animal skins, meaning there would have to be a good source of game. They also use the animal skins to decorate their under kept tents. The fact that Columbus brought new diseases with him didnt help at all. There was little to nothing to protect these natives from such diseases. They lacked technology and medicine-making skills to heal themselves. Altogether, Columbus is not to blame for all of the health issues that the Indians encountered.

3. Using the sources above, evaluate the impact of Columbuss arrival on the demographics, health, trade, and cultures of New World residents. a. Columbuss arrival brought many new things. He caused change on the demographics, health, trade, and cultures. Although not all are positive, he brought a good number. He brought disease, which caused countless numbers of native people to die. The natives had their human rights violated. He displayed a dislike/fear of what is different from what he knew. The Europeans ended up taking all power financially, economically, and politically. However, his discovery brought many good things. He allowed a period of expansion when the land in Europe was all spoken for. They had improvements in technology, such as weapons and navigation and naval ships. New foods such as bananas, grapes, citrus fruits, coffee beans, cattle, and sugar cane were brought to the New World.