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EXPERIMENT: COMPRESSION TEST OBJECTIVES: (1) To conduct a compression test on three types of wood and obtain material properties for the tested samples. (2) To perform statistical analysis on the results to obtain sample means, standard deviations, confidence intervals, and other appropriate statistics. INTRODUCTION: In this experiment, three types of wood will be tested to failure in compression. Several material properties will be determined for each specimen. BACKGROUND: When a simple compressive load is applied to a specimen, the following types of deformation may take place: elastic or plastic shortening in ductile materials, crushing and fracture in brittle materials, a sudden bending deformation called buckling in long, slender bars, or combinations of these. Ductile materials, such as mild steel, have no meaningful compressive strength. Lateral expansion and thus an increasing cross-sectional area accompany axial shortening. The specimen will not break: excessive deformation rather than loss of strength often characterize failure. Brittle material, such as the wood specimens that are to be tested in this lab, commonly fracture along a diagonal plane which is not the plane of maximum compressive stress, but rather one of high shear stress which accompanies the uniaxial compression. Strain is a measure of the intensity of deformation (deformation per unit length). Normal strain, , measures the contraction (or elongation) of a body during deformation. avg = n/L Factors that affect the properties of wood include the arrangement of the grain and the amount of heartwood (the dark core wood of the tree). Irregularities also affect material properties. There are three important classes of defects: 1.) knots, 2.) checks, and 3.) shakes. Knots are the areas of the trunk in which the wood surrounds the base of the branch as the tree grows. Checks are longitudinal cracks that run normal to the growth rings and shakes are cracks that run parallel to the growth rings. Wood is anisotropic which means that properties will be different in different directions. When wood is loaded in compression parallel to the grain direction, it will resist large forces. However, if it is loaded transverse to the grain direction it can be quite weak. Wood, when loaded in compression parallel to its grain, is one of the strongest structural materials in proportion to its weight. The compression strength to weight ratios of some woods exceed that of structural steel by as much as 80 percent and exceeds 2024-T4 aluminum alloy by more that 50 percent. Wood is relatively weak in shear parallel to the grain, and will often fail in this mode. THEORY: Figure 1 illustrates the test specimen under compression loading. In cases where the deformation is non-uniform the average strain may be significantly different than the true strain at a given point. WOOD: Wood consists of tube-like cells which are tightly cemented together to form a basically homogeneous material. The cells, which mostly run in the same direction, form fibers, which constitute the grain. Important physical properties are moisture content and density. These properties are related to the mechanical properties of the wood.
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Where:
MATERIALS TO BE TESTED: Three types of wood will be tested; red oak, yellow birch, and ponderosa pine. Specimens have been precut into blocks of approximately 1-3/4" x 1-3/4" x
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in min
-0.08
15
TESTING PROCEDURE: 1.) Create specimen file comp*. 2.) Center specimen on lower loading platen. 3.) Lock MPT and select specimen. 4.) Start scope. 5.) CLOSE SAFETY SHIELD 6.) Press `RUN' and let test proceed until rupture. The load will drop off at this point. It is not desired to crush the specimen beyond the first major rupture. 7.) Press `STOP'. 8.) Unlock MPT. 9.) Adjust SET POINT to 0.0. 10.) Remove specimen 11.) Repeat procedure for each remaining specimen. 12.) Turn hydraulics `OFF' . 13.) Copy data files to diskette. c:\em327data\comp*\specimen.dat 14.) Delete specimen comp*. REPORT: The report outline found in Appendix A should be used. REPORT REQUIREMENTS: (1) Stress versus strain plots from MTS data file complete with: Curve Fitting to obtain Tangent Modulus Labels and Title (2) Determine the following properties for each specimen: a. Proportional Limit, pl b. Compressive Strength, c c. Modulus of Elasticity, E
(P)
Proportional Limit
()
Note that Load vs Stroke (Pv.) will be recorded at the MTS. These values can be converted to stress-strain (v.)
FIGURE 3
Several other calculations will be required based on the results of the test. For additional information, please consult the tension test experiment write-up. E= / pl = Ppl/A c = Pmax/A UR = 1/2(pl)(pl) = pl2 2E SG= water
MTS SET-UP: 1.) Follow Start- up Procedures Station Manager compress MPT compress.000 2.) Turn hydraulics on. 3.) Make sure 'MANUAL OFFSET' = 0 for Stroke. 4.) Adjust 'SET POINT' to 0.0 5.) 'AUTO OFFSET' Load. 6.) Set-up Scope to plot a/b. Load 5000 lbf -10,000
d. Modulus of Resilience, UR
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Normal Distribution
0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0 40 80 120
n xi2 ( xi ) n(n 1)
where n is the number of observations. The figure illustrates the shape of a normal distribution. Within one standard deviation from the mean value one would expect to find 68% of the observations, two standard deviation within the mean
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