2.

0 OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) MODEL AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS

Prepare by: Pn. Wan Fazlini Idayu Wan Fakari

CLO 2: apply network connection using straightthrough or crossover UTP cables complying to TIA/EIA-568-B wiring standard (C3) CLO 4 : create a simple network connection using Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) in accordance to IEEE 802.11 protocols. (P7)
note: C3 = application P7 = origination

Chapter 2 will appear in: Lab session (1) Quiz (2)

2.1 Network Communication

THE OSI MODEL

The OSI (Open System Interconnection) model is developed by ISO in 1984. It provide a reference model for the complex aspects related to network communication. It divides the different functions and services provided by network hardware and software in 7 layers. Helps to isolate problems and allows vendors to focus on just the layer(s) in which their hardware or software is implemented and be able to create products that are compatible, standardized and interoperable.

*Pak Dollah Naik Teksi Supaya Pulang Awal

7 LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL

AWAL PULANG SUPAYA TEKSI NAIK DOLLAH PAK

Data travel down the layer in the sending device. and up the layers in the receiving device.

CABLE

HOST A

HOST B

LAYER 7 : APPLICATION LAYER

Does not contain any of the application, such as a word processor or Internet Explorer. It provides services to facilitate the communication between software application and lower network services. Protocols: 1. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): used for uploading and downloading files from and to FTP server. 2. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): send and received e-mail from e-mail server. 3. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): use by web browser to send/receive information.

LAYER 6 : PRESENTATION LAYER

The presentation layer is primarily concerned with the format of the data. Data is formatted so that one type of application (host) can understand data from another type of application. Encoding , decoding, compressing and decompressing .

LAYER 6 : PRESENTATION LAYER

Data and text can be formatted as ASCII files, EBCDIC files or can even be Encrypted. Sound may become a Midi file. Video files can be formatted as MPEG video files or QuickTime files. Graphics and visual images can be formatted as PICT, TIFF, JPEG, or even GIF files.

LAYER 5 : SESSION LAYER

Establish, maintain and terminates the communication between two computer over a network. This layer is primarily concerned with coordinating applications as they interact on different hosts. Protocols: Apple talk, NetBIOS

LAYER 4 : TRANSPORT LAYER

Manipulate data and prepare it for delivery (transport) through the network. Transport layer protocols break large data unit received from Session layer into smaller units called segments. This process is known as segmentation. Segmentation helps in data transmission efficiency. It also establishes the end-to-end connection, from your host to another host.

LAYER 4 : TRANSPORT LAYER continue..

Essentially the transport layer opens up the connection from your system through a network and then through a wide area cloud to the receiving system at the other end.

Protocols: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

LAYER 3 : NETWORK LAYER

Determine the path for data from the source to the destination computer. It manage switching and routing of data packets based on network addresses. Protocols: IP (Internet Protocol) IPX (Internet Protocol Exchange)

LAYER 2 : DATA LINK LAYER

This layer is where the network packets are translated into raw bits (00110101) to be transmitted on the physical layer. This is also a layer that uses the most basic addressing scheme, MAC Addresses. Protocols: CSMA (Carrier-Sense Multiple Access) TOKEN RING FRAME RELAY MAC ADDRESS ETHERNET WIFI

LAYER 1 : PHYSICAL LAYER

Is the physical connection between network devices. Cables, connections, hubs , switch, Router and Network Interface Cards (NIC) operate at this layer. Protocols: IEEE 802 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

What basically happens when data passes from Host A to Host B ?

Host A Host B

1. The Application, Presentation and Session layer take user input and converts it into data. 2. The Transport layer adds a segment header converting the data into segments. 3. The Network layer adds a network header and converts the segments into packets. 4. The Data Link layer adds a frame header and frame trails converting the packets into frames. 5. The MAC sublayer layer converts the frames into a bits which the Physical layer can put on the wire.

This whole process of moving data from host A to host B is known as DATA ENCAPSULATION the data is being wrapped in the appropriate protocol header so it can be properly received.

DATA ENCAPSULATION
Lets say we compose an email that we wish to send from host A to host B. The application we are using is EUDORA. We write the letter end then hit send. Now, the computer translates the numbers into ASCII and then into binary (1s and 0s). If the email is a long one, then it is broken up and mailed in pieces. This all happens by the time the data reaches the Transport layer - SEGMENT.

At the network layer, a network header is added to the data. This header contains information required to complete the transfer, such as source and destination logical addresses. In this layer the data is called PACKET.

The packet from the network layer is then passed to the data link layer where a frame header and a frame trailer are added thus creating a data link frame.

Finally, the physical layer provides a service to the data link layer. This service includes encoding the data link frame into a pattern of 1s and 0s for transmission on the medium (usually a wire).

Example of how the OSI Layers work using an e-mail sent from the computer on the left.
E-mail sent from JULIANA: Meet me at JJ 7:00 for breaking fast. JULIANA
E-mail received from JULIANA: Meet me at JJ 7.00 for breaking fast. JULIANA

Identify sender and intended receiver; is there an e-mail application available?

APPLICATION layer 7

Identified sender and intended receiver; found e-mail application. Decoded data with X decoding key; used ASCII characters. Initiated and terminated the session according to X protocol. Make sure all data has arrived intact.
Keep track of how many hops; opened the shortest path First; Went to IP address 255.65.0.123 The initial connection set up. Decoded data in frame according to X standard. Receive electrical signal over the network cable at X voltage, and X Mbps.

Encode data with X coding key; use ASCII characters.

Initiate and terminate the session according to X protocol.

PRESENTATION layer 6 SESSION layer 5 TRANSPORT layer 4

NETWORK layer 3

Make sure all data is sent intact.

Keep track of how many hops; open shortest path First; Go to IP address 255.65.0.123
Is the initial connection set up? Put data into frames according to X standard. Send as electrical signal over the network cable at X voltage, and X Mbps.

DATA LINK layer 2 PHYSICAL layer 1

Data Packets
A small chunk of data transmitted over the Internet. A packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet mode computer network. A packet consists of two kinds of data: control information and user data. The control information provides data the network needs to deliver the user data, for example: source and destination addresses, error detection codes like checksums, and sequencing information
JULIANA AINUL

The Internet

Frame
A frame is a data packet on the Layer 2 of the OSI model. A frame is "the unit of transmission in a link layer protocol, and consists of a link-layer header followed by a packet. Examples are Ethernet frames (maximum 1500 byte plus overhead), PPP frames and V.42 modem frames

SUMMARY
OSI MODEL LAYER 3 NETWORK LAYER Routes data to different LANs and WANs based on network address. DATA LINK LAYER Transmits packet from node to node based on address PHYSICAL LAYER Electrical signal and cabling. PROTOCOLS IP/ IPX DEVICE Router, ATM Switch

CSMA/CD, Token Ring IEEE 802, ISDN

Switch , Bridge, NIC

Cable, Repeater, Hub, Amplifier

DATA ENCAPSULATION
Lets say we compose an email that we wish to send from host A to host B. The application we are using is EUDORA. We write the letter end then hit send. Now, the computer translates the numbers into ASCII and then into binary (1s and 0s). If the email is a long one, then it is broken up and mailed in pieces. This all happens by the time the data reaches the Transport layer - SEGMENT.

At the network layer, a network header is added to the data. This header contains information required to complete the transfer, such as source and destination logical addresses. In this layer the data is called PACKET.

The packet from the network layer is then passed to the data link layer where a frame header and a frame trailer are added thus creating a data link frame.

Finally, the physical layer provides a service to the data link layer. This service includes encoding the data link frame into a pattern of 1s and 0s for transmission on the medium (usually a wire).

Example of how the OSI Layers work using an e-mail sent from the computer on the left.
E-mail sent from JULIANA: Meet me at JJ 7:00 for breaking fast. JULIANA
JULIANA E-mail received from JULIANA: Meet me at JJ 7.00 for breaking fast.

Identify sender and intended receiver; is there an e-mail application available? Encode data with X coding key; use ASCII characters. Initiate and terminate the session according to X protocol. Make sure all data is sent intact. Keep track of how many hops; open shortest path First; Go to IP address 255.65.0.123 Is the initial connection set up? Put data into frames according to X standard. Send as electrical signal over the network cable at X voltage, and X Mbps.

APPLICATION layer 7 PRESENTATION layer 6 SESSION layer 5 TRANSPORT layer 4 NETWORK layer 3 DATA LINK layer 2 PHYSICAL layer 1

Identified sender and intended receiver; found e-mail application. Decoded data with X decoding key; used ASCII characters. Initiated and terminated the session according to X protocol. Make sure all data has arrived intact. Keep track of how many hops; opened the shortest path First; Went to IP address 255.65.0.123 The initial connection set up. Decoded data in frame according to X standard. Receive electrical signal over the network cable at X voltage, and X Mbps.

SUMMARY
OSI MODEL LAYER 7 APPLICATION LAYER Interaction at the user or application level: E-mail, file transfer, client/server PRESENTATION LAYER Translation of data: Encoding, compression, conversion. ASCII to EBCID, BCD to binary. SESSION LAYER Starts, stops session. Maintain order. TRANSPORT LAYER Ensure delivery of entire file or message PROTOCOLS FTP, SMTP, HTTP DEVICE Gateway

JPEG, GIFF, MPEG

Gateway

Apple Talk, NetBIOS

Gateway

TCP, UDP

Gateway, Router

SUMMARY
OSI MODEL LAYER 3 NETWORK LAYER Routes data to different LANs and WANs based on network address. DATA LINK LAYER Transmits packet from node to node based on address PHYSICAL LAYER Electrical signal and cabling. PROTOCOLS IP/ IPX DEVICE Router, ATM Switch

CSMA/CD, Token Ring IEEE 802, ISDN

Switch , Bridge, NIC

Cable, Repeater, Hub, Amplifier