Petroleum Science and Technology, 28:331350, 2010 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1091-6466 print/1532-2459

9 online DOI: 10.1080/10916460802640282

Inuence of Asphaltenes on the Rheological Properties of Blended Paving Asphalts

N. K. RAJAN,1 V. SELVAVATHI,2 B. SAIRAM,2 AND J. M. KRISHNAN1
1

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India 2 R&D Division, Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Chennai, India

Abstract Some of the reneries in India produce asphalt by blending propane deasphalting (PDA) pitch and heavy extract. This investigation reports the rheological and chemical characterization of various blends made with PDA pitch and heavy extract. The main objective is to develop an understanding on the inuence of asphaltene change on the changes in the rheological properties under all aged conditions. Three blend proportions were manufactured using three different crude sources, and all the blends were subjected to short- and long-term aging. All the blends were tested for steady shear, creep and recovery, and stress relaxation properties. A chemical composition analysis of all the blended asphalt samples was carried out under all three aging conditions. It was seen that the proportion of PDA pitch considerably controls the rheological properties and that the kinetics of short-term aging are completely different when compared to long-term aging for blended asphalt. Keywords asphaltenes, creep and recovery, PDA pitch, stress relaxation

Introduction
Modern trafc, with a large number of trucks and increased tire pressure, offers a serious challenge to the design, construction, and maintenance of asphalt pavements throughout the world. Currently, India has the second-largest road network with 3.3 million-km, and more than $50 billion is being spent on construction of asphalt pavements (National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), 2008). The role of asphalt on the performance characteristics of asphalt pavement is well known. Taking into account the fact that asphalt processed in India has been investigated very little, an investigation clearly aimed at developing a fundamental understanding is necessary. This investigation is aimed toward that goal. The rheological properties of asphalt depend to a large extent on the chemical composition of asphalt, and this in turn depends on the crude source. The suitability of a particular asphalt processing method normally depends on the type and classication of the crude source. The majority of the crudes processed in India belong to medium
Address correspondence to J. M. Krishnan, Assistant Professor, Room Number: B5B233, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IIT Post Ofce Chennai, India 600036. E-mail: jmk@iitm.ac.in

331

332

N. K. Rajan et al.

American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity variety. In India, asphalt is produced by several means. It can be produced by a straight reduction to grade by distillation or can be air blown. Some of the reneries also follow a blending procedure to manufacture asphalt. This process involves blending PDA pitch and heavy extract. Propane deasphalting (PDA) pitch or Propane Precipitated Asphalt (PPA) is a residual material that results after extraction of heavier oils (also called deasphalted oils) from the vacuum residue in a propane deasphalting unit using propane as the solvent. Typically, the penetration values of PDA pitch lies between 1 and 5. The other component, heavy extract, is from the residuum stream (i.e., bright stocks produced from deasphalted oils). Since India follows viscosity grading, 8788% of PDA pitch is blended with 1213% of heavy extract to get a viscosity grade-10, and 9192% of PDA pitch is blended with 89% of heavy extract to get a viscosity grade-30. This is achieved by manipulating the feed rate through a line blending process at a high mixing temperature of 190C200C resulting in a homogeneous mix. The recent initiatives of the U.S. Strategic Highway Research Program resulted in developing a fundamental understanding of asphalt chemistry and the relationship with rheology (Petersen et al., 1994). On the other hand, rheological and chemical investigations on blended asphalts and the inuence of PDA pitch and its effects on aging have yet to be investigated in detail, barring few investigations in Russia and Israel. This investigation involves conducting systematic studies on the changes in the chemical composition during aging and developing an understanding between the rheology and chemistry of blended asphalt. For the rst time for blended asphalt, systematic tests such as steady shear, creep and recovery, and stress relaxation are carried out for unaged, short-term-aged, and long-term-aged conditions. Three crude sources spanning a wide variety are used. After the literature review, the experimental investigations that were conducted are detailed. The relationships between rheology and chemical composition of the samples tested are discussed. A possible hypothesis related to the temperature susceptibility and oxidation kinetics is made.

Literature Background
Scant literature exists about blended asphalts. Systematic investigations on the inuence of the proportions of PDA pitch, the effects of blending methods, the inuence of aging, and ultimately the inuence of crude source on the rheological and chemical properties of blended asphalt are missing. Most of the blending proportions arrived at are based on the nature of the specications to be met and these specications could be based on penetration or viscosity. The details related to the various blending components for processing road bitumen from crude oils with considerable sulphur content and the effects of low proportions of oil content in the deasphalted petroleum asphalt resulting in low frost resistivity was discussed by Akhmetova, Fryazinov, and Torbeeva (1965). Rudenskaya, Gubenko, and Nikiforov (1966) suggested high oxidation of the product of deasphaltization before diluting with selective purication extracts to achieve the desired softening point, penetration, and ductility values. The choices of various components in arriving at blended road asphalt with widely varying physicochemical properties were discussed by Gun and Biryulina (1969). Lopatinskii and Lopatinskii (1970) discussed the use of a nomogram for arriving at a specic softening temperature based on the similar properties of the blended components. Akhmetova and Glozman (1974) used the triangular diagram (asphaltene-hydrocarbon-resin) in choosing the blend proportions. The details related to various operations for blending PDA pitch and the signicance

Rheological Investigations Of Blended Asphalts

333

of oxidation during the blending process with related experimental data were detailed by Akhmetova, Stepanova, Evdokimova, and Chernobrivenko (1979) and Pushmynstsev, Gun, Chernysheva, Gureev, and Efanova (1982). Allakhverdiev, Kuliev, and Samedova (1987) suggested that the quantity of heavy distillates in the mixture of reformulated asphalt be around 3035% for better performance. Detailed investigations on different blending components of PPA were done by Ishai and coworkers in three signicant publications (Ishai and Tuffour, 1987; Ishai, 1995; Ishai and Yuval, 2002). These are some of the detailed studies conducted on reformulated asphalt and asphalt mixtures manufactured with these blends. Apparent viscosity at 60C was considered as an important rheological parameter to rank the consistency of reformulated asphalt with the straight-run control sample by Ishai and Yuval (2002). They also precisely remarked about the need to investigate the blends within the purview of SUPERPAVE protocols for performance graded binders. The use of supercritical fractions as asphalt recycling agents and aging studies on recycled asphalts was detailed by Chafn, Liu, Davison, Glover, and Bullin (1997). Chemical composition analysis is essential in determining the rhelogical properties and performance characteristics of asphalts. Petersen (1984) discussed in detail the chemical composition of asphalt as related to its durability. Detailed investigations were carried out in the past relating the chemical composition of asphalt to the rheological properties by a number of researchers, including Rostler and White (1959); Corbett (1965); Gaestel, Smadja, and Lamminan (1971); Moschopedis and Speight (1977); Poirier and Sawatzky (1992); Lesueur, Gerard, Letoffe, Planche, and Martin (1996); Liu et al. (1997); Loeber, Muller, Morel, and Sutton (1998); Pauli and Branthaver (1998); Christopher, Richard, and Charles (1999); Robertson (2000); Leon, Rogel, and Espidel (2000); Redelius and Soenen (2005); and Oyekunle (2000, 2007). With signicance evidence from the literature, one can conclude that each fraction or combination of fractions perform separate functions in respect to physical properties, and it is logical to assume that the overall physical properties of one asphalt are dependent on the combined effect of these fractions and the proportions in which they are present (Petersen, 1984). Considerable investigations have been conducted on the changes in the internal and chemical structure of asphalt as a consequence of aging and the effect of the same on the rhelogical properties. Some recent references include Robertson, Branthaver, and Petersen (1992); Petersen (1993, 1998); Yang, Cong, and Liao (2003); Gawel and Baginska (2004); Gao, Xiao, Liao, Cong, and Dai (2006); Liao, Wei, Yan, Cong, and Zhai (2004); and Qi and Wang (2004). Signicant understanding related to aging is due to the work of Petersen (1993). The chemical compositions of asphalt as well as the hypothesized structure associated with asphalt are still a matter of various investigations. Also, most of the rheological investigations clearly are restricted to either a set of empirical tests such as penetration, softening point test, and ductility or measurement of viscosity. Clearly, the inuence of the viscoelastic nature of asphalt is not taken into account. Each type of mechanical test elicits a specic microstructure response from the material, and hence it will be incomplete to try and characterize the inuence of chemical composition at different stages of aging on only a specic test such as a viscosity test. This investigation tries to relate the response of blended asphalt under unaged, short-term-aged, and long-termaged conditions with the chemical constitution of asphalt. Specically, this investigation focuses on the asphaltene fraction. In addition, the rheological tests are chosen such that a nonlinear response of the material is elicited.

334

N. K. Rajan et al.

Experimental Investigations
Material Three crude sources identied as Basra Light, Upper Zakum, and Arab Mix were used in the complete set of investigations. The PDA pitch and heavy extract processed from these crudes by Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL) was used to blend the asphalt. Three asphalt blends 90:10, 85:15, and 75:25 (PDA pitch: heavy extract) of all the three sources were prepared in a laboratory scale using a pilot plant at CPCL for these investigations. All the blends were prepared in the laboratory, simulating the regular line blending process normally followed by CPCL asphalt plant. All the blended samples were subjected to short-term aging using rolling thin lm oven equipment (ASTM D2872-04) and long-term aging using pressurized aging vessel (ASTM D6521-08). The total number of samples tested includes three crude sources and three blended proportions for each crude source under unaged, short-term-aged, and long-term-aged conditions. Hence, a total of 27 samples were tested. Experiments All the samples were subjected to three rheological tests, namely steady shear experiment, creep and recovery experiment, and stress relaxation experiments. Additionally, all the samples were subjected to chemical composition analysis. The choice of the test parameters such as temperature, magnitude of load, and loading period was selected after repeated trials so that all the samples were tested under identical test conditions. This effort is needed since the blends used in this investigations vary from a highly viscoelastic uid material (e.g., a 75:25 Arab mix unaged blend) to a highly viscoelastic solid material (e.g., a 90:10 Basra Light PAV aged material). Steady Shear Experiments The Brookeld HA DV-II rotational viscometer with a thermosel apparatus was used for conducting steady shear experiments on the material at all the three conditions. Two xed temperature levels60C and 135Cwere selected. The apparent viscosity of all the samples at 60 C and 135 C were calculated as the average of the three steady state viscosity values observed at the end of sixth, seventh, and eighth minute of the experiments as per the ASTM D4402-06 procedure. The shear rate adopted at 135C was 70 RPM (65.1 s 1 ), and the shear rate adopted at 60C was 0.1 RPM (0.093 s 1 ). However, due to the torque limitations of the Brookeld HA DV-II rotational viscometer, steady shear experiments at 60C for PAV-aged samples of all the blends were conducted using an Anton-Paar MCR- 301 Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). Enough care was taken to ensure that the measurements were identical for the same testing conditions using these two equipments. The repeatability and reproducibility of the test results were found to be within the limits of 5 and 10%, respectively Creep and Recovery Experiments The DSR was used to conduct the creep and recovery experiment. In this experiment, the material is subjected to a constant load of 20 kPa for 10 seconds at 20 C temperature and then unloaded. The strain during the loading time of 10 seconds as well as during a recovery period of 100 seconds is measured. The schematic sketch of this test is shown in

Rheological Investigations Of Blended Asphalts

335

(a)

(b) Figure 1. Creep and recovery experiment: (a) stress vs. time and (b) strain vs. time.

Figures 1a and 1b. For the creep and recovery experiment, data was collected every 0.05 s during creep and during recovery, the data acquisition interval was varied from 0.05 s to 5 s linearly. Figure 1b depicts the various components of the deformation measured during the conduct of experiment. One important objective of this investigation is to develop an understanding of the stress-strain-time behavior of blended asphalts in relation to their chemical composition. Stress Relaxation Experiments A typical stress relaxation experiment consist of applying a constant strain instantaneously and monitoring how the stress induced relaxes over a period of time. Considering the difculties associated with applying an instantaneous strain particularly on asphalt samples, the stress relaxation experiments were conducted in a different manner. The schematic sketch of the test conducted is shown in Figures 2a and 2b. The stress relaxation was monitored here after subjecting the material to a constant shear rate such that the

336

N. K. Rajan et al.

(a)

(b) Figure 2. Stress relaxation experiment: (a) strain versus time and (b) stress versus time.

required strain level was achieved. Once the required strain is reached, the DSR is switched to the displacement control mode and the relaxations of stresses are measured. The stress relaxation test is conducted at a temperature of 20C, and a strain level of 25% was used. The stress relaxation response was monitored for 300 seconds. For the stress relaxation experiment, the data was collected every 0.005 s during ramping of the strain; during the relaxation, the data acquisition interval was varied from 0.005 s to 20 s logarithmically. Figure 2b depicts the typical stress relaxation response. Marked in this

Rheological Investigations Of Blended Asphalts

337

gure is the time to reach 10% peak stress, an important parameter normally used for characterizing the stress relaxation behavior.

Results and Discussion

Chemical Composition One major impediment in relating chemical composition with rheology is the multitude of test procedures available for chemical composition analysis (Goodrich, Goodrich, and Kari, 1986). In this investigation, the chemical composition analysis of all the blended asphalt samples is done under unaged, RTFO-aged, and PAV-aged conditions using the standard Corbetts separation procedure (ASTM D4124-01); the results are tabulated in Table 1. Table 1 Chemical composition of blended asphalt Unaged Crude source PDA Pitch: Ext. Saturates, wt% Naphthene aromatics, wt% Polar aromatics, wt% Asphaltenes, wt% Basra Light Upper Zakum Arab Mix

90:10 85:15 75:25 90:10 85:15 75:25 90:10 85:15 75:25 1.9 49.4 2.8 50.5 5.7 61.4 1.9 48.0 2.5 50.2 3.3 53.6 4.8 56.8 4.4 58.1 4.0 61.1

36.7 12.0

36.4 10.3

23.5 9.4

40.0 10.1

37.8 9.5

35.0 8.1

30.5 7.9

29.8 7.7

28.5 6.4

RIFOT aged Saturates, wt% Naphthene aromatics, wt% Polar aromatics, wt% Asphaltenes, wt% 1.2 45.6 1.4 47.4 4.2 52.7 1.2 44.6 1.5 46.2 2.9 48.1 3.4 50.7 3.1 53.7 3.8 49.5

39.5 13.7

38.3 12.9

32.3 10.8

42.8 11.4

39.8 12.5

37 12

34.8 11.1

32.4 10.8

36.6 10.1

PAV aged Saturates, wt% Naphthene aromatics, wt% Polar aromatics, wt% Asphaltenes, wt% 1 42.8 1.2 45.5 3.9 46.7 1 43.8 1.3 45.2 2.7 47.2 3.8 42.7 3.2 47.6 4.5 52.5

34.7 21.5

34.1 19.2

31.6 17.8

35.3 19.9

34.7 18.8

33.1 17

35 18.5

33.3 15.9

28.4 14.6

338

N. K. Rajan et al.

This investigation focuses on the inuence of asphaltene on the rheological behavior of blended asphalt. Signicant investigations conducted in the past attest to the role of asphaltene in the overall behavior of the material (see, e.g., some of the major works related to this aspect: Boduszynski, 1979; Boduszynski, McKay, and Latham, 1980; Acevedo, Ranaudo, Escobar, Gutierrez, and Gutierrez, 1995; Lin, Lunsford, Glover, Davison, and Bullin, 1995; and Gokhman, 2000). 135C Apparent Viscosity vs. Asphaltenes Figures 3a, 3b, and 3c illustrate the relationship between asphaltene content and apparent viscosity at 135C for all the three blends by crude source and also depict the asphaltene content change related to the change in the apparent viscosity values at 135 C from unaged to RTFO-aged, and RTFO-aged to PAV-aged conditions. From the gure, one can observe that with the increase in asphaltene content, the apparent viscosity values increase for all the blends during various stages of aging. One can also observe the effect of crude source on the variations in the initial asphaltene content for all the unaged blends and the corresponding changes that occur during various stages of aging. It is also seen that the Arab Mix blends exhibit the least change in viscosity per unit change in asphaltene, and the Basra light mix blends exhibits the greatest change in viscosity per unit change in asphaltene. It is also seen that the 75:25 blends for all the crude sources exhibit a linear trend of viscosity change per unit change of asphaltene. Another interesting trend is related to 85:15 blends. For all the crude sources and under all aged conditions, this blends shows signicantly higher viscosity increase per unit change in asphaltenes.

(a) Figure 3. Percentage asphaltenes vs. viscosity at 135C and 60 C: (a) Basra Light, (b) Upper Zakum, and (c) Arab Mix. (continued)

Rheological Investigations Of Blended Asphalts

339

(b)

(c) Figure 3. (Continued).

340

N. K. Rajan et al.

60 C Apparent Viscosity vs. Asphaltenes Figures 4a, 4b, and 4c illustrate the relationship between asphaltene content and apparent viscosity at 60C. It is seen that the response of all the blends exhibited more or less a similar trend when compared to the viscosity at 135C. It is also seen that the 75:25 blend showed the least change in viscosity per unit change in asphaltene. Also, the viscosity

(a)

(b) Figure 4. Percentage asphaltenes vs. viscosity at 135C and 60 C: (a) Basra Light, (b) Upper Zakum, and (c) Arab Mix. (continued)

Rheological Investigations Of Blended Asphalts

341

(c) Figure 4. (Continued).

measured at 60 C at different stages of aging helped to unravel some of the aging kinetics of the material. For example, the issues related to aging at high temperature versus low temperature as well as aging of highly and poorly solvated material are well discussed for a regular asphalt (Petersen 1993, 1998). On the other hand, very little information exists in the literature related to blended asphalt, especially the role of PDA pitch as a major constituent of asphalt. If the viscosity at 60C is used as a main criterion, one can conclude that blends with a lower proportion of PDA pitch are likely to exhibit very little change during long-term aging. As asphaltenes are produced in oxidative aging of asphalt, the addition of more asphaltene (through more PDA pitch) essentially creates asphalt that is likely to fail much earlier due to cracking. On the other hand, blends with higher PDA pitch content can withstand the plastic deformation normally expected in the initial life of the pavement. Creep and Recovery Experiments Instantaneous Elastic Jump and Total Strain vs. Asphaltenes. The various measures of deformation during creep and recovery test such as instantaneous elastic jump during loading and the total deformation at the end of loading are evaluated with the corresponding change in asphaltenes. Normally, a viscoelastic solid-like material will recover the strain completely during the strain recovery period, whereas a viscoelastic uid-like material will exhibit a residual strain. To illustrate, Figure 5 shows a typical creep and recovery experiment for 90:10 blends of all the three crude sources at the PAV-aged condition. From the gure, one can observe relatively larger values of instantaneous elastic jump and total strain during loading as well as larger values of residual strain after unloading for a 90:10 Arab mix blend as compared with the other two crudes. Figures 6a, 6b, and 6c illustrate the relationship between the instantaneous elastic jump and the

342

N. K. Rajan et al.

Figure 5. Typical creep and recovery plot for 90:10 blends for all three crude sources.

(a) Figure 6. Elastic jump and total strain in the creep and recovery test vs. percentage asphaltenes: (a) Basra Light, (b) Upper Zakum, and (c) Arab Mix. (continued)

Rheological Investigations Of Blended Asphalts

343

(b)

(c) Figure 6. (Continued).

344

N. K. Rajan et al.

asphaltene content. Figures 7a, 7b, and 7c illustrate the relationship of asphaltene with respect to total strain for all the three blends of the crudes: Basra Light, Upper Zakum, and Arab Mix from unaged to RTFO-aged, and RTFO-aged to PAV-aged conditions. Large values of instantaneous elastic jump essentially refer to a material with more uidlike characteristics. Aging of the material makes it very stiff, and therefore, for the same applied load, it is expected that the strain will be considerably reduced. Taking into account the role of asphaltenes as the dispersed phase with a more pronounced solid-like nature, one can expect an increase in asphaltene content during aging that will lead to considerable reduction in elastic jump. It is seen from the gures that, except for the 90:10 Basra Light blend, all the other blends and crude sources exhibit a linear change in elastic jump with the percentage increase of asphaltenes when plotted in a semilog graph. The 75:25 blends for all the crudes exhibit the greatest change in elastic jump. One very important observation is related to changes in the elastic jump at the two different levels of aging. When comparing high-temperature RTFOT aging with low-temperature PAV aging, it is seen that the change in elastic jump per unit change in asphaltene is always lower during the low-temperature aging. There is an exception here for the Arab Mix crude for the 75:25 and 85:15 blends. Obviously, the 90:10 blends for all the crude sources show limited exibility in stiffening during aging characterized here by the elastic jump. All the above observations hold good for the total strain. Similar to instantaneous elastic jump, with aging the material exhibits lower total strain levels. The effect of PDA pitch can also be observed with decrease in total strain levels with an increase in PDA pitch proportions in the blends from Figure 7. As expected, the Arab Mix blends exhibits the highest change in total strain per unit change in asphaltenes for all the conditions. This is consistent with all the mechanical behavior seen earlier: for example, the 135C and 60C viscosity.

(a) Figure 7. Elastic jump and total strain in the creep and recovery test vs. percentage asphaltenes: (a) Basra Light, (b) Upper Zakum, and (c) Arab Mix. (continued)

Rheological Investigations Of Blended Asphalts

345

(b)

(c) Figure 7. (Continued).

346 Stress Relaxation Components

N. K. Rajan et al.

10% Stress Relaxation Time vs. Asphaltenes. A typical stress relaxation experiment consists of applying a constant strain instantaneously and monitoring how the stress induced relaxes over a period of time. When stress relaxation experiments were conducted on blended asphalts, it was found that the shear stress induced is much larger for the blend with a higher proportion of PDA pitch in PAV-aged, RTFO-aged, and unaged conditions. This is expected considering the more solid-like nature of the material. The time taken for a material to reach 10% of its induced peak stress is normally measured as 10% stress relaxation time in rheological studies. It is obvious that a viscoelastic solid material will show more than 10% stress relaxation time than a viscoelastic uid. Figure 8 depicts a typical stress relaxation experiment for a 90:10 Basra Light blend under unaged, RTFO-aged, and PAV-aged conditions. Referring to Figure 8, the shear stress induced is much larger at the PAV-aged condition as compared to unaged and RTFO-aged conditions. Figures 9a, 9b, and 9c illustrate the relationship between change in 10% stress relaxation time and change in asphaltene content due to aging for all the blend by crude source. One can generally observe that there is increase in 10% stress relaxation time with an increase in asphaltene content. One can also observe the inuence of crude source and the effect of aging from Figure 9. The materials solid-like behavior with increase in the PDA-pitch content is also evident. The Arab Mix blends exhibit less change in relaxation time when compared with the blends of Basra Light and Upper Zakum. This is expected, taking into account the more viscoelastic uid nature of this blend. This characteristic also compares very well with the viscosity at 60C and 135 C as well as creep and recovery test parameters. However, what is very interesting to see here is the minor role played by asphaltenes in inuencing the stress relaxation properties. For example, for a 90:10 blend, while the Basra-Light and Upper Zakum showed a considerably large change for all the tests when compared with Arab Mix

Figure 8. Typical stress relaxation plot for 90:10 Basra Light.

Rheological Investigations Of Blended Asphalts

347

(a)

(b) Figure 9. Ten percent stress relaxation time in the stress relaxation test vs. percentage asphaltenes: (a) Basra Light, (b) Upper Zakum, and (c) Arab Mix. (continued)

348

N. K. Rajan et al.

(c) Figure 9. (Continued).

change, the trends for the stress relaxation test are similar when comparing all the aging conditions. The role of the underlying microstructure on the rheological behavior of the material is pertinent. If one considers asphaltenes as dispersed in maltenes, and if we take into account the compatibility of asphaltene with maltenes in terms of dispersability, it is much easier to understand the response of the material under steady shear, creep and recovery, and stress relaxation. In all the investigations reported here, it is clearly seen that asphaltenes inuence the elastic solid behavior of asphalt. It is also clearly shown here that Petersens ideas related to the aging of asphalt are quite valid for blended asphalt (Petersen 1993, 1998).

Summary and Conclusions

This investigation reported signicant results related to blended asphalt from three crude sources under varying aging conditions and blend proportions. The changes in asphaltenes for changes in various rheological parameters were investigated. The inuence of the PDA pitch, the strong relationship between asphaltene content and the rheological parameters, and the distinct difference between aging kinetics of low-temperature and hightemperature aging were also clearly seen. The role of crude source in all the above is understandably paramount.

Acknowledgment
This investigation was made possible by the sponsored research project funded by Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Chennai, India. We thank Dr. Abhijit Deshpande, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India, for permitting us to use the dynamic shear rheometer.

Rheological Investigations Of Blended Asphalts

349

References
Acevedo, S., Ranaudo, M. A., Escobar, G., Gutierrez, L. B., and Gutierrez, X. (1995). A unied view of the colloidal nature of asphaltenes. In: Asphaltenes: Fundamentals and Applications, Sheu, E. Y., and Mullins, O. C. (Eds.). New York: Plenum Press, pp. 131154. Akhmetova, R. S., Fryazinov, V. V., and Torbeeva, L. R. (1965). Manufacture of road bitumen from Arlan oil. Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 1:601605. Akhmetova, R. S., and Glozman, E. P. (1974). Methods of selecting raw material composition for asphalt production. Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 10:2332. Akhmetova, R. S., Stepanova, N. G., Evdokimova, L. V., and Chernobrivenko, A. (1979). Variety and quality of asphalts produced from commercial west Siberian crude. Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 2:1012. Allakhverdiev, A., Kuliev, R. B., and Samedova, F. I. (1987). Improved paving asphalt from Baku crudes. Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 23:78. Boduszynski, M. M. (1979). Asphaltenes in petroleum asphalts: Abstracts of papers: 178th ACS national meeting. American Chem. Soc. Div. Pet. Chem. 24:935948. Boduszynski, M. M., McKay, J. F., and Latham, D. R. (1980). Asphaltenes, where are you? Proc. of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists 49:123143. Chafn, J. M., Liu M., Davison, R. R., Glover, C. J., and Bullin, J. A. (1997). Supercritical fractions as asphalt recycling agents and preliminary aging studies on recycled asphalt. Ind. and Eng. Chem. Rsch. 36:656666. Christopher, H. D., Richard, D. R., and Charles, J. G. (1999). Effect of asphaltenes on SHRP superpave specications. Energy & Fuels 13:340345. Corbett, L. W. (1965). Manufacture of petroleum asphalt. In Bituminous Materials: Asphalts, Tars and Pitches 2(I), Hoiberg A. J. (Ed.). New York: Interscience Publishers, pp. 81122. Gaestel, C., Smadja, R., and Lamminan, K. A. (1971). Contribution a la Connaissance des Proprits des Bitumens Routiers. Rev. Generale des Routes et Aerodromes 466:85. Gao, M., Xiao, B., Liao, K., Cong, Y., and Dai, Y. (2006). Aging behavior of colored paving asphalt. Pet. Sci. and Technol. 24:689698. Gawel, I., and Baginska, K. (2004). Effect of chemical nature on the susceptibility of asphalt to aging: Pet. Sci. and Technol. 22:12611271. Gokhman, L. M. (2000). Theoretical principles of the bitumen structure and the role of asphaltenes based on rheological method. In: Asphaltenes and Asphalts, Yen, T. V., and Chilingarian, G. V. (Eds.). The Netherlands: Elsevier Press, pp. 173227. Goodrich, J. L., Goodrich, J. E., and Kari, W. J. (1986). Asphalt composition tests: Their application and relation to eld performance. Transportation Research Record 1096:146167. Gun, R. B., and Biryulina, T. G. (1969). Compounded road asphalts. Khimiya I Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 5:1519. Ishai, I. (1995). Long-term laboratory and eld behaviour of PPA asphalt cement blends J. of the Assoc. of Asphalt Paving Technol. 64:306339. Ishai, I., and Tuffour Y. A. (1987). The use of propane precipitated asphalt (PPA) in bituminous paving mixtures. J. of the Assoc. of Asphalt Paving Technol. 56:599631. Ishai, I., and Yuval, R. (2002). Reformulation of asphalt cement for paving. J. of Trans. Eng. 128:111122. Leon, O., Rogel, E., and Espidel, J. (2000). Asphaltenes: Structural characterization, self-association, and stability behavior. Energy & Fuels 14:6-10. Lesueur, D., Gerard, J.-F., Letoffe, J.-M., Planche, J.-P., and Martin, D. (1996). A structure-related model to describe asphalt linear viscoelasticity. J. of Rheology 40:813836. Lin, M. S., Lunsford, K. M., Glover, C. J., Davison, R. R., and Bullin, J. A. (1995). The effects of asphaltenes on the chemical and physical characteristics of asphalts. In: Asphaltenes: Fundamentals and Applications, Sheu, E. Y., and Mullins, O. C. (Eds.). New York: Plenum, pp. 155176. Liu, M. M., Lin M. S., Chafn, J. M., Davison, R. R., Glover, C. J., and Bullin, J. A. (1997). Compositional optimization for a superior asphalt binder. Petrol. Sci. and Technol. 15:471493.

350

N. K. Rajan et al.

Loeber, L., Muller, G., Morel, J., and Sutton, O. (1998). Bitumen in colloid science: A chemical, structural and rheological approach. Fuel 77:14431450. Lopatinskii, V. A., and Lopatinskii, A. Y. (1970). Nomograms for determining softening temperatures of asphalt blends. Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 6:57. Liao, K., Wei, Y., Yan, F., Cong, Y., and Zhai, Y. (2004). A study on antiaging performances of two paving asphalts. Petrol. Sci. and Technol. J. 22:13871400. Moschopedis, S. E., and Speight, J. G. (1977). The effect of air blowing on the properties and constitution of a natural bitumen. J. of Mat. Sci. 12:990998. National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). (2008). Indian road network in National Highways Authority of India. Retrieved February 4, 2008, from http://www.nhai.org/roadnetwork.htm Oyekunle, L. O. (2000). Certain relationships between chemical composition and properties of petroleum asphalts from different origin. Oil & Gas Sci. and Technol. 61:433441. Oyekunle, L. O. (2007). Inuence of chemical composition on the physical characteristics of paving asphalts. Petrol. Sci. and Technol. J. 25:14011414. Pauli, A. T., and Branthaver, J. F. (1998). Relationships between asphaltenes, heithaus compatibility parameters and asphalt viscosity. Petrol. Sci. and Technol. J. 16:11251147. Petersen, J. C. (1984). Chemical composition of asphalt as related to asphalt durability: State of the Art. Trans. Research Record J. 999:1330. Petersen, J. C. (1993). Asphalt oxidationAn overview including a new model for oxidation proposing that physiochemical factors dominate the oxidation kinetics. Fuel, Sci., and Technol. J. 11:5787. Petersen, J. C. (1998). A dual, sequential mechanism for the oxidation of petroleum asphalts: Petrol. Sci. and Technol. J. 16:10231059. Petersen, J. C., Robertson, R. E., Branthaver, P. M., Harnsberger, J. F., Duvall, J. J., Kim, S. S., Anderson, D. A., Christiansen, D. W., and Bahia, H. U. (1994). Binder characterization and valuation: Volume 1. Report SHRP-A-367. Washington, DC: Strategic Highway Research Program. Poirier, M. A., and Sawatzky, H. (1992). Changes in chemical component type composition and effect on rheological properties of asphalt. Fuel, Sci. and Technol. J. 10:681696. Pushmynstsev, A. V., Gun, R. B., Chernysheva, L. G., Gureev, A. A., and Efanova, E. N. (1982). Asphalt production from resid from heavy crude. Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 18:1214. Qi, Y., and Wang, F. (2004). Average molecular structure parameter changes. Petrol. Sci. and Technol. J. 22:275286. Robertson, R. E. (2000). Chemical properties of asphalts and their effects on pavement performance. Transportation Research Circular 499:141. Robertson, R. E., Branthaver, J. F., and Petersen, J. C. (1992). Development of a performance related chemical model of petroleum asphalts for SHRP. Journal of American Chemical Society. 37:12721277. Redelius, P., and Soenen, H. (2005). Correlation between bitumen polarity and rheology. Road Materials and Pavement Design 6:385405. Rostler, F. S., and White, R. M. (1959). Inuence of chemical composition of asphalts on performance, particularly durability. Special technical publication no. 277. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 6488. Rudenskaya, I. M., Gubenko, I. B., and Nikiforov, G. N. (1966). Conditions for obtaining road asphalts from deasphaltization asphalts. Khimiya I Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 2:3640. Yang, P., Cong Q., Liao, K. J. (2003). Application of solubility parameter theory in evaluating the aging resistance of paving asphalts. Petrol. Sci. and Technol. J. 21:18431850.