Paper prepared for and presented at the international symposium Black Sea Area in the Changing World Old

d Issues in a New Bottle, held between October 29 and 30, 2011 at the University of Shizuoka, Japan. [Session 1 Political Economy of Labour Migration in the Black Sea area, October 29]

Managed Migration in Romania: A Bridge between the Black Sea Area and the European Union
Grigore Silai1) Ioan Talpo2) Ovidiu Laurian Simina3)

Keywords: labour migration, Black Sea Area, Romania, migration and development JEL classification: F22, J08, J61, K31, O15, O19, R23

Jean Monnet Professor, Timioara Centre for Migration and Mobility Studies, West University of Timioara, Romania Professor of Economics, Rector of the West University of Timioara, Romania 3) PhD Student, Timioara Centre for Migration and Mobility Studies, West University of Timioara, and Ministry of Administration and Interior, Bucharest, Romania
2)

1)

Correspondence author; contact details: O.P. 1 C.P. 372 Bucharest 1 010145 Romania; Phone: +40-(0)722-664.130; Fax: +40-(0)356-814.937; Web: www.migratie.ro; E-mail: ovidiu.simina@migratie.ro

West University of Timioara (UVT), Romania Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence Timioara Centre for Migration and Mobility Studies - SISEC

Managed Migration in Romania: A Bridge between the Black Sea Area and the European Union

Prof. Grigore SILAI

Black Sea Area in the Changing World Old Issues in a New Bottle Session 1 Political Economy of Labour Migration in the Black Sea Area University of Shizuoka, Japan October 29, 2011

Prof. Ioan TALPO Ovidiu Laurian SIMINA

Romania A Bridge between the Black Sea Area and the European Union

TOPIC As we entered the second decade of the XXI century, international migration has become a major reality that shapes the features of the world of today and tomorrow:
accompanying the movement of capital revealing the disorders and inequalities of the world challenging the political leaders who must manage the phenomenon and its consequences and explain to public opinion often divided on such subjects
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Romania A Bridge between the Black Sea Area and the European Union

Content 1. The Black Sea Area between two macro spaces Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian
What is the European Union? What is the Black Sea Area?

2. Migration flows in the Black Sea Area

attraction and rejection; disruption of migration trends

3. Romania as EU external border and its strategic role in the Black Sea Area
better management / policies or better understanding of the forces driving migration? lessons to share Moldova Republic, A Told Story
Romania: A Bridge between Black Sea Area and the European Union 3

Silai, Talpo, Simina

The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces

Silai, Talpo, Simina

Romania: A Bridge between Black Sea Area and the European Union

The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces The two macro-space defined by the following dimensions:
Demographic Economic Scientific Trade Financial Competitiveness motivation
Silai, Talpo, Simina Romania: A Bridge between Black Sea Area and the European Union 5

The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces The Euro-Atlantic macro-space dominated by the EU (and the US)
A Space - wider than the European Union territory

The European Union space of freedom, security, justice and welfare

attraction for migration flows
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The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces

Two macro-spaces: dialog or confrontation?
The Euro-Atlantic macro-space

labour migration

The Euroasian macro-space

democracy freedom security justice WELFARE

Silai, Talpo, Simina Romania: A Bridge between Black Sea Area and the European Union

resources (oil, gas, drugs) instability frozen conflicts authoritarian states

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labour migration

The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces

Two macro-spaces: dialog or confrontation?
The Euro-Atlantic macro-space
Nuclear Powers US, France, UK Security Council of UN US, France, UK Antimissile system - at the external border of the macro-space

labour migration
Dimension Demographic Economic Scientific Trade Financial Competitiveness motivation The Euroasian macro-space
Nuclear Powers Russia, China, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel Security Council of UN Russia, China 3 BRIC countries Russia, China, India (resources and real economy)

Population GDP (GDP/capita) Resources Army

Silai, Talpo, Simina

labour migration
Romania: A Bridge between Black Sea Area and the European Union

Population GDP (GDP/capita) Resources Army

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The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces The Eurasian macro-space dominated by Russia, China, Japan
who leads Asia rules the World!

The increase of Asias economic development the migration issue: attraction of Asia Asias role in changing of (labour) migration dynamics and structure
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The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces

The new centres of power
on the way to the Asian Century, an irreversible political / economic shift in global power from West to East was noted the result: the world economic centre was moved from Atlantic to Pacific even if countries as China, Korea, Japan, India and Vietnam dont share an Asian economic system and dont have a decision centre or coordination institutions (the EU model), they used the recent financial crisis wisely, reinforcing their economies Asia managed to turn globalization for its own economic [and political] interest
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The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces

historically, the main drivers for economic globalization were the Western / developed countries; in the XXI century, the developing countries contribute for more than 50% to the world GDP Asian countries [and China in particular] are now in position to influence and reshape the global economy the new centres of power: China and India contribute to the global growth; economic, political and social impact of their investments in Africa and rest of the world
the Rising Tigers changed the World into one with three poles: USA EU Asia / China [both India and Japan face a
Chinese paradox: China is their single largest trading partner, the new geostrategic threat, and the future regional hegemony]
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The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces

China took over the lead: Japans slow economy growth shifted investments and production to China
Japan turns to a special relationship with the new great power; the rise and the decrease of Japan is close linked to importing foreign workforce in the national economy

the end of the Western world and the birth of a new global order China will dominate the world culturally and politically as well as economically [China, the new America?] the way to/from (Asia) China passes through the Black Sea (Area) the new Silk Road by contemporary means
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The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces

What (where) is the Black Sea Area?
more than the geographical Black Sea shores IN BETWEEN the two macro-spaces BELONGING TO BOTH macro-spaces Asias economic growth results in increase interest in Europe Asia comes to Europe The strategic position of the Black Sea Area the first strip of European land conquered by Asia in the global fight for the World supremacy The Black Sea the new EU border (2007)
Threats, Challenges, Opportunities; Why the Black Sea Area should not turn itself into a black hole.
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The Black Sea Area between two Macro Spaces

Black Sea Area and the EU strategic importance since RO+BG accession (2007)
eastern border for the enlarged EU (future Schengen border)
a door for immigration, criminality, terrorism, other threats (i.e. frozen conflicts in the region; playground for military maritime forces, including the US Navy)

huge market for EU exports (i.e. Turkey, more than 50% of

imports are coming from EU countries)

crossroad for oil-pipeline routes (Nabucco and South Stream projects) EU Neighbourhood Policy the Black Sea Synergy
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Migration flows in the Black Sea Area

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Romania: A Bridge between Black Sea Area and the European Union

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Migration flows in the Black Sea Area

The increase of Asias economic attraction: the migration issue migrants economic engine in every region of the world, as foreign workers fit unmet demand; a increasing role of international migration for the Asia [China] growth? labour migration and economic development nexus remittances the largest source of income for many developing countries

Eurasias development labour migration

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Migration flows in the Black Sea Area

The increase of Asias economic attraction: the migration issue
increase in Asias development results in increase in labour migration flows to Asia labour follows capital and goods
in absolute numbers, largest concentration of immigrants is in Europe, followed by Asia and North America Black Sea Area crossroad of migration flows (capital, goods, people)

new trend: feminization of migration; human trafficking is one of the most profitable transnational crime (forced migration is a component of feminization of migration)
from Asia to Europe, but also from Europe to Asia countries from the Black Sea Area well represented in the transnational crime / human trafficking
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Migration flows in the Black Sea Area

The increase of Asias economic attraction: the migration issue
migrants returning home?
historical, the European population is said to be a result of Asia Europe migration. Currently the Asia Europe flux still continues a future strong Europe Asia migration stream should be recorded?

Raveinsteins (1885) migration laws revised?

even in case of countries of dispersion / population to spare for other countries, there takes place an inflow of migrants across that border furthest away from the great centres of absorption each main current of migration produce a compensating counter current

An open question: may be the contrary flow considered as return, over the history?
Silai, Pirtea, Simina From the Strawberry Jam to the Sushi-bar: Romanian Migration in the Context of Asias Increasing Economic Role (Beijing, 2010)

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Romania: A Bridge between Black Sea Area and the European Union

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Migration flows in the Black Sea Area

migration and more threats, criminality, terrorism terrorist threat (from) the Middle East, Cen. Asia the organized crime attempt to enter Europe from Asia (including through the Black Sea Area) discovery of oil deposits in the Caspian Sea
great strategic importance of the area the global fight for resources eastward expansion of the globalization ( China)

fair reasons for NATO, EU and other Occidental entities more or less close to the region to pay attention to the Black Sea Area
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Migration flows in the Black Sea Area

A ghost is haunting the World the ghost of (global) terrorism
during the XIX-XX centuries, the specter of communism was haunting the Europe; is the history written by same actors? in the XXI century, the global actors guard the borders to stop the terrorism threat. Can (really) the terrorism to be stopped by border guards at the external EU frontier (land or sea)?
A border stops IMMIGRANTS (and migration), not (real) terrorists!

Russia the same space, with different names

for former URSS countries a nearby foreign country (policy of domination); influence of attitudes for migration / main attraction for the EU the new Neighborhood, where Union values to be exported (incentives for growth for EU products demand?) and where the would-be (e)migrants to be stacked maintaining migrants outside the EU space of welfare
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Migration flows in the Black Sea Area The Black Sea Area - the middle of contemporary World
connection of the two macro-spaces northern and southern Europe meet at the Black Sea the confluence of all major power centres neighborhood with the Caspian Sea area the 3rd great world petroliferous area
control, exploration, transport of energy/resources a main debate subject with the European Union
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Migration flows in the Black Sea Area The Black Sea Area is more and more important for its role:
playground for confrontation of the two contrary tendencies
Attraction of the European Union features (freedom, justice, security, welfare) Increasing of Asias economy
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Romania and the Black Sea Area

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Romania: A Bridge between Black Sea Area and the European Union

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Romania and the Black Sea Area

The Black Sea is part of the Romanian security space Freedom of access through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, control of the Danube Delta and the free circulation on the Danube are factors that guarantee the Romanian connection with both Europe and the planetary ocean, commercial prosperity, and especially independence and sovereignty History reveals that when the Black Sea was closed, dominated by one power, Romania was dominated by that power, while Pontic open space was associated with periods of prosperity
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Romania and the Black Sea Area

Romania's position at the edge of the European Union is a thumbnail image of the Black Sea
a point of intersection of cultures, geopolitical areas and trade routes
place where the Central Europe meets the Balkan Peninsula, and respectively the Middle East border between the Orthodox world and the Catholic Occidental one, respective the Christian religion and Islam

the buffer zone between

the Slavs and Western European nations the European Union and Russia empires and many other nations (from historically point of view)
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Romania and the Black Sea Area

Romania situated in Black Sea area, is meant to counteract the attraction of Euro-Atlantic space (freedom, security, justice and welfare pull factors) for the Euroasian population (labour) the economic growth of Asia's provides support for the Romanias role which comes from European Member status to counter migration flows from Asia (via Black Sea Area)
i.e. a recorded decrease of illegal migration influx of Bangladeshi and Indians at the Romanian borders few years ago was related not to the enforcement of the border but with the decision of United Emirates (Dubai) to invite migrant labourers from India and neighbouring countries 80% of the Dubai population is formed by (legal) immigrants of Sri Lanka, India and Bangladeshi origin
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Romania and the Black Sea Area

Romania Instruments to manage migration; strategies, local actors
implementation of the newest / most advanced EU requirements in the field regional cooperation, strong commitment and involvement in the EU policies in the Black Sea Area; own initiatives related to the space Better managing or REAL UNDERSTANDING?

A Told Story the Moldova Republic faces the same experiences as Romania on its way to the EU accession and integration
mass labour (e)migration, distortions on the labour market, need of import of labour forces
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Conclusion
labour flows in the Black Sea Area
Changing of economic [and political] world power centres influences the labour migration patterns in the Black Sea Area - labour vs. capital/goods
Eurasia attracts with the growing economy labour (population) cannot drive against economic trends the reverse influx of migration the Age of return migration?

Romania the EU country with strategic interest in the Danube-Black Sea region Pooling and sharing experiences migration management framework and development told stories Relation between Asias growth and Romanias role in guarding EU against the migration threat:
the need of EU economic development (including migration) vs. the electoral debate in the major EU countries (2012)?
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West University of Timioara (UVT), Romania Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence Timioara Center for Migration and Mobility Studies

Thank you for your attention!

Prof. Grigore SILAI, Jean Monnet Professor, West University of Timioara Prof. Ioan TALPO, Rector, West University of Timioara Ovidiu Laurian SIMINA, PhD student, Timioara Center for Migration and Mobility Studies (UVT) / Ministry of Administration and Interior*
* Contact: ovidiu.simina@migratie.ro
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