Research Report On

Rural to Urban Migration of People to Dhaka City

Submitted To

Professor Dr. Shaker Ahmed Department of Management Studies University of Dhaka

Prepared by:

Abu Sadat Md. Monayem Samira Binte Kazemi Md. Abu Salehin Javed Hossain Moumita Rahman

ID: ID:

15th Batch. 17th Batch. 17th Batch 17th Batch 19th Batch

ID: 3-09-17-016 ID: ID:

Course Title: Business Research EMBA Program Department of Management Studies

Date of Submission: August 21, 2011

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL May l1, 2012 Shaker Ahmed Professor Department of Management Studies University of Dhaka Sub - Permission for submitting the Group Research Report We are pleased to submit our research report on Migration of Rickshaw Pullers to Dhaka city from Different Parts of the Country from the course of Business Research. As MBA students, it is very much essential to know about Business Research and its components. This paper gives us the opportunity to learn these essentials, and has enriched our capacity in this regard. We were sincere in collecting necessary information at our best to prepare the term paper and submitting to you for your kind concern. Sincerely Yours,

Page | 2

Acknowledgement
The study on the rural to urban migration is one of our assignments given as integral part of study. The main aim of this study is to identify cause & effect of rural to urban migration in Dhaka city. This study is carried out all over the world. I could hardly finish the job unless there were some other fellows to assist me in formulating collecting data, processing of data, tabulation and compilation of data. There were some other scholars assisted by editing the report. I should thank all of them.

I am thankful to my friends who have assisted me in designing the research and formulation of questionnaire, data collection and processing.

Finally I express my heart-felt thanks to my teacher for giving me such a good topics to carry out study. It has helped me a lot to acquire knowledge in rural to urban migration in Dhaka city. I hope this report shall of use to many researchers in future. We are very thanking full to our Course Facilitator, Shaker Ahmed for Increasing to this research report. We are very happy that our group members worked very hard to make this report.

Page | 3

Summary
This paper explores the factors contributing to the rural to urban migration process in Bangladesh. 197 randomly selected migrants and their families were interviewed at both destination and source locations using closed and open-ended questionnaires. The resulting data provided descriptive and analytical statistics. Data analysis reveals that the flow of migration to the major cities in Bangladesh is the result of rural - urban dichotomies in income, employment opportunity and absorptive capacity. A significantly higher percentage of migrants live in slums as compared to other places. Regression analysis shows that migration is influenced by both push and pull factors, such as the search for work, landlessness, extreme poverty, loss of income,, easy access to informal sectors in cities, and joining families or relatives. A factor analysis showed similar determinants. Reducing disparities between rural and urban areas should receive urgent attention to stabilize the migration process in Bangladesh.

Page | 4

Table of contents

Page Number

Title of the topic 1 Acknowledgement..3 Letter of the transmittal..2 Analysis (findings)5 Recommendations19 Conclusion20 References20 Appendices...

Page | 5

1. Introduction
Migration between urban and rural areas is seen as a central element in the livelihoods of many households in Bangladesh. Much of the literature focuses on movements of people as a result of environmental, economic or demographic crises. The rapid growth of rural-urban migration has been a common feature of developing countries. In China, for instance, Wang et al identified the magnitude of the floating population in cities caused by rural-urban migration and the consequences of the tidal wave of migrants. In Bangladesh, too, migration flows to major cities have alarmed observers. Rural-urban migration flows increased dramatically during the famine of 1974 (BBS, 1996). As a consequence, the share of rural migrants as a share of the urban population rose to 8.9% from 5.2% in 1961. A distinct selectivity with respect to age, sex, caste, marital status, education and occupation is evident in rural - urban migration. Of 491 urban locations in Bangladesh, only the four largest cities (Dhaka, Rajshahi, Chittagong and Khulna) are officially recognized as metropolitan cities. About 22% of the 129 million people in Bangladesh live in urban areas. The level of urbanization in Bangladesh is comparatively low, but the pace is high, ranging from 7 to 11% in the last five decades (Islam 1996a). During the decade from 1951, the total urban population rose from 1.8 to 2.6 million. The factors responsible for this form of growth were the large scale migration of Muslims from India after Partition in 1947, and the development of new centers of trade, commerce, industry and administration in the region after the formation of Bangladesh in 1971. Migration is radically changing the socio-economic, demographic and development profile of developing countries, with far-reaching implications for agriculture-based economies. According to United Nations estimates, 50% of the projected increase in the world's urban population will come from rural-to-urban migration so that by 2025, over 1.1 billion urban people in Less Developed Regions will be rural migrants (Guerny, 1995). Clearly, the socio-economic and demographic ramifications of this massive rural exodus will have a marked impact not only on urban but also on rural areas alike. Long-term male migration from rural to urban area may fundamentally change the gender division of labor in farm households. Men may not be available for ploughing and planting which are both time and energy-intensive. For rural children, this
Page | 6

translates into a marked increase in agricultural work. In Bangladesh, about 4.2 million child workers are engaged in the agriculture sector (BBS, 2003). Similarly a recent survey indicates that about 56% child workers are engaged in agricultural sector (The Daily Star, 2003).

Advantage of migration:
Migration is one of the major contributors to urban growth in Bangladesh. In the past century, the urban population grew by about 35 million, an increase of more than thirty-fold. In contrast, the population of rural areas increased four-fold (from 28.2 million to 103.1 million). Rural areas are still home to most of the total population. Migration accounts for about two-thirds of the urban growth seen in Bangladesh since independence. The proportion of people living in urban areas rose from 6.2% in 1965 to 9.9% in 1975 and reached 25% in 2000 (UN, 2002). The rate of urbanization increased sharply after the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistani government, mainly due to the prevailing problems of a war-torn economy including a high rate of inflation, almost zero-level productivity and domestic savings and deteriorating law and order in rural areas. Economic and commercial activities began to spread to urban centres5. To reveal migration patterns and trends we used sex ratios as indicators of emigration or immigration. Cities with a high sex ratio are generally considered to be receivers of migrants and those with lower ratios as sending areas6. A closer examination of the BBS data from 19741991 reveals the following trends. 1. There is a positive correlation between higher sex ratio and higher urban growth for all metropolitan cities. A high sex ratio suggests that more men than women migrated to these cities. The migration was likely to be temporary, as the men seldom migrated with their families. Over time, however, the sex ratio became more balanced because women began to migrate to urban areas independently, largely as a result of the boom in the mid-1980s in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry7. Chittagong had the highest sex ratio, of 155, in 1974, which declined to 119 in 2001. Sex ratios for Dhaka, Khulna and Rajshahi also fell to 123, 112 and 110 respectively in 2001. 2. Among cities with populations of 100,000 or more, a higher sex-ratio is found in those that experienced higher urban growth e.g. Sylhet, Narsingdhi, Naogaon, Bogra, Rangpur and Jessore, etc. and have better industrial development and trading opportunities e,g. Narsingdhi and Sylhet. Cities that experienced slow or lower urban growth rates e.g. Saidpur, Jamalpur, Pabna and Tangail are marked by a comparatively lower sex ratio. However, there are some exceptions, such
Page | 7

as Barisal, which has a high sex ratio, and Nawabganj, which has a low sex ratio. Note that the overall sex ratio might not reflect the actual situation if not disaggregated by age group.8 3. There is a close relationship between rapid urbanisation and significant demographic change. For example, Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Narsingdhi, Sylhet, Comilla and Jessore, which urbanised rapidly, also show high sex ratios and the highest proportion of population of an active age. These cities benefited either from industrial and/or transborder informal trade, or high agricultural growth.

Disadvantage of migration:
The main problems that migrants face concern lack of low cost housing, physical insecurity, skewed distribution of the delivery of basic services and subsequent health problems. More than half (53%) of poor migrants live in private slums and 44% squat on public land with about 14 square meters space for a family of average five members or 2.7 square metres per capita space, which increases almost six times for a non-slum resident. Although poor migrants eventually improve their living spaces, for example replacing thatched roofs with corrugated iron sheets for better protection from cold and rain, living in such conditions give rise to many health problems, particularly given the combination of mud floors, flimsy walls, heat and humidity and torrential monsoon rains .Worse still are the health and environmental risks associated with poor access to water and sanitation services, which determine health and environmental safety. Nearly threequarters of slum dwellers depend largely on outside water taps, which are shared by 5-6 families. To fetch water for drinking and cooking, a female slum resident must travel an average distance of 69 m daily, adding to her workload and affecting her health and productivity. Nearly 90% of the slum dwellers use hanging and other types of non-sanitary toilets in Dhaka city, whereas 90% of non-slum residents have modern toilets and 25% of households in small and medium towns have septic tanks. Morbidity rate is estimated at 52% for slum dwellers and 42% for a female worker in a garment factory . Around one-fifth of female garment factory workers also suffer from sexually transmitted diseases .Women are the major victims of deteriorating law and order and the resulting human rights violations. Lack of safe, affordable transportation, inexpensive one-stop treatment and medical facilities increases womens vulnerability. Institutions providing childcare, health care
Page | 8

and boarding facilities at affordable prices are rare even in the capital city, and much less so in other cities and towns. Policy makers and planners need to address the dearth of affordable services and to strengthen institutions that will support their emergence and maintenance. Hossain, Khan and Seeley (2003) also found that problems of accommodation, sickness and disease, robbery and physical harassment loom large for seasonal migrants at destination. The experience of one migrant Worse still is the constant threat of eviction. Squatter settlements are formed with the help of muscle power, strong social networks built on kinship ties and districtbased affinities and with the patronage of political leaders. Government authorities and vested interests have made several attempts to evict squatters from most of the large settlements in Dhaka. However, forced eviction is contrary to the 1996 Habitat Agenda, to which the government is a signatory, and violates Article 11 of the Constitution, which guarantees fundamental human rights and freedoms to all citizens.11 The recent attempted eviction by government authorities of squatters in Agargoan and other settlements surpassed all previous records of violence. Here the mastaans (muscle men) raped women and men were mercilessly beaten by police; squatters had no alternative but to leave. On top of the trauma of violent treatment, such eviction creates serious job displacement problems, particularly for women, and increases their insecurity. In their rich documentation of case studies, Hossain, Khan and Seeley (2003) showed how poor migrants are treated as outsiders, deprived from entitlements and denied justice at the place of destination.

Causes of Rural-Urban Migration

Considerable literatures exist on the subject of determinants or causes of rural to urban migration. A Bangladeshi scholar working at an American University has, in a recent paper, classified the models of causes of migration into two groups (i) one which isolates migration as a domestic phenomenon and (ii) the other which places causes of migration within an international politicoeconomic framework. Of the domestic models the most popular is the Push-Pull model pioneered by Everett S. Lee (1996). Migration is the combined effect of both push and pull factors and it is

Page | 9

often difficult to separate the role of the two. Within the Push-Pull model, push factors (at rural end) may be identified for Bangladesh as: 1) Population pressure, adverse person-land ratio, landlessness and poverty. 2) Frequent and severe natural disasters (particularly river bank erosion). 3) Law and order situation. 4) Lack of social and cultural opportunities (applicable for rural rich). The pull factors are operative at the urban destination end. Real or perceived job opportunities and higher wages in the city are the main pulls. Rural-urban disparities in other opportunities and services are also responsible. A large proportion of rural-urban migrations are due to marriage and other familial reasons. Table 7 summarizes the findings of several studies on reasons for migration to Dhaka city. The push factors at rural end are both economic and environmental, while Dhakas agglomeration economy provides diverse opportunities and hence attract the rural out migrants, both rich and poor.

Page | 10

Table 1: Reasons for Migration in Dhaka City

Source of Origin of Migrants

Page | 11

Rural to urban migration takes place from all districts of Bangladesh, but some districts or areas are more out-migration prone. These districts are generally the ones with poor economic condition, high vulnerability to natural disasters and having easy transportation linkage with the destination city particularly metropolitan cities like Dhaka, Chittagong and Khulna. The intervening distance, thus, is an obvious factor. The prominent (Greater) districts of migrants origin are Faridpur, Barisal, Comilla, Dhaka, Noakhali and Mymenshingh (Table 8, Fig. 2)). In recent years even such districts as Rangpur and Jessore are sending migrants to Dhaka, with increasing poverty or lawlessness in such places.

Table 2: District of origin of the heads of migrant household in Dhaka city

Consequences of Migration
Page | 12

The consequences of internal migration remain unclear. They are influenced by a range of factors including gender, space, time, migration context and the strength of social capital among migrants. Nonetheless, it is widely acknowledged that migration provides material benefits for migrants and their families. It is difficult to prepare cost-benefit analyses from existing studies on internal migration as they seldom provide data on costs. However, Kuhns qualitative study (2000) provides some insights. It indicated that the costs of a long weekend sojourn from Dhaka to Barisal Division could be around Taka 500. Added to the income loss of around Taka 100 per day, a fourday trip can consume more than 30% of a months potential earnings. While travel costs and opportunity costs of internal migration depend on the distance between origin and destination and types of job, it ultimately also depends on the strength of migrants social capital at destination and origin. Active support and cooperation from social contacts at destination minimise the costs of moving. Three in five permanent migrants, irrespective of whether they are slum or non-slum dwelling, and one in two temporary migrants received wide ranging assistance, which included free or rented accommodation, help in finding jobs, financial help etc (Afsar, 2000). Nor do such studies usually cover the migrants places of origin and destination, which is necessary to prepare cost-benefit analyses. Furthermore, according to Hugo: remittances do not represent the total economic losses or benefits in areas of origin since such elements as transmission of skills, status and experience, flow of ideas, loss of economic and political leaders and social disruption can influence development in the area of origin. In addition, second and third round multiplier effects are often neglected in the impact of internal migration literature in the country.

Migration and poverty

Land-poor households in the 1990s are much less dependent on the agricultural labour market. From panel data, Hossain et al estimated that the proportion of agricultural workers was halved between 1987 and 2000, due to greater employment opportunities generated in the rural non-farm sector. A new class of people has emerged in rural areas, which depends more on physical and human capital incidence of tenancy has increased, thus providing additional access to land for land-poor households. than on land and manual labour. As a result, the Rural-urban migration stimulated land tenancy. From their panel data, Hossain et al observed that, in rural areas, 1.3% of
Page | 13

the owned land was sold, compared with 1.7% of owned land in 1987/88; land purchase was reported at 2% in 1999/00. The higher incidence of land purchase compared to land sale indicates the important contribution of rural-urban migration to the land market in a land-scarce country. By purchasing rural land, urban settlers become absentee landowners, making tenancy arrangements with relatives to cultivate their land. Subsequently, some important structural changes can be observed with regard to household income during the reference period. Income from agriculture declined from 59% to 44%, whilst income from trade, services and remittances increased from 35% in 1987/88 to 49% in 1999/00. Hossain et al (2002) also observed that the most dramatic increase has been in the share of remittances from relatives who migrated to cities and overseas. The proportion of households receiving remittances in 1999/00 was 21%, almost double the 11% of such households in 1987/88. The contribution of remittances to household income has increased significantly from 7.3% to 12.8% over the period, registering 8.1% annual growth when per capita income grew at 3.2%. Thus, not only have rural households adopted emigration to urban areas as a livelihoods strategy, but rural-urban migration is an increasingly important means of diversifying household and rural economies.15 Landless and land-poor farmers have left the agricultural labor market for tenancies, wage labour in trade and business enterprises, rickshaw pulling and other manual non-agricultural activities. Members of medium and large landowning households with correspondingly larger endowments of human and physical capital switched from cultivating their own farms to services and business. As a result, the proportion of poor people dropped to 43% in 2000 from 59% in 1988, a reduction of 1.2% per year. There is no direct estimate of the contribution of remittances to poverty alleviation but, indirectly, some conjecture can be made in this regard. From initial estimates in four types of agroecological zones, Hossain et al (2003b) found that coastal areas had the lowest levels of poverty in 1987 and the most speedy deceleration in 2000. The next poorest zone was drought prone areas, whilst both flood prone and favourable areas had higher levels of poverty and made least progress in poverty reduction over time.16 In coastal regions, Hossain et al (2003b) observed that the amount of land under tenancy was substantially higher (58%) than in other regions (33%).

Migration and Inequality

Internal migration is often considered a source of intra-village inequality because better-off villages and villagers learn first, and are able to avail new job opportunities whereas the extreme
Page | 14

poor groups are generally excluded from such opportunities (Skeldon, 1997). However, this negative picture should not be generalised because empirical research also suggests that various groups have benefited in different ways, depending on types of opportunities. Moreover migration allows the migrants and their families to improve their familys resource base and human capital. In the Bangladeshi context, the difficulties associated with separating overseas and internal remittances and their impacts for the same households have been discussed earlier. Evidence presented on impact of remittances at areas of origin also indicates its positive contribution in poverty alleviation, generating greater and diversified employment opportunities through multiplier effects, and strengthening both material and human capital. At the place of destination however, existing evidence suggests growing inequality between the rich and the poor. A longitudinal study on migration in Dhaka city (Hossain et al, 1999) indicates worsening of income distribution between slum and non-slum residents. Slum dwellers, who are predominantly migrants from rural areas, earned around one-third of the income of non-slum households in 1991; this declined to onefifth in 1998. The bottom 40% saw their income drop from 17% of the income of non-slum households to 11% while the top 10% increased from 27% to 42%. The gini concentration ratio, a measure of income inequality, is estimated at 0.53, a staggering increase from 0.39 in 1991. Urban inequality is not limited to income distribution but also leads to stunted development of human capital of poorer communities. Although the enrolment rate of their age cohorts in slum and squatter settlements in Dhaka city rose from 41% to 58% between 1991 and 1998, more than 40% of the children remained out of school. Little wonder, then, that Hossain et al (1999) found that nearly one-third of children in the 1015 years age group from slums and squatters were in the labour force; the incidence of child labour remained almost unchanged between 1991 and 1998. Participation in higher education is almost negligible for young adult slum dwellers (Table 6, p.16). It indicates for low-income households the mobility from low to highincome occupations through human capital formation is limited (Hossain et al, 1999). Thus, although the urban population have been ahead of the rural population on both poverty and social development indicators generally, the urban poor in general and migrants in particular find it difficult to sustain economic gains in the longer run, due to intra-urban inequality in income and deliveryof social services.

Government Policies and Instruments

Page | 15

Since independence, poverty alleviation and economic growth has remained the major focus of the policy of successive governments. In the 1980s, privatization and liberalisation were prioritised while development of human resources gained ascendancy from the 1990s. The draft national strategy for economic growth and poverty reduction aims for pro-poor economic growth, human development, womens advancement and closing of gender gaps, social safety nets and participatory governance (ERD, 2002).22 With declining availability of land the government faces the daunting challenge of generating employment for a labour force that is growing faster than the population. Whilst agriculture and rural development are the cornerstones of the present strategy, non-farm activities are rapidly expanding. However, the government fails to provide an effective regional development framework for decentralising the industrial process around secondary towns and periurban areas, and transforming gains from rural non-farm sectors to high value added activities. Also, it has formulated the National Rural Development Policy 2001 to enhance the capacity and power of the rural poor to develop, protect and sustain their livelihoods but no such policy has been formulated for urban areas, despite its acknowledgement that poor peoples livelihood strategies often straddle the rural-urban divide. It also fails to outline any mechanism to cover the extreme poor and migrant groups, which find themselves largely outside of existing social security schemes of government and development NGOs. There is also public demand for regional development and decentralisation in the face of growing mismanagement and corruption.23 It is encouraging that the government allocates around 20% of the development budget for local government and rural development. The government has also outlined both medium and long-term issues to be covered under governance and rural development, ranging from law and order, local governance, better service delivery and rural infrastructure. Despite that, nothing is mentioned about infrastructural development of periurban and small towns as a precondition for business investment, which in turn would create jobs and enhance the economic mobility of rural peasants. Without effective linkages between rural areas and small as well as periurban towns, it is difficult to address the problems of agricultural growth effectively. Considering that not all districts have the potential for poverty alleviation, the overall development of floodprone and favourable ecosystems deserves serious attention in order to arrest both intra and interregional inequality, a missing dimension in the PRSP. Moreover, inadequate infrastructure and poor and inefficient management of public utilities have created a huge fiscal burden and hinder the infrastructure expansion required to meet the
Page | 16

growing needs of the economy.24 Without decentralising power, finance and other services at the upazila/thana level, and without an effective policy framework for regional development, it is difficult to implement participatory governance. Hence, budget allocations do not fully reflect the governments priority to deal with growing urbanization and internal migration and the problems of governance.

3.0. Methodology:
3.1. Research Design: The survey Research method was done in the basis of research design. Each responded interviewed on the road sides or rickshaw garages or simply on the way of going somewhere by a rickshaw. The length of interview with each rickshaw pullers was 15 to 20 minutes. Total 24 questions were prepared for clear knowledge about migration. Some sample questions that was asked are;

01. What is your name? 02. What is your home district? 03. Why have you come to Dhaka? 04. How much you earn per day in Dhaka city? 05. When your income is maximum, normal day/Eid purpose / rainy day/Hartal day? 06. Are you married? 07. (If married) How many children do you have?

Since maximum rickshaw pullers were illiterate, so during the interview rickshaw pullers only answered the question and researcher wrote the answer.

Page | 17

3.2. Target Population: Our target population was low income group people who have come to Dhaka City from different parts of the country.

3.3 Sample frame: At about 100 people from different locations of Dhaka city were selected as samples. And from each area 20 people were selected.

3.4 Sample design: A survey of approximately 100 people from various areas of Dhaka city was done. We have chosen four locations in Dhaka city such as Mirpur, Malibag, Mohammedpur, and Pallabi. Random sampling process was used to select the rickshaw pullers. And each area 20 rickshaw pullers was selected. All respondents were adult and their ages varied from 20 to 60 years. Overall primary data (questionnaire interview with the rickshaw pullers) were used to carry out the research process. And for background history secondary data was also used to some extent.

3.4.1 Sample size: To estimate the sample size, we have undertaken the following things first: Estimate the standard deviation of the population (10.01%) Make a judgment about the acceptable magnitude of error (2%) Determine a confidence level.(95% confidence level)

Later we used the following formula to find out the sample size and we have found out our sample size 100. N= (ZS/E) Where, Z=standardized value corresponding to a confidence level S=sample standard deviation E=acceptable magnitude of error. N=Sample size. Page | 18

3.4.2 Sample selection procedure: Sample was collected asking oral questions and recording in the questionnaire from four locations in Dhaka city such as Mirpur, Malibag, Mohammadpur, and Pallabi . A random sampling process was used to select the rickshaw pullers.

4.0. Implementation:

4.1 Data Gathering, instrument used & its development: Researchers collected data from five places from Dhaka city through oral interview and wrote on the questionnaire paper as an instrument. Overall 100 responses (the questionnaire carries 24 questions) were gathered to have a clear concept of migration. Finally an editing was done for minimizing error of omission.

4.2. Recruitment and training of the enumerators: The researchers themselves performed the job of enumerator regarding data collection and taking interview.

4.3. Field work: To ensure the quality, the field work was done in opening the interview, asking the question, probing for additional information, recording the responses and terminating the interview. After that, editing was done on the raw data collected from the respondents. 4.4. Data Processing:

4.4.1 Results & Data Interpretation: From Annexture-02, Table 01 we found that at age range 20-30 number of respondent were 63 (high) and at age range 40-50, number of respondents were 04 (low).

Page | 19

From Annexture-02, Table 02 we found that income level in Dhaka city varies from 200-500 and the maximum number of respondents were at a range of 300-400. From Annexture-02, Table 03 we found that income level in village varies from 50-150 and the maximum number of respondents were at a range of 100-150. (Table-02 & Table -02). From Table 5, it is seen that 42% of the total respondents have no income in the villages or suburbs.

From the above result, it can be summed up that income level is much higher in Dhaka city than that of villages & suburbs. And concentration of young aged (age range 20-30) people is higher which 63% (Table-01) .

From Table 7, Appendix-2 it is found that 76% of the age range 20-30 years is married. So, it can also be seen that the rate of migration is high among the married ones.

That is why high income level attracts the young aged and married rickshaw pullers which instigate them to a tendency to migrate to Dhaka city. Other age groups may also be attracted for the reasons like poverty, less income but the concentration is very low.

5.0. Limitations: Like some eminent findings, the research has some limitations too. Some of them are as follows;

The main limitation of the research is the time constraint. So, though there is a lot of scope of exertion in this research, only a few could be performed. The researchers are students, so some unwanted errors may be there due to lack of experience. Lack of sufficient secondary data is also a reason for what the research is not that much attractive, but, with proper field work, it was tried to demonstrate a real picture. Page | 20

6.0. Recommendation: From Table 04, it is seen that 38% of the population sampled want to go back home on the other hand 62% of the population want to stay here in Dhaka City. Among this 38%, 60.5% want to go back as soon as possible.

In both cases (wants to return & dont want to return) if it possible to ensure the desired level of income of rickshaw pullers then this 60.5% of the 38% who want to go back soon & the 62% rickshaw pullers from the highly concentrated age range 20-30 would like tend to return to their home towns or villages. For the cluster of age range 30-40 years, a proper system of social security should be developed, so that they like to stay in their native lands without choosing an uncertain life in such a big city like Dhaka. In consequence, migration of rickshaw pullers will come down to a greater extent.

Page | 21

Appendix-1

Page | 22

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What is your name? _______________________________________________________________ 2. What is your age? ______________

3. Have you come from outside of Dhaka? Yes No

3. What is your profession? Service holder Business Student Others

4. What is your home district? _____________________ 5. How will you describe your native place? Rural Ares Urban Area

6. Why have you come in the city? Profession Tour Medical Purpose Others Page | 23

7. Where do you feel safe? Rural Area Urban Area

8. Do you like urban area? Yes No

9. If you have a chance to leave this city, will you do that? Yes No

10.What kind of problems you face in the urban area? Residential place Living cost Population density All of the above

11.What is the most important benefit you get from the city? Proper Education Medical facility Freedom Easy access to jobs

12.What is your opinion about urban culture? Self centered Friendly Unfriendly Proper culture for everyone

Page | 24

13.What is your opinion about the people of this city? Selfish Helpful Neutral Dangerous

14.Is it easy to manage job in the urban area? Yes No

15.Do you think that the environment pollution is the result of rural-to-urban migration? Yes No

16.Which is the best solution to prevent this migration? Development of rural area Administrative decentralization by government Improve communication between rural & urban area Create self employment opportunity

17.In your opinion, what percent of people of this city came from outside? 50% 60% 70% 80%

18.Which one you suggest for the person who wants to come in this city? Never come to this city Come only when you badly need Be a part of urban area Page | 25

Permanently stay here

Page | 26

Appendix-2

Page | 27

Table 01: Categorization of Respondents on various age range SL NO 1 2 3 4 Age Range 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total Number of Respondent 63 23 04 10 100

Graphical representation of Table 1

Page | 28

Table 02: Categorization of Respondents on income level in Dhaka city SL No 1 2 3 Income Level In Dhaka 200-300 300-400 400-500 Total Number Of Respondents 35 45 20 100

Graphical representation of Table 2

Table 03: Categorization of Respondents on income level outside Dhaka city

Page | 29

SL No 1 2 3 4

Income Level In Village 50-100 100-150 No Income Own family Work Total

Number Of Respondents 28 44 18 10 100

Graphical representation of Table 3

Table 04: Categorization of Respondents depending on going back home SL No 1 Want To Go Back 38 Not Want To Go back 62
Page | 30

Graphical representation of Table 4

Table 05: Categorization of Respondents on major reasons for coming back to Dhaka city SL No 1 2 3 4 Major Reason No Income In Villages Poverty More Income Others Number Of Respondents 42 24 19 5
Page | 31

Total

100

Graphical representation of Table 5

Table: 06: Categorization of Respondents on their requirement to go back home SL No 1 2 3 4 Major Reason As soon as possible After Sufficient Income After 1 or 2 years Depend On fortune Total Number Of Respondents 23 4 10 1 38

Page | 32

Graphical representation of Table 6

Table 7: Categorization of Respondents on the basis of marital status and age group 20-30 Married 20-30 47 Unmarried 20-30 15

Graphical representation of Table 7

Page | 33

Page | 34