cHAPTER 1 Router bootup processes 1.ROM conducts the POST to verify hardware 2.RAM Loads bootstrap 3.

Locate and load IOS from Flash memory or TFTP server to RAM 4.Bootstrap searches NVRAM for startup-config, copy it to RAM as running-config *OP>AB>IOS>NVRAM CONFIG Router components RAM-IOS and config file are copied to RAM during bootup. Stores IP routing table , ARP cache and Packet Buffer. RAM is volatile memory. ROM-Bootstrap, diagnostic software, scaled-version of IOS. using firmware.Non-vo latile. Flash-IOS.Nonvolatile, consists of SIMMs or PCMCIA cards can upgrade. NVRAM-Nonvolatile RAM, permanent storatge for the startup-config To summary: RAM lose contents when power off ROM,FLASH,NVRAM do not lose contents when power off Startup-config - NVRAM Running-config - RAM ISO-Flash (copy to RAM during bootup) To verify and troubleshoot basic router hardware and software #show version Output: IOS version ROM Bootstrap version IOS location CPU and RAM amount Interfaces NVRAM amount FLASH amount Configuration Register-0X2102 by default.typical usage: password recovery. Console port and Aux port are Management ports LAN interfaces - Ethenet and FastEthenet Has MAC address, RJ-45 jack supports UTP cabling. Router to switch using Straight-through cable. 2 routers or pc to router using Crossover cable. WAN interfaces - Serial links as T1, DSL and ISDN No MAC address, use own layer 2 addresses depending on the technology. A router makes its primary forwarding decision at Layer 3. Information required to document the design of a new nework: A topology diagram Address table of Device names, Interfaces used, IP addresses and subnet masks, Default gateway address for end devices. User mode allows to view the state of the router Router>

To enter privileged EXEC mode Router>enable Router# To enter global configuration mode Router#config t Router(config)# Initial settings Router(config)#enable password cisco R1(config)#line console 0 R1(config-line)#password cisco R1(config-line)#login R1(config-line)#exit R1(config)#line vty 0 4 R1(config-line)#password cisco R1(config-line)#login R1(config-line)#exit R1(config)#banner motd # Enter TEXT message# Configure ip address on interface R1(config)#interface Serial0/0/0 R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)#description Link to R2 Router(config-if)#no shutdown R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000 (on DCE end only) R1#show R1#copy R1#show R1#show R1#show R1#show run run start start ip route interfaces ip interface brief

Routing table Stored in RAM, A static route includes the network address and subnet mask of the remote networ k, along with the IP address of the next-hop router or exit interface. When to Use Static Routes A network consists of only a few routers A network is connected to the Internet only through a single ISP. A large network is configured in a hub-and-spoke topology. Dynamic routing protocols perform: Network discovery Updating and maintaining routing tables IP Routing Protocols RIP (Routing Information Protocol) IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) Routing Table Principles

1. Every router makes its decision alone, based on the information it has in its own routing table. 2. The fact that one router has certain information in its routing table does no t mean that other routers have the same information. 3. Routing information about a path from one network to another does not provide routing information about the reverse, or return, path. Metric Method to select the best path if multiple paths to reach the same network exist . RIP metric - Hop count, number of routers between a router and the destination n etwork. OSPF metric - Bandwidth. Equal cost load balancing Router perform it when there is 2 or more paths in routing table with the same m etric to the same destination. The routing table will have multiple exit interfaces. IGRP and EIGRP can perform unequal cost load balancing. Packet forwarding involves two functions: Path determination function Switching function 3 path determinations results Directly connected network - the packet is forwarded directly to that device Remote network - the packet is forwarded to another router. No router determined - The packet is discarded, the router sends an ICMP unrreac hable message to the source IP. To switch the packet, the router performs the following three major steps: 1. Decapsulates the Layer 3 packet by removing the Layer 2 frame header and trai ler. 2. Examines the destination IP address of the IP packet to find the best path in the routing table. 3. Encapsulates Layer 3 packet into a new Layer 2 frame and forwards the frame o ut the exit interface. To read 1.4.5