AS/NZS ISO 19118:2006

ISO 19118:2005

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AS/NZS ISO 19118:2006

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Geographic informationEncoding

AS/NZS ISO 19118:2006

This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical
Committee IT-004, Geographical Information/Geomatics. It was approved on behalf
of the Council of Standards Australia on 11 January 2006 and on behalf of the
Council of Standards New Zealand on 27 January 2006.
This Standard was published on 20 February 2006.

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The following are represented on Committee IT-004:

ACT Planning and Land Authority
ANZLIC - the Spatial Information Council
Association of Crown Research Institutes New Zealand
Australasian Fire Authorities Council
Australian Antarctic Division
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Australian Hydrographic Office
Australian Map Circle
Australian Spatial Information Business Association
CSIRO Exploration & Mining
Department for Administrative and Information Services, SA
Department of Conservation, New Zealand
Department of Defence (Australia)
Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment. NT
Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Qld
Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Tas
Geoscience Australia
Inter Governmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping
Land Information New Zealand
Land Victoria
Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia
Telecom New Zealand
Western Australian Land Information System

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Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand at the address shown on the back
cover.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 055023.

AS/NZS ISO 19118:2006

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Australian/New Zealand Standard

Geographic informationEncoding

First published as AS/NZS ISO 19118:2006.

COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Jointly published by Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001 and Standards
New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020
ISBN 0 7337 7257 9

ii

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee IT004, Geographical Information/Geomatics.
This Standard is identical with, and has been reproduced from ISO 19118:2005, Geographic
informationEncoding.

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The objective of this Standard is to provide information system designers and analysts with the
requirements for defining encoding rules to be used for interchange of geographic data within the ISO
19100 series of International Standards, including: requirements for creating encoding rules based on
UML schemas, requirements for creating encoding services, and an informative XML based encoding
rule for neutral interchange of geographic data.
The terms normative and informative are used to define the application of the annex to which they
apply. A normative annex is an integral part of a standard, whereas an informative annex is only for
information and guidance.
As this Standard is reproduced from an international standard, the following applies:
(a)

Its number appears on the cover and title page while the international standard number appears
only on the cover.

(b)

In the source text this International Standard should read this Australian/New Zealand
Standard.

(c)

A full point substitutes for a comma when referring to a decimal marker.

References to International Standards should be replaced by references to Australian or

Australian/New Zealand Standards, as follows:
Reference to International Standard

Australian/New Zealand Standard

ISO
8601

AS/NZS ISO
8601
Data elements and interchange
formatsInformation interchange
Representation of dates and times

19109

Data elements and interchange

formatsInformation interchange
Representation of dates and times
Geographic informationRules for
application schema

ISO/IEC
10646
Information technologyUniversal
multiple-octet coded character set
(UCS)
ISO/TS
19103

Geographic informationConceptual
schema language

19109

Geographic informationRules for

application schema

19103

Geographic informationConceptual
schema language

iii

Contents

Page

CONTENTS

Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ vi

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Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... vii

1

Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

Conformance......................................................................................................................................... 1

Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1

Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 2

Symbols and abbreviated terms ......................................................................................................... 5

6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

Fundamental concepts and assumptions .......................................................................................... 6

Concepts................................................................................................................................................ 6
Data interchange................................................................................................................................... 6
Application schema .............................................................................................................................. 7
Encoding rule ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Encoding service .................................................................................................................................. 9
Transfer service .................................................................................................................................... 9

Character repertoire ........................................................................................................................... 10

8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6

Encoding rules .................................................................................................................................... 10

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 10
General encoding requirements........................................................................................................ 11
Input data structure ............................................................................................................................ 13
Output data structure ......................................................................................................................... 13
Conversion rules................................................................................................................................. 14
Examples ............................................................................................................................................. 14

Encoding service ................................................................................................................................ 14

Annex A (informative) XML based encoding rule ......................................................................................... 16

A.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 16
A.2
General encoding requirements........................................................................................................ 17
A.3
Input data structure ............................................................................................................................ 19
A.4
Output data structure ......................................................................................................................... 23
A.5
Schema conversion rules .................................................................................................................. 23
A.6
Instance conversion rules ................................................................................................................. 52
A.7
Abstract test suite............................................................................................................................... 54
A.8
Level 2 conformance .......................................................................................................................... 55
Annex B (normative) Abstract test suite........................................................................................................ 56
B.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 56
B.2
Level 1 conformance General encoding requirements .............................................................. 56
B.3
Level 2 conformance Interface ..................................................................................................... 56
Annex C (informative) Extensible Markup Language (XML) ........................................................................ 57
C.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 57
C.2
Extensible Markup Language ............................................................................................................ 57
Annex D (informative) Character repertoire................................................................................................... 66
Annex E (informative) Examples..................................................................................................................... 69
E.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 69
E.2
Standard types .................................................................................................................................... 69
E.3
Simple-Road-Map................................................................................................................................ 79
E.4
Property-Building-Loan...................................................................................................................... 80
E.5
Property-Building-Updating............................................................................................................... 88
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................... 103

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

iii

ISO 19118:2005(E)

iv
Page
Figures
Figure 1 Overview of data interchange between two systems........................................................................ 6
Figure 2 The encoding rule defines conversion rules from input concepts to output concepts ...................... 8
Figure 3 Overview of the encoding process .................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4 Example of exchange metadata...................................................................................................... 12
Figure 5 Conversion rules ............................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 6 Example encoding service interface ............................................................................................... 15
Figure A.1 XML based conversion rules ....................................................................................................... 16
Figure A.2 Instance model: Dataset, object and property ............................................................................. 20
Figure A.3 Instance model: Value types........................................................................................................ 20

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Figure A.4 Example application schema ....................................................................................................... 22

Figure A.5 Example data ............................................................................................................................... 23
Figure A.6 Units of Measure.......................................................................................................................... 28
Figure A.7 Measure types ............................................................................................................................. 29
Figure A.8 Example of <<Enumeration>> ..................................................................................................... 30
Figure A.9 Example of <<CodeList>> ........................................................................................................... 31
Figure A.10 Example of <<Union>> .............................................................................................................. 31
Figure A.11 Record types.............................................................................................................................. 32
Figure A.12 Example of bounded template type ........................................................................................... 33
Figure A.13 Example of single inheritance .................................................................................................... 34
Figure A.14 Example of multiple inheritance................................................................................................. 35
Figure A.15 Example attribute of a supertype ............................................................................................... 36
Figure A.16 Example attribute ....................................................................................................................... 39
Figure A.17 Example association .................................................................................................................. 40
Figure A.18 Example aggregation ................................................................................................................. 40
Figure A.19 Example composition................................................................................................................. 41
Figure A.20 Document structure.................................................................................................................... 42
Figure A.21 Dataset contains objects............................................................................................................ 43
Figure A.22 Exchange metadata ................................................................................................................... 44
Figure A.23 Update primitives ....................................................................................................................... 45
Figure A.24 Configuration file: top elements ................................................................................................. 48
Figure A.25 Configuration file: structured types ............................................................................................ 49
Figure A.26 Configuration file: bounded template types ............................................................................... 49
Figure A.27 Configuration file: codelist, enumeration and external type....................................................... 49
Figure D.1 UCS-4 structure ........................................................................................................................... 66
Figure E.1 Geometric primitives .................................................................................................................... 70
Figure E.2 Coordinate geometry ................................................................................................................... 71
Figure E.3 Geometric complexes .................................................................................................................. 71
Figure E.4 Topology ...................................................................................................................................... 72
Figure E.5 SRM application schema ............................................................................................................. 79
Figure E.6 Simple map according to the SRM application schema .............................................................. 79
Figure E.7 PBL Application schema.............................................................................................................. 81

iv

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

ISO 19118:2005(E)
Page

Figure E.8 PBL example data ....................................................................................................................... 81

Figure E.9 Property-Building-Updating application schema ......................................................................... 88
Figure E.10 Feature types by inheritance ..................................................................................................... 88
Figure E.11 Example data............................................................................................................................. 89

Tables
Table A.1 Stereotypes on classes................................................................................................................. 18
Table A.2 Summary of relationship between UML and the instance model ................................................. 21
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Table A.3 Mapping of attributes with multiplicity and collection type ............................................................ 22
Table A.4 Multiplicity mapping for attributes ................................................................................................. 38
Table A.5 Multiplicity mapping for content elements..................................................................................... 39
Table C.1 DTD attribute types....................................................................................................................... 61
Table C.2 Two special purpose XML attributes ............................................................................................ 61
Table C.3 XLink attributes ............................................................................................................................. 62
Table D.1 UTF8 byte sequences to represent a character ........................................................................... 67

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

ISO 19118:2005(E)

vi
INTRODUCTION

Introduction

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This International Standard specifies the requirements for defining encoding rules to be used for interchange
of geographic data within the ISO 19100 series of International Standards. An encoding rule allows
geographic information defined by application schemas and standardized schemas to be coded into a systemindependent data structure suitable for transport and storage. The encoding rule specifies the types of data to
be coded and the syntax, structure and coding schemes used in the resulting data structure. The resulting
data structure may be stored on digital media or transferred using transfer protocols. It is intended to be read
and interpreted by computers, but may be in a form that is human readable.
The choice of one encoding rule for neutral data interchange does not exclude application domains and
individual nations from defining and using their own encoding rules that can be platform dependent or more
effective with regards to data size or processing complexity. XML is a subset of ISO/IEC 8879 and has been
chosen because it is independent of computing platform and interoperable with the World Wide Web.
This International Standard is divided into three logical sections. The requirements for creating encoding rules
based on UML schemas are specified in Clauses 6 to 8. The requirements for creating encoding service are
specified in Clause 9, and the XML based encoding rule is specified in Annex A.
The XML based encoding rule is intended to be used for neutral data interchange. It relies on the Extensible
Markup Language (XML) and the ISO/IEC 10646 character set standards. Introductions to XML and
ISO/IEC 10646 are given in Annexes C and D, respectively. Annex E contains examples of the application of
this International Standard.
The geographic information standards are organized in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards. The
background, the overall structure of this series of International Standards and the fundamental description
techniques are defined in ISO 19101, ISO/TS 19103 and ISO 19104.
Users of this International Standard will develop application schemas to capture the semantics of geographic
information. An application schema is compiled by integrating elements from a set of standardized conceptual
schemas developed in ISO 19107, ISO 19108, ISO 19110, ISO 19111, ISO 19112, ISO 19113, ISO 19115
and ISO 19117, including eventually new standardized conceptual schemas. How this integration will take
place is described in ISO 19109. The ISO 19100 series of International Standards also defines a set of
common services that shall be available when developing geographic information applications. The common
services are generally defined in ISO 19119 and will cover access to and processing of geographic
information according to the common information model. Two service areas are defined more closely in
ISO 19116 and ISO 19117. ISO 19105, ISO 19106, ISO 19114 and this International Standard cover
implementation issues.

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

vii

1
AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND STANDARD

Geographic information Encoding

1

Scope

This International Standard specifies the requirements for defining encoding rules to be used for interchange
of geographic data within the ISO 19100 series of International Standards.

This is a free 9 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

This International Standard specifies

requirements for creating encoding rules based on UML schemas,

requirements for creating encoding services,

an informative XML based encoding rule for neutral interchange of geographic data.

This International Standard does not specify any digital media, it does not define any transfer services or
transfer protocols, nor does it specify how to encode inline large images.

Conformance

Two conformance levels are defined for this International Standard. The conformance levels are defined in the
abstract test suite in Annex B.

Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS)
ISO 8601, Data elements and interchange formats Information interchange Representation of dates and
times
ISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic information Conceptual schema language
ISO 19109:2005, Geographic information Rules for application schema
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition), W3C Recommendation 6 October 2000. Available
at <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml>
XML
Schema
Part 1:
Structures,
<http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/>

W3C

Recommendation

2,

May

2001.

Available

at

XML
Schema
Part 2:
Datatypes,
<http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/>

W3C

Recommendation

2,

May

2001.

Available

at

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

COPYRIGHT

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AS/NZS ISO 19118:2006, Geographic information Encoding

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