27.01.

2010 Working with C# Syntactical Rules in C# - All keywords must be in lower case - All items except keywords starts with Capital letter o Length o WriteLine() Namespace - A collection of related set of classes, structures, enumerators etc. - Examples o System o System.Web o System.Windows o System.Data o System.Data.OracleClient General Input/Output Operations in C# System namespace provides a class as Console for general IO operations. It provides some static methods public static void Write() public static void WriteLine() public static string ReadLine() Example System.Console.WriteLine("Welcome to C#"); Writing First C# Program //First.cs class First { public static void Main() { System.Console.WriteLine("Welcome to C#"); } } Compiling the code CSC First.cs First.exe The .exe files created with .NET are not the pure binary files but they are in MSIL or CIL (Common Intermediate Language) format. It needs the .NET framework to execute. .NET framework provides a software called CLR (Common Language Runtime) to compile and execute the programs. .exe code verifier JIT Binary Code Execution

Note: To view contents of an MSIL file use ILDASM tool (Intermediate Language Deassembler) ILDASM First.exe Importing the Namespace - Use using keyword using System; class First { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("Welcome to C#"); } } Creating and Using Aliases Provides a shortcut technique to provide alias names to the namespaces, class, structure etc. but not for the fields and methods.

using c=System.Console; class First { public static void Main() { c.WriteLine("Welcome to C#"); } }

Using Visual Basic as Language File Extension : .vb Case Insensitive Keyword Changes C# static void using VB.NET Shared Sub Imports

Syntactical Changes No semicolon required. Use : operator as statement terminator if writing multiple statements in the same line. No more pair of braces {}, everything closes with end Use ' or REM to create the comments Compiler will be VBC ' First VB Program Test.vb class First public shared sub Main() System.Console.WriteLine("Welcome to VB") End Sub End Class VBC Test.vb Test.exe 29.01.2009 Data Types in C# Keywords used to define the kind of data and amount of data a variable of that type can hold They are of two types o Pre-defined Types o User Defined Types

Pre-Defined Data Types Data types defined by a language as keyword, under stood by the compilers. They are again of two types 1. Value Types 2. Reference Types All values types are defined under .NET Framework as structure and all reference types are defined as class. Value Types (13)

Integrals byte 1 byte (unsigned) sbyte - 1 byte (signed) short 2 bytes (signed) ushort 2 bytes (unsigned) int 4 bytes (signed) uint 4 byte (unsigned) long 8 bytes (signed) ulong 8 bytes (unsigned) Floatings float 4 bytes (7 DP) double 8 bytes (15 DP) decimal 16 bytes (28 DP) Characters char 2 bytes (Unicode) Booleans bool 1 byte Note: Use sizeof() operator to get size of any data type
using c=System.Console; class Test { public static void Main() { c.WriteLine("Size of bool is "+sizeof(bool)); } }

Reference Types (2) To manage to references o string To hold reference of some string o object To hold reference of any type

User Defined Types Used to create your own types o Class o Structure o Enumerator o Delegates o Events

Note:

1. .NET Framework provides a built-in structures and classes called as Common Base Classes or Common Type System (CTS) that get mapped to some data type inside a language. C# Type CTS Visual Basic byte System.Byte Byte int System.Int32 Integer long System.Int64 Long float System.Single Single etc. 2. In .NET Framework 3.5 we have one more type called var to hold variant kind of data in the variable var num=56; num=67.9; num=string; Data types in Visual Basic Value Types
Visual C# .NET Visual Basic .NET .NET Framework

Bool Byte Short Int Long Float Double Decimal System.DateTime string char object sbyte ushort uint ulong

Boolean Byte Short Integer Long Single Double Decimal Date String Char Object n/a n/a n/a n/a

System.Boolean System.Byte System.Int16 System.Int32 System.Int64 System.Single System.Double System.Decimal System.DateTime System.String System.Char System.Object System.Sbyte System.UInt16 System.UInt32 System.UInt64

Variable Declaration in Visual Basic.NET Use Dim keyword to declare as variable

Dim age as Integer Dim age as Integer=5 Dim n,m as Integer 01.02.2010 Working with Visual Studio.NET A GUI tool from Microsoft that is RAD (Rapid Application Development) tool for fast .NET Programming.
class Test { public static void Main() { System.Console.WriteLine("Welcome to C#"); //System.Console.ReadKey(); } }

Press Ctrl+F5 to run the program Importing the namespace

using System; class Test { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("Welcome to C#"); //System.Console.ReadKey(); } }

Creating Aliases
using c=System.Console; class Test { public static void Main() { c.WriteLine("Welcome to C#"); } }

Using Expressions

using c=System.Console; class Test { public static void Main() { int a = 5, b = 6; c.WriteLine("Sum of " + a + " and " + b + " is " + (a + b)); c.WriteLine("Sum of {0} and {1} is {2}", a, b, a + b); string s = string.Format("Sum of {0} and {1} is {2}", a, b, a + b); c.WriteLine(s);

Literals They are the values that we use from our side for assignment or in expressions. Integrals - Default is int - Use l or L for long and u or U for unsigned o int num=56; o long p=56L; o uint x=56U; - Numbers can be o Decimal o Octal Starts with 0 o Hexa Decimal Starts with 0x or 0X Floating Literals - Default is double - Use f or F for floats and m or M for decimal as suffix o double n=6.7; o float m=6.7; //error o float m=6.7F; //correct Character Literals - Enclosed in single quotes o char ch=A; o char ch=(char) 65; String Literals - Enclosed in double quotes - Managed by String class (string data type) o string name=Amit; - Use @ to neutralize the escape character o string path=@"c:\keshav"; - Use @ to create pre-formatted strings Note: If @ used as prefix with a keyword then that keyword can be used as identifier double @if; 03.02.2010 Reading data from Keyboard Use ReadLine() method Console class to read the data o public static string ReadLine()

To convert data from string to any value type use Parse() method of the data type

Example Write a program to get name and age of a person and check it to be valid voter. Names string Age int Solution
class VoterTest { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.Write("Enter the Name : "); string name = Console.ReadLine(); Console.Write("Age : "); int age = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); if (age >= 18) Console.WriteLine("Dear {0} you can vote", name); else Console.WriteLine("Dear {0} you cannot vote", name); } }

Getting input from command line When we run a program from Command Prompt and pass data at that prompt, it goes to Main() under string []args variable o public static void Main(string []args) Example

VoterCmd Rakesh 45 args[0] Rakesh args[1] 45 Solution //Using Command Line Input using System; class VoterCmd { public static void Main(string []args) { if(args.Length<2) { Console.WriteLine("Syntax is : VoterCmd <name> <age>"); return; } string name=args[0]; int age=int.Parse(args[1]); if (age >= 18) Console.WriteLine("Dear {0} you can vote", name);

else Console.WriteLine("Dear {0} you cannot vote", name); } } Operators int num=5 << 2; //20 Operators Using ternary operator Write a program to input the basic salary of a person from keyboard and print the DA based on following conditions using ternary operator (?:) 85% for basic >=10000 60% for basic >=5000 else 50% Hint: variable=condition?statatement for true : statement for false; Switch case Every case including default must have the break or goto case Allows int, char, enums and strings

class SwitchTest { public static void Main() { Console.Write("Enter a character : "); char ch = Console.ReadLine().ToUpper()[0]; switch (ch) { case 'A': case 'E' : case 'I' : case 'O' : case 'U': Console.WriteLine("{0} is a vowel", ch); break; default: Console.WriteLine("{0} is a consonent", ch); break; } } }

Adding a new class in same project to add a new class in same project o Project Add Class

Dealing with Multiple classes having Main() in same project Specify the class name from where to start the executable program from o Project Project Property Startup Object Class name

Dealing with multiple classes having Main() in same program - When we write a program having multiple class and many of them have the entry points use /main:classname to specify the entry point at compile time with CSC Example //MultiMain.cs class First { public static void Main() { System.Console.WriteLine("Calling from First"); } } class Second { public static void Main() { System.Console.WriteLine("Calling from Second"); } }

05.02.2010 Arrays A variable that can hold similar kind of multiple elements or homogenous group of elements Arrays can be of two types o Single Dimensional o Multi Dimensional Multi Dimensional again divided into two types o Rectangular Array o Jagged Array or Complex Array or Array within array

Single Dimensional Array Use new keyword to create an array o int []num=new int[5]; Now num has five elements num[0] to num[4] We can Array class to advance operations on arrays o Array.Sort(num);

Using foreach loop Used to work with arrays and collections without knowing size of array or collection and array indexes.

foreach(datatype variable in array or collectionname) { //statements } Example

class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { int[] num = new int[5]; for (int i = 0; i < num.Length; i++) { Console.Write("Enter number {0} : ", i + 1); num[i] = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); } Array.Sort(num); for (int i = 0; i < num.Length; i++) { Console.WriteLine(num[i]); } foreach(int x in num) Console.WriteLine(x); } }

Rectangular Array

A multi dimensional array where each row has equal number of columns Also called as block matrix

int [,]num=new int[2,3]; Example

class RectangularArray { public static void Main() { int[,] num = new int[2, 3]; Console.WriteLine("Length is {0}", num.Length); Console.WriteLine("Rows are {0}", num.GetLength(0)); Console.WriteLine("Columns are {0}", num.GetLength(1)); num[0, 0] = 56; } }

Jagged Array or Complex

An array within array It allows to create an array having equal or un-equal number of elements in each row

int [][]num=new int[3][]; num[0]=new int[3]; num[1]=new int[4]; num[2]=new int[5]; num[0][0]=56; Methods inside a class A class can have different methods and they can be called from other methods using different types o Pass by input or pass by value (default) o Pass By Output (out keyword) o Pass by Reference (ref keyword) o Pass by Address (when using pointers) o Pass by params (params keyword) To pass dynamic number of arguments

Passing arguments by params Allows to pass dynamic number of arguments inside a function Use params keyword with such kind of argument

Example
class ParamsTest { public static void Sum(params double[] num) { double s = 0; foreach (double temp in num) s += temp; Console.WriteLine("Sum is {0}", s); } public static void Main() { Sum(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); } }

Passing arguments to get an output Use out keyword in formal parameters as well as actual parameters

Example Create a method that gets a number and returns the square and cube of that number.
class OutTest { public static void ManyWorks(int n, out int sq, out int cb) { sq = n * n; cb = n * n * n; } public static void Main() { int x=5, y, z; ManyWorks(x, out y, out z); Console.WriteLine("Square is {0} and Cube is {1}", y, z); } }

Passing arguments by Reference - Use ref keyword in both the places

Variables must be initialized

class RefTest { public static void ManyWorks(int n, ref int sq, ref int cb) { sq = n * n; cb = n * n * n; } public static void Main() { int x = 5, y=0, z=0; ManyWorks(x, ref y, ref z); Console.WriteLine("Square is {0} and Cube is {1}", y, z); } }

08.02.2010 Using Pointers in C# When using pointers in C#, the code is called as unsafe or unmanaged code Such code get placed in separate area of memory called as un-managed area Use unsafe keyword to define such areas in the program code Use /unsafe switch while compilation with CSC

using System; class PointerTest { unsafe public static void ManyWorks(int n, int *sq, int *cb) { *sq = n * n; *cb = n * n * n; } public static void Main() { int x = 5, y=0, z=0; unsafe { ManyWorks(x, &y, &z); } Console.WriteLine("Square is {0} and Cube is {1}", y, z); } } Using Pointers in Visual Studio.NET Projects - When using pointers in Visual Studio Projects, check the checkbox o [ ] Allow Unsafe code o Project Project Properties Build Application Development Models in .NET There are two models 1. Single Executable Model 2. Component Object Model (COM) In case of single executable model, all classes get placed in single executable file, which makes the file bulky and increases the load time and memory consumption. In case of COM, we can place the classes in different library files called Dynamic Link Library and give reference of the libraries into an executable file, giving smaller code for executable, less load time. Example 1: Using Single Executable File using c=System.Console;

using System; class MyMaths { public static double CubeRoot(double n) { return Math.Pow(n,1.0/3); } } class Test { public static void Main() { double num=5.6; c.WriteLine("Cube of {0} is {1}",num,MyMaths.CubeRoot(num)); } } Example 2: Creating and using Dynamic Link Library Write a program having a set of classes to be used as library. Use /t:library switch with CSC to compile a file as library. To use the dynamic link library in other programs use /r:filename.dll as reference. All classes of a library to accesses outside the library must be public. //MyLib.cs using System; public class MyMaths { public static double CubeRoot(double n) { return Math.Pow(n,1.0/3); } } CSC /t:library MyLib.cs Using a library using c=System.Console; class Test { public static void Main() { double num=5.6; c.WriteLine("Cube of {0} is {1}",num,MyMaths.CubeRoot(num)); } }

Creating a Class Library from Visual Studio Create a new project as class library Define the namespaces, classes etc.

Giving reference of a DLL in Visual Studio Give the reference using o Project Add Reference. Select Browse Select the file name and Ok Import the namespace and use it

Note: When we do not specify any namespace name on a class, it goes to global namespace. Using ILDASM Tool 12.02.2010 OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System) It is a system or methodology for better project management It has certain components called pillars of OOPs o Encapsulation o Abstraction o Polymorphism o Inheritance It is based on concept of class and object A tool to view contents of an assembly It is called as Intermediate Language De-Assembler

What is a class? A set of specifications about an entity to create similar set of objects. It defines the data elements (fields) and the methods that can be applied directly or by the objects. Use class keyword to declare a class. class <classname> { //elements or members }

Types of Members inside a class Members can be of two types o Static or Class Members o Non-Static or Instance Members

Static Members or Class Members Can be accessed using a class only Use static keyword with such members

Non-static or instance member - Always need an object to call such members - It is by default What is Object? A real entity create based on class specifications. To create an object we need a constructor. What is a constructor? Special method inside a class which has some features - Same name as class name - No return type - Used to initialize fields of a class - If no constructor is created the default constructor is created automatically - If we create any parameterized constructor then default constructor is not created automatically, we have to create it - Can be overloaded - Constructor can be private as well
class Employee { int empid,basic; string name; public static void LeaveInfo() { System.Console.WriteLine("EL : 5, CL:20, ML:14"); } public Employee(int empid, string name) { this.empid = empid; this.name = name; } public Employee(int empid, string name, int basic) { this.empid = empid; this.name = name; this.basic = basic; } public void ShowInfo() { System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Id : " + empid); System.Console.WriteLine("Name : " + name);

} }

System.Console.WriteLine("Basic : " + basic);

class AbcIndia { public static void Main() { Employee.LeaveInfo(); Employee x = new Employee(123, "Amit Verma", 5000); x.ShowInfo(); } }

Kinds of elements inside a class A class can have different elements - Field o To hold some data - Methods o To perform some action - Properties o Special procedures that looks like fields - Indexer o Allows to use an index number with the object to access some array or collection kind of information from a class - Delegate o Allows to execute the methods indirectly - Inner classes o A class within a class Types of fields Used to hold some data Can be of three types o Variables (default) o Constants use const keyword o Read Only Use readonly keyword

15.02.2010 Types of Methods Methods can be of two types 1. Special a. Constructor b. Destructor 2. General a. Concrete Method b. Abstract Method c. Sealed Methods

Concrete Methods - Have the definition and can be called void Show() { System.Console.WriteLine(Hello); } Abstract Methods - A method having the signature but no body contents - Can be written at two places o Inside a class o Inside an interface - If created inside a class use abstract keyword and such class must be declared as abstract. Abstract class can never be instantiated. Such methods get overridden in child class while inheritance. - If created inside an interface, it is by default abstract and no abstract keyword is required. abstract class X { public abstract void Show(); } interface Y { void Show(); } Sealed Methods Properties Special procedures that looks like field for outside world A property can of three types o Read Only (get) o Write Only (set) o Read/Write (set,get) A property has two blocks o set o get Use value as reserve word input a value from outside Such method can never be overridden in child class Use sealed keyword with such methods

Syntax 1 <scope> <return type> <propertyname> { set { variable=value; } get { return variable; } } Syntax 2 (Framework 3.0+) <scope> <return type> <propertyname> { get; set; } Example

using using using using

System; System.Collections.Generic; System.Linq; System.Text;

namespace Batch02_1502 { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { //Employee e1 = new Employee("Amit Kumar", 8000); //Console.WriteLine("Salary of {0} is for basic {1} is {2}", e1.getName(),e1.getBasic(), e1.getSalary()); //Employee e2 = new Employee(); //e2.setName("Rohit Kumar"); //e2.setBasic(6700);

//Console.WriteLine("Salary of {0} is for basic {1} is {2}", e2.getName(), e2.getBasic(), e2.getSalary()); Employee e3 = new Employee(); e3.Name = "Neeraj Verma"; e3.Basic = 9000; Console.WriteLine("Salary of {0} for Basic {1} is {2}", e3.Name, e3.Basic, e3.Salary); } } class Employee { string name; int basic; public Employee() { } public Employee(string name, int basic) { this.name = name; this.basic = basic; } public void setName(string name) { this.name = name; } public string getName() { return name; } public void setBasic(int basic) { this.basic = basic; } public int getBasic() { return basic; } public double getSalary() { return basic * 2.6; } public string Name {

set { } get { } name = value;

return name;

} public int Basic { set { basic = value; } get { return basic; } } public double Salary { get { return basic * 2.6; } } } }
Indexer Example 1 A anonymous property that allows to access some array or collection value of an object using an index number with the object where object is not an array Use this keyword along with the index number in place of property name

string s = "Amit"; char ch = s[1]; Console.WriteLine(ch);

Example 2

using using using using

System; System.Collections.Generic; System.Linq; System.Text;

namespace Batch02_1502 { class IndexerTest { public static void Main() { //string s = "Amit"; //char ch = s[1]; //Console.WriteLine(ch); Student s = new Student(); s.Name = "Amit Verma"; string[] m = { "9876544", "924444", "90324324" }; s.Mobiles = m; Console.WriteLine("Second mobile of {0} is {1}", s.Name, s[1]); } } class Student { public string Name { get; set; } public string[] Mobiles { get; set; } public string this[int i] //Indexer { get { return Mobiles[i]; } } } }

Delegates Special class that allows to invoke a method indirectly Use delegate keyword to declare a delegate

delegate <return type> <delegatename> (arguments);

using using using using System; System.Collections.Generic; System.Linq; System.Text;

namespace Batch02_1502 { class DelegateTest { delegate void MyDlg(int x, int y); public static void Sum(int a, int b) { Console.WriteLine("Sum is " + (a + b)); } public static void Product(int a, int b) { Console.WriteLine("Product is " + (a * b)); } public static void Main() { MyDlg d1 = new MyDlg(Sum); //d1(3, 4); MyDlg d2 = new MyDlg(Product); //d2(5, 6); MyDlg d3 = d1 + d2; d3(4, 5); MyDlg d4 = d3 - d1; d4(6, 7); } } }

17.02.2010 OOPs components Encapsulation Combing all the members at once place, none of the members should be accessible outside without permission All members inside a class are private by default

Abstraction or Data Hiding Defines the abstraction layers on different members of a class It controls the visibility of class itself and its members C# allows five abstraction layers Private (default) Within the class Public Anywhere access Protected In child class of same or other assembly Internal In same assembly only Protected Internal Direct access in same assembly and can be inherited in same or different assembly

Project File A file having extension of .csproj or .vbproj It contains information about the files in a project

Solution File Example Create a Project as Project1 under a Solution AbstractionTest File New Project Adding a new project in same solution File Add New Project Project2 A file having .sln extension that managed multiple projects

In Project1, Create a class as Abc and five fields in five different scopes.

public class Abc { private int a; public int b; protected int c; internal int d; protected internal int e; } Create an object inside Main() of Project1 and check which members are visible (b,d,e) Build this project to make the .EXE file Now add the reference of Project1.exe into Project2 Now create an object of Abc class of Project1 inside Main() of Project2 Now see which members are visible (only b) Now create another class Xyz and inherit Abc into that class using : operator. Then create a constructor and check which members are avaible (b,c,e) class Xyz : Abc { publi Xyz() { } }
Polymorphism When an item can be allowed to perform more than one task is called as polymorphism It is a concept that get implemented using overloading o C# allows two kind of overloading Method Overloading Operator Overloading

Method Overloading Multiple methods having the same name but different number of arguments or type of arguments

class Xyz { int n; public Xyz() { } public Xyz(int n) { this.n = n; } public double SquareRoot() { return Math.Pow(n, 1.0 / 2); } public static double SquareRoot(int n) { return Math.Pow(n, 1.0 / 2); } }

Operator Overloading When an operator can be used for multiple activities on different objects, is called as operator overloading. Use an operator to be overloaded with operator keyword A method works behind the scene using an anonymous method.
using System; class Size { int feet, inch; public Size(int f, int i) { feet = f; inch = i; } public static Size Add(Size x, Size y) { int f = x.feet + y.feet; int i = x.inch + y.inch; if (i >= 12) { f++; i = i - 12; } return new Size(f, i); //Instance } public static Size operator +(Size x, Size y) { int f = x.feet + y.feet;

int i = x.inch + y.inch; if (i >= 12) { f++; i = i - 12; } return new Size(f, i); //Instance } public void ShowSize() { Console.WriteLine("Size is {0} feet and {1} inch", feet, inch); } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Size s1=new Size(5,8); //Object Size s2 = new Size(8, 9); //Size s3 = Size.Add(s1, s2); Size s3 = s1 + s2; s3.ShowSize(); } } }

19.02.2010 Inheritance A system that provides re-usability of code. C# allows only single inheritance. In .NET all classes are inherited from System.Object class by default. Use : operator to inherit a class into other class. Classes can be at three levels Parent classes Base class Child class class X { } class Y : X { } If Y is child class of X, X is base class of Y and Object is the Parent class. Use this keyword to refer object of current class and base keyword to refer object of base class. Example

class Num2 { int a, b; public Num2(int a, int b) { this.a = a; this.b = b; } public int p2() { return a * b; } } class Num3 : Num2 { int c;

public Num3(int x, int y, int z) : base(x,y) { c = z; } public int p3() { return p2() * c; } } class InhTest { public static void Main() { Num3 x = new Num3(4, 5, 6); System.Console.WriteLine(x.p3()); } } Note: In inheritance, a parent can hold reference to its childs can invoke all those methods of child, whose signature is provided from parent to the child. Method Hiding - A method in parent class re-written in child class with same signature and different body contents, is called as method hiding - It is implicit - Use new keyword to define it explicity - Such methods do not participate in Runtime Polymorphism class A {

} class B : A {

public void Show() { Console.WriteLine("Calling from A"); }

public void Show() { Console.WriteLine("Calling from B"); } } class C : B { public void Show() { Console.WriteLine("Calling from C"); } public void Hi() { Console.WriteLine("Hi to all"); } } class HideTest { public static void Main() { A p; p = new A(); p.Show(); p = new B(); p.Show(); p = new C(); p.Show(); } } Method Overriding An abstract or virtual method of a class, re-written in child class with same signature and different body contents is called as method overriding - Use override keyword to override a method - Such method participate in Runtime Polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch (DMD)
-

class A

} class B : A { override public void Show() { Console.WriteLine("Calling from B"); } } class C : B { override public void Show() { Console.WriteLine("Calling from C"); } public void Hi() { Console.WriteLine("Hi to all"); } } class HideTest { public static void Main() { A p; p = new A(); p.Show(); p = new B(); p.Show(); p = new C(); p.Show(); } } Runtime Polymorphism - When a reference of parent class is allowed to access methods of child whose signature is provided from parent to the child is called as runtime polymorphism.

virtual public void Show() { Console.WriteLine("Calling from A"); }

To achieve it, the methods in parent class must be abstract or virtual. Use override keyword to override a method

22.02.2010
Virtual methods A method of a class having some body contents and allowed to be overridden in child class. Use virtual keyword to declare such methods as virtual. Such methods can be hidden or overridden in child class. To override a method in child class use override keyword. By default is hiding. Use new keyword to explicitly defining the hiding. Abstract Method A method of a class having the signature but no body contents. It can be declared inside a class or interface. If used inside a class the use abstract keyword and no keyword is required for interfaces. Such methods are made for overriding purpose only. Such method can be overridden in child class without using override keyword. Abstract class A class that can never be instantiated. They are used for inheritance purpose only. An abstract class may or may not have any abstract method. But if a class contains any abstract method, it must be declared as abstract.
abstract class Common { public string Name { get; set; } public string Email { get; set; } public Common(string name, string email) { Name = name; Email = email; } } class Student : Common {

public int RollNo { set; get; } public string Course { get; set; } public Student(int rno, string name, string email, string course) :base(name,email) { RollNo = rno; Course = course; } } class AKGEC { public static void Main() { Student s = new Student(123, "Amit Verma", "amit@gmail.com", "MCA"); System.Console.WriteLine("Name is {0} Course is {1}", s.Name, s.Course); } }

Sealed Methods A method that can never be overridden Use sealed keyword with such methods sealed can never be used with new

class First { virtual public void Show() { Console.WriteLine("I am First"); } } class Second : First { sealed public override void Show() { Console.WriteLine("I am second"); } }

Partial class A class that can be spreaded in multiple files and can be combined at the time of compilation

//part1.cs

partial class A { } //part2.cs partial class A { } CSC part1.cs part2.cs Defining the output file name Use /out:filename with CSC

CSC /out:test.exe part1.cs part2.cs 24.02.2010 Exception Handling String Handling Collections Generics Boxing and Unboxing Exception Handling A system to pass a message from the place some runtime error has occurred to the place some method get called Each exception is class inherited from Exception class Each exception class provides Message property to given a runtime error C# provides four keyword for exception handling o try o catch o throw o finally try-catch is a block of statement to execute some commands and trap the runtime error and report it finally is again a block used with try to always execute some statements irrespective of exception A try can have many catch statement but only on finally block that must be last block in try

try

{ Statements; }catch(classname ref) { //decision } finally { //statement always executed } Example Write a program to input two integers and print division of that numbers. using System;
class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.Write("Enter two numbers : "); try { int x = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine()); int y = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine()); int z = x / y; Console.WriteLine("division is {0}", z); } catch (FormatException ex) { //Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); Console.WriteLine("Sorry! Only Numbers are allowed"); } catch (DivideByZeroException ex) { Console.WriteLine("Sorry! Denominator cannot be zero"); } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine("Error found. Call on 8989898989"); //Console.WriteLine(ex); } } }

Creating Custom Exceptions Each exception is a class child of Exception class o Create a class to send as message inheriting from Exception class o Override the Message property Create another where we have to throw this exception o Use throw keyword to throw the exception Use try-catch to catch the exception while using it

Test Case

Create a class a LowBalanceException to send a message as "Insufficient Funds Check you account"
class LowBalanceException:Exception { public override string Message { get { return "Insufficient Funds Check you account"; } } }

Create a class as Customer having a method as Withdraw() and throw this exception is amount withdrawn is more than balance.
class Customer { string name, balance; public Customer(string name, int opamt) { this.name=name; this.balance = opamt; } public void Deposit(int amount) { balance += amount; } public void Withdraw(int amount) { if (amount > balance) throw new LowBalanceException(); balance -= amount; } public void ShowBalance() { Console.WriteLine("Balance of {0} is {1}", name, balance); } }

Create a class for a bank e.g. HDFC to use the customer class for their customer
class HDFC { public static void Main() { Customer c1 = new Customer("Rakesh", 5000); c1.Deposit(4000); c1.ShowBalance(); try { c1.Withdraw(30000); c1.ShowBalance(); } catch (LowBalanceException ex) { Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); } } }

String Handling

Strings in C# are managed as - Immutable or fixed size - Mutable or expandable System.String class or (string datatype) manage immutable strings and System.Text.StringBuilder class manages mutable strings. String class provides basic operations on strings string ToUpper() string ToLower() int Length int IndexOf(string searchstring) returns -1 if not found string [] Split(params char ch[]) void Replate(char toreplace, char byreplace) bool StartsWith(string s) bool EndsWith(string s) string Trim() using System; using System.Text;

class StringTest { public static void Main() { string s = "Amit Kumar"; Console.WriteLine(s.Length); Console.WriteLine(s.ToUpper()); Console.WriteLine(s.ToLower()); int p = s.IndexOf("Kumar"); if (p == -1) Console.WriteLine("Not found"); else Console.WriteLine("found at " + p); string str = "amit,vikas;rohit;rahul,keshav"; string[] ar = str.Split(';',','); foreach (string x in ar) Console.WriteLine(x); string str1=str.Replace(',', ';'); Console.WriteLine(str1); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); sb.Append("Amit"); sb.Append(" Kumar"); string abc = sb.ToString(); Console.WriteLine(abc); } }

03.03.2010

GUI Programming Building Windows Applications using .NET Framework Every GUI Application must have at least one Windows Form A class inherited from System.Windows.Forms.Form class is called as Windows form It works like a container for other controls Create a new project as Windows Forms Application

Windows used in GUI Development in Visual Studio IDE 1. Form Window 2. Property Window 3. Code Window 4. Solution Explorer 5. Toolbox Window 6. Command Window 7. Immediate Windows Every component and container has a fixed set of - Properties - Methods - Events Properties are used to hold the values. Can be of two types 1. Design Time Property (Property Window) 2. Runtime Property (Code Window) a. Used with some event Events are the moments generated using a keyboard, mouse or some system activity. We can use the events from Property Window. KeyUp KeyDown KeyPress MouseOver MouseOut Click DoubleClick MouseUp MouseDown Load UnLoad Tick

Common Properties on Controls Name o Every control must have a unique name o Use Hungarian notation to manage the control names to show its purpose and type, given by Charles Simony of Hungary.

o Use three character prefix in name to define the type of control along with purpose of control TextBox txt Form frm Button cmd or btn Checkbox chk Etc. BackColor ForeColor Font Size Dock Text

Using is operator
Use to compare the object with the class name

private void MakeNumber(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (sender is Button) { this.Text = "It is a button"; Button b=(Button)sender; //casting textBox1.Text += b.Text; } else if (sender is TextBox) { this.Text = "It is text box"; } }

Using sender arguments - defines the current control on which an event has occurred Using EventArgs argument - Used to provided some information and take the instructions
private void frmFirst_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e) { this.Text = e.X + "," + e.Y; } private void textBox1_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e) { int num = (int)e.KeyChar; //this.Text = num.ToString(); if(! (num == 8 || num == 46 || (num >= 48 && num <= 57))) { e.Handled = true; } }

Enumerators A system to define the names to the values It is a user defined data type Use enum keyword to define the enumerators Default data type is int Values starts with 0 and incremented by 1

enum <enumname>:<datatype>{name=value} Example

enum Security:byte { Low, Medium, High } private void button10_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { Security s = Security.High; int x = (int)s; this.Text = x.ToString(); }

Real Example When a user closes a form, ask the user to close the form or not. Show a dialog to get the response. It answer is no then stop the closing of the form. Hint: Use MessageBox.Show() method to the dialog. It returns a value as enumerator called DialogResult. Use FormClosing event of the form.
private void frmFirst_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e) { DialogResult ans = MessageBox.Show("Quit the application", "Quit", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo, MessageBoxIcon.Question); if (ans == DialogResult.No) e.Cancel = true; }

05.03.2010 General controls used for User Interaction Label control - To show some text o Text o TabIndex - Use & to make the hot key TextBox control - To create a single text field, password field and multiline text field o Text o PasswordChar o Multiline=true/false o Scrollbars o MaxLength o ReadOnly o TabIndex o Cut() o Copy() o Paste() Button control - To create the push buttons o Text o TabIndex o Image o TextAlign o ImageAlign - Use & to make the hotkey Test Example Write a GUI Program to input a number and show Square root and Cube Root of that number in other text box. ToolTip control - To provide tooltips on different control o IsBallon=true/false LinkLabel control - To show a hyper link - We can activate a website or some other program using it Example
System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("http://www.yahoo.com");

Checkbox control - To select none or all items o Text o Image o ImageAlign o TextAlign o Checked Example
private void chkAgree_CheckedChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (chkAgree.Checked) cmdNext.Enabled = true; else cmdNext.Enabled = false; }

RadioButton control - To select only one item from group o Text o Image o ImageAlign o TextAlign o Checked - To group the controls use Panel or GroupBox control from Containers section PictureBox control - To show an image o Image o SizeMode o BorderStyle Working with Dialogs A window that do not have minimize and maximize buttons To create general dialogs use MessageBox.Show() method Dialogs can be of two types o Simple Message Dialogs o Responsive Dialogs

Simple Dialogs
MessageBox.Show(string message, string title,MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon icon)

Example MessageBox.Show("Data has been saved", "Save",MessageBoxButtons.OK,MessageBoxIcon.Information); Response Dialogs To get a response from a dialog as DialogResult

Dialog Controls - Special controls provided under Dialogs sections o FontDialog o ColorDialog o OpenFileDialog o SaveFileDialog o FolderBrowserDialog - All such controls provide ShowDialog() method OpenFileDialog control or SaveFileDialog Control - Gives a file name to open o FileName o Filter Loading Image dynamically into a picture box - Get the image from the open dialog box and use Image class with FromFile() method to load the image pictureBox1.Image=Image.FromFile(openFileDialog1.FileName); 08.03.2010 Color Dialog To select a color o Color o FullOpen=true/false

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { colorDialog1.FullOpen = true; colorDialog1.ShowDialog(); textBox1.ForeColor = colorDialog1.Color; }

Font Dialog - Gives a fonts and color o Color o Font o ShowColor=true/false

private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { fontDialog1.ShowColor = true; fontDialog1.ShowDialog(); textBox1.ForeColor = fontDialog1.Color; textBox1.Font = fontDialog1.Font; }

Creating Shortcut key

private void Form1_KeyDown(object sender, KeyEventArgs e)

if (e.KeyCode == Keys.F4 && e.Control==true) //Ctrl+F4 { fontDialog1.ShowColor = true; fontDialog1.ShowDialog(); textBox1.ForeColor = fontDialog1.Color; textBox1.Font = fontDialog1.Font; }

Note: Set KeyPreview property as true to invoke the shortcuts on form RichTextBox control Allows to work with selected portion of text o Text o Font o ForeColor o SelectionColor o SelectionFont o SelectedText o Cut() o Copy() o Paste() o LoadFile() o SaveFile() o SelectAll()

private void button4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { colorDialog1.FullOpen = true; colorDialog1.ShowDialog(); richTextBox1.SelectionColor = colorDialog1.Color; } private void button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { fontDialog1.ShowColor = true; fontDialog1.ShowDialog(); richTextBox1.SelectionColor = fontDialog1.Color; richTextBox1.SelectionFont = fontDialog1.Font; } private void button6_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { saveFileDialog1.Filter = "Text Files| *.txt;*.cs;*.java;*.c;*.cpp"; saveFileDialog1.ShowDialog(); richTextBox1.SaveFile(saveFileDialog1.FileName,RichTextBoxS treamType.PlainText); } private void button5_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { openFileDialog1.Filter = "Text Files| *.txt;*.cs;*.java;*.c;*.cpp"; openFileDialog1.ShowDialog(); richTextBox1.LoadFile(openFileDialog1.FileName, RichTextBoxStreamType.PlainText);

Folder Browser Dialog To select a folder or create a new folder o SelectedPath o RootDirectory

private void button7_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { folderBrowserDialog1.ShowDialog(); this.Text = folderBrowserDialog1.SelectedPath; }

Adding new forms Project Add Windows Form Making a form as startup form Select Solution Explorer Program.cs Application.Run() Create object of the startup form Connecting Forms Create a button or Menu then create an object of the form to be invoked and use Show() method to show the form

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { Form1 f = new Form1(); f.Show(); }

Creating Menus Menus can be of two types 1. Menu Strip 2. Context Menu Strip They are provided under Menus and Toolbars Section To apply a context menu use ContextMenuStrip property of the control.

10.03.2010 Combo Box control Provides data input as well as data selection Provides single selection only It has a collection called as Items o A collection is a dynamic set of objects o Every collection provides Add() method and Count property

o We can also use methods like Remove(), RemoveAt() Properties o Text o SelectedItem o SelectedIndex o DropDownStyle o Sorted

ListBox control - To select one or more items - It has a collection called as Items o A collection is a dynamic set of objects o Every collection provides Add() method and Count property o We can also use methods like Remove(), RemoveAt() - Properties o Text o SelectedItem o SelectedIndex o DropDownStyle o Sorted o SelectionMode - Methods o bool GetSelected(int index)
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { for (int i = 1; i <= 31; i++) comboBox2.Items.Add(i); comboBox2.SelectedIndex = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 31; i++) listBox1.Items.Add(i); } private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { for (int i = 0; i < listBox1.Items.Count; i++) { if (listBox1.GetSelected(i)) { listBox2.Items.Add(listBox1.Items[i]); } } for (int i = listBox1.Items.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (listBox1.GetSelected(i)) { listBox1.Items.RemoveAt(i); } } }

Date Time Picker control Allows selection of date and time o Format o CustomFormat Use codes like d, D, m, M, y, h, s Example dd-MMM-yyyy o ShowUpDown o ShowCheckBox o Checked o Value

Example

private void button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { MessageBox.Show(dateTimePicker1.Value.ToString("dd-MMMyyyy")); }

Timer Control to do certain operation after given interval of time It is provided under Components section o Interval Time in milliseconds o Enabled=true/false Event o Tick

Assignment Create a text box and two buttons (Start, Stop) When start button is clicked will start numbering from 1 When Stop button is clicked it will stop the numbering and when change the Start button text will change to ReStart. When ReStart button is pressed the process will continue again from 1 Creating toolbars - Use ToolStrip control from Menus and Toolbars - Define the kind of button and its Image and ToolTipText Creating Status Bar

Use StatusStrip control It again has Items collection To define the custom size to section set AutoSize property False

private void timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e) { lblTimer.Text = DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString(); statusStrip1.Items[1].Text = DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString(); } private void Form1_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e) { string location = e.X + "," + e.Y; statusStrip1.Items[0].Text = location; }

Kind of Application Models Applications are build using two models 1. SDI (Single Document Interface) 2. MDI (Multiple Document Interface)

12.03.2010 Revision Points Properties Indexer Delegates Mutable Strings (System.Text.StringBuilder) Operator Overloading public void Save(object send, EventArgs e) { MessageBox.Show("Data saved"); } private void DelegateTest_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { button1.Click += new EventHandler(Save); } Dynamic generation of controls and data collection
public partial class Form2 : Form { int start, gap; int i; public Form2() { InitializeComponent();

} private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { TextBox t = new TextBox(); t.Name = "txtNum" + i++; t.Size = new Size(100, 20); t.Location = new Point(50, start); Controls.Add(t); start = start + gap; } private void Form2_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { start = 100; gap = 30; } private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { foreach (object c in Controls) { if (c is TextBox) { TextBox t = (TextBox)c; MessageBox.Show(t.Text); } } } }

15.03.2010 Creating MDI Applications Test Case Write an MDI application to create a Smart Pad that allows working on multiple text files Note: Use MdiParent component from Project Mdi Parent Form Adding other components into Toolbox An application that contains the main form and child forms To make a form as MDI From set its IsMdiContainer property as true To make a form as child form set its MdiParent property To set the layout of child forms use LayoutMdi() method of the parent form Use enumerator MdiLayout to select a layout like Cascade, Tile Horizontal etc. To get reference of the current form use ActiveMdiChild property of the parent form To get reference of specific control from the current child form use Controls collection

Add new components from ToolBox itself Example o Add the FileListBox, DriveListBox and DirListBox controls

FileListBox Pattern FileName Path DirListBox Path DriveListBox Drive Creating Web Browsers Use WebBrowser control Use Navigate() method to open a website or webpage

19.03.2010 Database Programming in .NET (ADO.NET) ADO.NET is ActiveX Data Objects for .NET A collection of classes under .NET framework for database management

Classes are categorized in two categories 1. Generalized classed a. For any database 2. Specialized classes a. For specific database All classes are mainly categorized in five namespaces System.Data Provides common classes for all database e.g. DataTable, DataSet, DataView etc. System.Data.Odbc For any database using Data Source Name (DSN) System.Data.OleDb For any database without using Data Source Name System.Data.OracleClient Only for Oracle System.Data.SqlClient

Only for MS Sql Server

Main databases used with .NET 1. MS Access 2. Oracle 3. SQL Server Requirements for database programming 1. Database 2. Technology 3. Information about how to reach with database a. Data Source=filename or ip address or server name b. User Id or uid=login name c. Password or pwd=password d. Database or Initial Catalog=datbasename e. DSN=dsn name f. Integrated Security=true/false g. Provider=driver name 4. Knowledge of SQL Statements Database Programming with MS Access Step 1 Create a blank database file. E.g b02db.mdb Step 2 Create the required tables. For example Employee (empid-N-PK, name- T, email-T) Step 3 Create a data source name (DSN) from control panel Administrative tools ODBC System DSN Add - Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb) Select the database and define the DSN Name e.g. b02access

Step 4 Create a data entry form using C# Step 5 Import the namespace System.Data.Odbc Step 6 Create an object of OdbcConnection class. Specify the database information with ConnectionString property. Open the connection. OdbcConnection cn = new OdbcConnection(); cn.ConnectionString = "Dsn=b02access"; cn.Open(); Step 7 Create the SQL statement be executed and test it string sql = "INSERT INTO employee VALUES(" + txtEmpId.Text + ",'" + txtName.Text + "','" + txtEmail.Text + "')"; Step 8 Create an object of OdbcCommand class. Define the Connection and CommandText properties.

OdbcCommand cmd = new OdbcCommand(); cmd.CommandText = sql; cmd.Connection = cn; Step 9 Execute the command based on its type Commands can be of two types 1. Select type a. ExecuteReader() for records b. ExecuteScaler() for single value 2. Non-Select Type a. ExecuteNonQuery() Another Method
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { OdbcConnection cn = new OdbcConnection("Dsn=b02access"); cn.Open(); string sql = "INSERT INTO employee VALUES(" + txtEmpId.Text + ",'" + txtName.Text + "','" + txtEmail.Text + "')"; OdbcCommand cmd = new OdbcCommand(sql,cn); cmd.ExecuteNonQuery(); cn.Close(); MessageBox.Show("Record Saved", "Save", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information); ClearAll(); } private void ClearAll() { txtEmpId.Clear(); txtName.Clear(); txtEmail.Clear(); txtEmpId.Focus(); }

Creating Formatted SQL Statements Use Format() method of String class to format the statements and use them

string sql = string.Format("INSERT INTO employee VALUES({0},'{1}','{2}')", txtEmpId.Text, txtName.Text, txtEmail.Text); Using Place Holders in SQL Statements

Example

Use ? in place of data and provide the data later on using Parameters collection of OdbcCommand object. Use AddWithValue() method to pass the data with fieldname and value

OdbcConnection cn = new OdbcConnection("Dsn=b02access"); cn.Open(); string sql = "INSERT INTO employee VALUES(?,?,?)"; OdbcCommand cmd = new OdbcCommand(sql, cn); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("empid", txtEmpId.Text); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("name", txtName.Text); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("email", txtEmail.Text); cmd.ExecuteNonQuery(); cn.Close(); MessageBox.Show("Record Saved", "Save", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);

Using MS Access with OleDB Technology Create the connection string using o Tools Connect to Database Select the database file and type as MS Access file

Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=F:\Batches2010\02\b02db.mdb Use Namespace as System.Data.OleDb o OleDbConnection o OleDbCommand

OleDbConnection cn = new OleDbConnection(@"Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=F:\Batches2010\02\b02db.mdb"); cn.Open(); string sql = "INSERT INTO employee VALUES(?,?,?)"; OleDbCommand cmd = new OleDbCommand(sql, cn); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("empid", txtEmpId.Text); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("name", txtName.Text); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("email", txtEmail.Text); cmd.ExecuteNonQuery(); cn.Close(); MessageBox.Show("Record Saved", "Save", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);

Making dynamic path for the MS Access file Place the data file in same folder having the executable file Use Application.StartupPath property to get the path of that folder

OleDbConnection cn = new OleDbConnection(); cn.ConnectionString = "Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" + Application.StartupPath + @"\b02db.mdb"; cn.Open();

Using SQL Server 2005 Start the SQL Server software Select Windows Authentication or SQL Server Authentication Create a Database from Databases section o Create your tables Create a login and password to allows access of this database o Select security o At the General Page Create new login, define password and select the default database o Select User Mapping Page Select your database and give rights as db_owner then Ok

Information required to connect with database Data Source=PERSONAL User Id=b02 Password=1234 Database=batch02 Name Space: System.Data.SqlClient Classes : SqlConnection, SqlCommand While passing the parameters use @ with the parameters names. Creating and using Stored Procedures in SQL Statements Create a stored procedure for database operations from Databases database name Programmability Stored Procedures

CREATE PROCEDURE SaveEmployee @empid int, @name varchar(50), @email varchar(50) AS BEGIN INSERT INTO employee VALUES(@empid,@name,@email); END GO

Select the procedure and press F5

Using the procedure in programming

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { try { SqlConnection cn = new SqlConnection(); cn.ConnectionString = "Data Source=Personal;Initial Catalog=batch02;User ID=b02;Password=1234"; cn.Open(); SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(); cmd.Connection = cn; cmd.CommandText = "SaveEmployee"; cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure; cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@empid", txtEmpId.Text); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@name", txtName.Text); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@email", txtEmail.Text); cmd.ExecuteNonQuery(); cn.Close(); MessageBox.Show("Record Saved"); } catch (SqlException ex) { MessageBox.Show("Sorry! Employee Id Already Exist"); } catch (Exception ex) { MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString()); } }

Saving Images to Database Select a image into a PictureBox Save that image from PictureBox to another class in memory called as MemoryStream class of System.IO namespace Get data in byte array format from memory stream and save that data to the disc

MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(); picPhoto.Image.Save(ms, picPhoto.Image.RawFormat); byte[] imgdata = ms.GetBuffer();

Example Student (rollno-N, name-VC, photo-Image) Create procedure and execute it

CREATE PROCEDURE SaveStudent @rollno int, @name varchar(50), @photo Image

AS BEGIN INSERT INTO student VALUES(@rollno,@name,@photo); END GO

Create a form having a photo To pass the Image type parameter to the SqlCommand use Add() rather than AddWithValue() Add() method required as SqlParameter class type object 26.03.2010 Using Oracle as Database Get information 1. Data Source=<server name> e.g. Ora 2. User Id=<login> e.g. scott 3. Password=<password> e.g. tiger Note Use : operator in place of @ while using parameters. Namespace: System.Data.OracleClient To use this namespace give reference of System.Data.OracleClient.dll Example
OracleConnection cn = new OracleConnection(); cn.ConnectionString = "Data Source=ora;User Id=scott;Password=tiger"; cn.Open(); string sql = "INSERT INTO employee values(:empid,:name,:email)"; OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(sql,cn); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(":empid", txtEmpId.Text); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(":name", txtName.Text); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(":email", txtEmail.Text); cmd.ExecuteNonQuery(); cn.Close(); MessageBox.Show("Record Saved");

Reading data from database

Data can be read using two methods o Connected Mode o Disconnected Connected Mode

In connected mode, can be read until the connection is open and front-end is connected with back-end. Only one record can be read at one time. Current value inside the record is available. In disconnected mode, data can be read from database and stored inside a container on the client like DataTable, DataSet etc. Data is available at the client side even after closing the connection. Reading data in connected mode Create a SELECT command It can be of two types o Returning a single values or scalar value o Returning a set of records Use methods depending on type of SELECT command o object ExecuteScaler() o xxxDataReader ExecuteReader() xxx can be replaced with Sql, Oracle, Odbc and OleDb

Methods of DataReaders 1. bool Read() a. returns true if record is available to read and false if no more records Indexer to read data object objectname[int columnindex] object objectname[string columnname] Properties bool HasRows Example using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; using System.Data.OracleClient; namespace Batch02_2602 {

public partial class frmReadData : Form { OracleDataReader dr; OracleConnection cn; public frmReadData() { InitializeComponent(); } private void cmdNext_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (dr.Read()) { txtEmpId.Text = dr[0].ToString(); txtName.Text = dr[1].ToString(); txtSalary.Text = dr[2].ToString(); } } private void frmReadData_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { cn = new OracleConnection(); cn.ConnectionString = "Data Source=ora;User Id=scott;Password=tiger"; cn.Open(); string sql = "Select count(*) from emp"; OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(sql, cn); int count =Convert.ToInt32(cmd.ExecuteScalar()); lblCount.Text = "Total records : " + count; sql = "select empno, ename, sal from emp"; cmd.CommandText = sql; dr = cmd.ExecuteReader(); if (dr.Read()) { txtEmpId.Text = dr[0].ToString(); txtName.Text = dr[1].ToString(); txtSalary.Text = dr[2].ToString(); }

} private void frmReadData_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e) { cn.Close(); }

} } Searching a record
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { string sql = "select empno, ename, sal from emp where empno=:empno"; OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(sql, cn); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(":empno", txtEmpId.Text); dr = cmd.ExecuteReader(); if (dr.Read()) { txtName.Text = dr[1].ToString(); txtSalary.Text = dr[2].ToString(); } else { MessageBox.Show("Invalid Employee Number"); } }

Reading images from database Read the data from database and convert into byte array. Create a MemoryStream type object and pass the byte array to that stream. Create an image using the stream data with FromStream() method of Image class byte []data=(byte []) dr["photo"]; MemoryStream ms=new MemoryStream(data); picPhoto.Image=Image.FromStream(ms); ms.close(); Creating Connection String without server name and security information

cn.ConnectionString = "Data Source=.;Database=batch02;Integrated Security=true";

29.03.2010 Reading data in disconnected mode Data can be held on the client side even after closing the connection To store the data in memory at the client side use containers like DataTable To hold result of single query DataSet To hold results of one or more queries Use data adapter type classes to get data and fill that data into the containers o xxxDataAdapter

sting sql=Select * from tablename; SqlDataAdapter da=new SqlDataAdapter(sql,cn); DataTable dt=new DataTable(); da.Fill(dt); cn.close(); DataTable is a collection of Rows and Columns Using data binding we can see the whole table data on screen in tabular format using DataGridView control Use DataSource property to define the source of data as DataTable or DataView

DataView class - Used to re-filter or re-sort data already in memory inside a DataTable DataView dv=new DataView(dt); Use RowFilter and Sort properties to define the condition and the field name to sort the data o RowFilter=condition o Sort=fieldname [DESC]

Test Application Read all records from emp table of Oracle with fields empno, name and salary in Grid Format. Create a form and place a DataGridView control on the form. On load event read all data into a DataTable the give it to DataGridView using DataSource property

All data managed by DataTable is in XML format Use method of DataSet class to read and write XML files A data set is a collection of data tables (DataTables) DataSet provides methods o WriteXml()

o ReadXml() Test Case Create a table Course having fields 1. CCode PK Auto Generated 2. CourseName Create another table Branches having fields 1. BCode-PK Auto Generated 2. CCode-FK 3. BranchName Back-End : SQL Server 31.03.2010 Data Binding in Combo Box To link data to a combo box in such a way, one data get displayed and other data is used for storing in database Properties o DataSource=<data table or data view> o DisplayMember=<field name to display data> o ValueMember=<fieldname to save data in database> o SelectedValue To get the selected values from value member

Placing the connection string outside the forms Use Application Configuration File (App.Config) to hold the application related setting It is an XML file used for configuration settings If not found in project, add it o Project Add New Item Application Configuration File o Now add the connection string information

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <configuration> <appSettings> <add key="cstr" value="Data Source=.;Integrated Security=true;Database=batch02"/> </appSettings> </configuration> Reading connection information from App.Config inside a form Import the System.Configuration namespace Use ConfigurationSettings class with AppSettings property

SqlConnection cn = new SqlConnection(); cn.ConnectionString = ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings["cstr"]; cn.Open();

Changing display of a field name Use As clause in SQL Statemetns

string sql = "Select CCODE AS [Course Code], CourseName as [Course Name] from course"; Creating Master/Detail form Allows to select a value rather than typing

Creating Setup of a Project In Main Project change Debug mode to Release mode Provide the software information and Icon from Project Properties Assembly Info Icon Add a new project as Setup Project from File Add New Project Setup and Deployment Setup Project Select Setup Project from Solution Explorer o Select its properties Add Project Output Ok Create the shortcut of primary output from Application Folder and drop into Program Menu and Desktop folders Add a file as Icon file (*.ico) in application folder Rename the Shorcuts on Menu and Desktop and assign the Icon Build the Project