AS/NZS 4148:1994

ISO/IEC 10744:1992
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Australian/New Zealand Standard

Information technology—
Hypermedia/Time-based structuring
language (HyTime)
 AS/NZS 4148:1994

This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical

Committee IT/1, Information Systems—Interconnection. It was approved on behalf of
the Council of Standards Australia on 22 September 1993 and on behalf of the Council
of Standards New Zealand on 22 April 1993. It was published on 18 April 1994.

The following interests are represented on Committee IT/1:

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Australian Association of Permanent Building Societies

Australian Bankers’ Association
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Committee of Directors and Principals
Australian Computer Society
Australian Computer Users Association
Australian Information Industry Association
Australian Telecommunications Users Group
Australian Vice Chancellors Committee
Department of Defence, Australia
Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Australia
Information Exchange Steering Committee, Australia
Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, CSIRO, Australia
Life Insurance Federation of Australia
OPTUS Communications, Australia
Telecom Australia

Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/

New Zealand Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the
issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that
Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any
amendments thereto.
Full details of all Joint Standards and related publications will be found in the
Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand Catalogue of Publications; this
information is supplemented each month by the magazines ‘The Australian Standard’
and ‘Standards New Zealand’, which subscribing members receive, and which give
details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn
Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Joint Standards, addressed to the head office of either
Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand, are welcomed. Notification of any
inaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should be
made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action
taken.
 AS/NZS 4148:1994
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Australian/New Zealand Standard

Information technology—
Hypermedia/Time-based structuring
language (HyTime)

First publi shed as Joint Standard AS/NZS 4148:1994.

PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
1 The Crescent,
Homebush NSW 2140 Australia

STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Level 10, Radio New Zealand House,
155 The Terrace,
Wellington 6001 New Zealand
ISBN 0 7262 8609 5
 ii

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Australia/New Zealand Standards Committee IT/1, on
Information Systems—Interconnection. It is identical with, and has been reproduced from,
ISO/IEC 10744:1992, Information technology—Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language
(HyTime).
This Joint Standard is one of a series of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Standards which are
currently under development. Since OSI Standards are developmental, there may be some minor
difficulties encountered in their implementation. For this reason, Standards Australia will be providing,
through the OSI Help Desk, a service to coordinate and disseminate information concerning difficulties
which are identified in using this Joint Standard.
Under arrangements made between Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand and the international
Standards bodies, ISO and IEC, as well as certain other Standards organizations, users of this Joint
Standard are advised of the following:
(a) In Australia, copyright is vested in Standards Australia. In New Zealand, copyright is vested in
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Standards New Zealand.

(b) The number of this Joint Standard is not reproduced on each page; its identity is shown only on
the cover and title pages.
For the purpose of this Joint Standard, the ISO/IEC text should be modified as follows:
(i) Terminology The words ‘Australian Standard’, ‘New Zealand Standard’ or ‘Joint Australian/
New Zealand Standard’ should replace the words ‘International Standard’ wherever they appear.
(ii) References The references to International Standards should be replaced by references to the
following Australian/New Zealand Standards:
Reference to International Standard Australian/New Zealand Standard
or other Publication
ISO AS
8879 Information processing—Text and 3514 Information processing—Text and office
office systems—Standard Generalized systems—Standard generalized markup
Markup Language (SGML) language (SGML)
9069 I nf o r ma t i on p r oc e s si n g —S G M L 3649 Information processing—SGML support
support facilities—SGML Document facilities—SGML document interchange
Interchange Format (SDIF) format (SDIF)
ISO/IEC AS/NZS
9070 I n f or m at io n t ec h no l og y— S G M L 4097 Information processing—SGML support
s u pp o r t f a c i li t i e s — R eg i s t r a t io n facilities—Registration procedures for
procedures for public text owner public text owner identifiers
identifiers

 Copyri ght STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Users of Standards are reminded that copyri ght subsists in all Standards Austr alia and Standards New Zealand publications and
soft ware. Except where the Copyri ght Act allows and except where provided for below no publi cati ons or software produced by
Standards Australi a or Standards New Zealand may be reproduced, stored in a retr ieval system in any form or tr ansmit ted by any
means wit hout prior permission in writ ing from Standards Austr alia or Standards New Zealand. Permission may be conditi onal on an
appropri ate royalty payment. Australi an requests for permission and informati on on commercial soft ware royalti es should be directed
to the head offi ce of Standards Austr alia. New Zealand requests should be directed to Standards New Zealand.
Up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard may be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers
of the Standard without payment of a royalt y or advice to Standards Australi a or Standards New Zealand.
Inclusion of copyri ght materi al in computer soft ware programs is also permitt ed wit hout royalt y payment provided such
programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that materi al used is fr om the current editi on of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the
Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identif ied.
The use of material in pri nt form or in computer soft ware programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in
commercial contr acts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be vari ed by Standards Austr alia or Standards
New Zealand at any time.
 iii

CONTENTS

Page
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Definition of scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Field of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

4 Symbols and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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5 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5.1 Architectural forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

5.2 Editorial conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

5.3 HyTime SGML conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

5.3.1 Element type forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5.3.1.1 Element type declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5.3.1.2 Attribute list declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.3.2 Attribute list forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.3.3 Attribute list conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.3.3.1 Attribute name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.3.3.2 Declared value prescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.3.3.3 Default value prescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6 Base module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6.1 Concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6.1.1 Object representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6.1.1.1 Entity structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.1.1.2 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.1.2 Object identification and addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.1.2.1 Name space addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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Page
6.1.2.2 Coordinate addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.1.2.3 Semantic addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.2 Hyperdocument management facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.2.1 Object representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.2.2 Object identification and addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.2.3 Object access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.2.4 Hyperdocument interchange format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.2.4.1 Bounded object set (BOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

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6.2.4.2 SDIF packer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.2.4.3 SDIF unpacker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.3 HyTime identification facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.3.1 APPINFO parameter of SGML declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.3.2 HyTime support declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.3.2.1 HyTime version declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.3.2.2 HyTime module declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.4 HyTime document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.4.1 HyTime/non-HyTime bridge element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6.4.2 Non-HyTime element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6.5 Common attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

6.5.1 Identification attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

6.5.2 Lexical types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6.5.2.1 Lexical model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6.5.2.2 Lexicographic ordering definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.5.3 ID reference resolution control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.5.4 Bit combination skip count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6.5.5 Default value list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6.5.5.1 Default value list attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6.5.5.2 Default value list element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6.5.6 Descriptive text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6.5.6.1 Descriptive text attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

6.5.6.2 Description table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

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Page
6.5.6.3 Descriptive text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.5.6.4 Descriptive text definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.5.7 Activity tracking policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.6 HyTime data attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6.6.1 Container notation form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6.6.2 Common data attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6.7 Property sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

6.7.1 Property definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

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6.7.2 Qualified property name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

6.7.3 Qualifying name attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

6.8 Summary of base module options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7 Measurement module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7.1 Coordinate addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7.1.1 Concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7.1.2 Dimension specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

7.1.2.1 Overrun handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

7.1.2.2 Axis marker list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

7.1.2.3 Dimension specification list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

7.2 Scheduling and extents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

7.2.1 Concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

7.2.2 Extent specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

7.2.3 Scheduled extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

7.2.4 Scheduled extent list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

7.3 Measurement units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

7.3.1 Measurement domain definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

7.3.2 Useful measurement domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

7.3.3 Schedule measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

7.4 Dimension referencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

7.4.1 Dimension reference facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

7.4.1.1 Implicit dimension reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

7.4.1.2 Explicit dimension reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

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Page
7.4.1.3 Marker function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

7.4.2 Dimension reference constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

7.4.2.1 Reasonable and computable rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

7.4.2.2 Same domain/common granule rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

7.4.2.3 Measurement Domain Unit (MDU) rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

7.4.2.4 Forced projection rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

7.5 Summary of measurement module options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

8 Location address module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

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8.1 Concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

8.1.1 Location types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

8.1.2 Location views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

8.2 Attribute list architectural forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

8.2.1 Location source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

8.2.2 Multiple location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

8.2.3 Span location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

8.3 Name space locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

8.3.1 Identified local element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

8.3.2 Named object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

8.3.2.1 Named location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

8.3.2.2 Name list specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

8.4 Coordinate locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

8.4.1 Data location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

8.4.2 Node locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

8.4.2.1 Node lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

8.4.2.2 SGML node types and their properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

8.4.2.3 Tree combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8.4.2.4 Tree location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8.4.2.5 Path location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

8.4.2.6 List location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

8.4.2.7 Relative location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

8.5 Semantic locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

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8.5.1 Property location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

8.5.2 Notation-specific location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

8.5.3 Bibliographic location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

8.6 Location ladders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

8.7 Querying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

8.7.1 Query attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

8.7.2 Name list query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

8.7.3 Axis marker query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

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8.8 Summary of location address module options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

9 Hyperlinks module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

9.1 Concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

9.1.1 Object representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

9.1.2 Object identification and addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

9.1.3 Link creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

9.1.4 Link traversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

9.1.5 Object access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

9.2 Hyperlink architectural forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

9.2.1 Independent link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

9.2.2 Contextual link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

9.3 Summary of hyperlinks module options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

10 Scheduling module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

10.1 Concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

10.2 Finite coordinate space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

10.3 Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

10.4 Event schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

10.4.1 Event group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

10.4.2 Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.4.3 Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10.5 Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10.5.1 Object types for multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10.5.2 Malleable objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

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Page
10.5.3 Accessed anchor list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

10.6 Extent reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

10.7 Finite coordinate space location address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

10.8 Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

10.8.1 Calendar specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

10.8.1.1 Date and Julian date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

10.8.1.2 Absolute time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

10.8.2 Dimension references to calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

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10.8.2.1 Calendar reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

10.8.2.2 Calendar event reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

10.9 Summary of scheduling module options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

11 Rendition module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

11.1 Object Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

11.1.1 Wand and modifier rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

11.1.2 Wand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

11.1.3 Modifier scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

11.1.3.1 Object modifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

11.1.4 Patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

11.2 Event projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

11.2.1 Concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

11.2.2 Baton rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

11.2.3 Baton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

11.2.3.1 Projector scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

11.2.3.2 Event projector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

11.2.3.3 Projection function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

11.2.3.4 Scaling reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

11.2.4 Indigenous event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

11.3 Rendition rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

11.4 Summary of rendition module options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

12 Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

12.1 Conforming HyTime document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

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12.1.1 Basic hyperlinking HyTime document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

12.1.2 Basic scheduling HyTime document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

12.1.3 Minimal HyTime document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

12.1.4 Minimal hyperlinking HyTime document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

12.1.5 Minimal scheduling HyTime document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

12.2 Conforming HyTime application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

12.2.1 Application conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

12.2.2 Conformance of documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

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12.2.3 Conformance of documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

12.3 Conforming HyTime system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

12.3.1 Conformance of documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

12.3.2 Conformance to HyTime system declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

12.3.3 Support for minimum HyTime documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

12.3.4 Application conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

12.4 Validating Hytime engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

12.4.1 Error recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

12.4.2 Identification of HyTime messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

12.4.3 Content of HyTime messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

12.5 Documentation requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

12.5.1 Standard identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

12.5.2 Identification of HyTime constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

12.5.3 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

12.6 HyTime system declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Annexes

A Useful element types, notations, and instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

A.1 HyLex: HyTime lexical model notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

A.1.1 HyLex syntax and semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

A.1.1.1 Formal structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

A.1.1.2 Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

A.1.1.3 Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

A.1.1.4 Wildcards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

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A.1.1.5 Hit boundary constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

A.1.1.6 Alternative single-character patterns (ASCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

A.1.1.7 Matching rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

A.1.2 HyLex element type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

A.1.3 Useful HyLex types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

A.2 HyTime property definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

A.2.1 Useful property sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

A.2.1.1 SGML lexical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

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A.2.1.1.1 HTlex1: SGML character classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

A.2.1.1.2 HTlex2: SGML delimiter role names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

A.2.1.2 SGML and HyTime semantic properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

A.2.1.2.1 HTsem1: SGML basic constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

A.2.1.2.2 HTsem2: HyTime constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

A.2.1.2.3 HTsem3: Unparsed SGML text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

A.3 HyQ: HyTime query notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

A.3.1 HyQ semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

A.3.2 HyQ formal definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

A.3.3 HyQ element type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

A.3.4 HyQ examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

A.4 Marker functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

A.4.1 HyOp: HyTime single operator marker function . . . . . . . . . . 117

A.4.2 HyFunk: HyTime function notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

A.4.2.1 HyFunk syntax and semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

A.4.2.2 HyFunk element type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

A.4.2.3 HyTime Measurement Unit ration (HMUratio) . . . . . . . . . . . 120

A.5 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

A.5.1 Useful Standard Measurement Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

A.5.2 Useful measurement domain definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

A.5.2.1 Generic quanturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

A.5.2.2 Virtual time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

A.5.2.3 Virtual space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

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A.5.2.4 Systeme International second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

A.5.2.5 Systeme International meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

A.5.3 Other standard measurement units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

B Supplementary materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

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xii
NOTES
 1

Information technology—Hypermedia/Time-based
structuring language (HyTime)

1 Scope
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1.1 Definition of scope

This International Standard defines a language and underlying model for the representation of
“hyperdocuments” that link and synchronize static and dynamic (time-based) information contained in
multiple conventional and multimedia documents and information objects. The language is known as the
“Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language”, or “HyTime”.

HyTime can represent time in both the abstract, or “musical” sense, and in user-defined real-time units.
It also provides a way of relating the two so that elements of time-dependent documents can be
synchronized.
NOTE 5 This facility extends to the representati on of multi media informati on the power, once limit ed to conventi onal documents,
to distinguish intr insic informati on content from style considerations.

HyTime’s techniquesfor representing its time model are equally applicable to spatial and other domains;
all are treated as systems for measuring along different axes of a coordinate space. Arbitrary cross-
references and access paths based on external interactions (“hypermedia links”) are also supported.

HyTime’s time representation contains sufficient information to derive the durations of both control
(“gestural”) data (e.g., control information for audio or video hardware) and visual data (e.g., a music
score, presentation storyboard, or television script).

The media formats and data notations of objects in a HyTime hyperdocument can include formatted and
unformatted documents, audio and video segments, still images, and object-oriented graphics, among
others. Users can specify the positions and extents of occurrences of objects in space and time, using
a variety of measurement units and granularities. Temporal requirements of applications ranging from
animation to project management can be supported by choosing appropriate measurement granules.
NOTE 6 This Internati onal Standard does not address the representation of audio or video content data, but simply defines the
means by which the start -t ime and duration of such data can be synchronized with other digiti zed informati on. Nor does it specify
the layout process by which occurrences of unformatted documents and other informati on objects can be made to fi t the positions
and extents specified for them.

HyTime is an enabling standard, not an encompassing one. As a result, the objects comprising a HyTime
hyperdocument are free to conform to any application architectures, or to document architectures
imposed by standards, and to be represented in any notation permitted by those architectures. Only the
“hub document”, which determines the hyperdocument membership, must conform to HyTime in addition
to any other architectures to which it may conform.

HyTime is designed for flexibility and extensibility. Optional subsets can be implemented, alone or in
conjunction with user-defined extensions.

The Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (HyTime) is an SGML application conforming to

International Standard ISO 8879 — Standard Generalized Markup Language.

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AS/NZS 4148:1994, Information technology -

Hypermedia/Time-based structuring language
(HyTime)
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