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CHAPTER 5: LIGHT
5.1 UNDERSTANDING REFLECTION OF LIGHT

Plane mirror
TYPES OF MIRROR

PLANE

CONCAVE

CONVEX

Laws of Reflection: State the laws of reflection. (i) .

Characteristics of the image form by plane mirror a) b) c) d) ___________________ same size as the object _______________ as far behind the mirror as the object in front of it

Concave mirror

2 Case 1: u > 2f

object C F

Hence state the characteristics of image formed: i) Case 2: u = 2f or u = r Concave mirror object C F F ii) iii)

Characteristics of image formed: i) Case 3: f < u < 2f Concave mirror object C F F ii) iii)

Characteristics of image formed: i) ii) iii)

Case 4: u = f

Concave mirror object C F F

Characteristics of image formed: i) Case 5: u < f

Concave mirror object C F F

Characteristics of image formed: i) ii) iii)

Image formed by convex mirror: (using construction of ray diagram). u = object distance ; v = image distance ; f = focal length ; r = radius of curvature object C F Concave mirror F

Characteristics of image formed: i) ii) iii)

4 5.2 UNDERSTANDING REFRACTION OF LIGHT Refraction of light: Fill in each of the boxes the name of the part shown

i
Air

Glass r r
Air

Direction of refraction: normal Less dense medium Denser medium normal

denser medium Less dense medium

Draw on the diagrams above the approximate directions the refracted rays. When light travels from a less dense medium to a denser medium, the ray is refracted (toward/away from) the normal at point of incidence. When light travels from a more dense medium to a less dense medium, the ray is refracted (toward/away from) the normal at point of incidence.

Law of Refraction i. The incident ray and refracted ray are on the opposite sides of the normal at the point of incidence, and all three lie in a same plane i ii.The value of is a constant also know as Snells law. . This second law of refraction is

n1 sin i 1 = n2 sin i2

exercise

A ray of light travels from air to the water at an angle 60 of incidence of 60 . Calculate i)the angle of refraction, r ii) the speed of light in water. ( Refractive index of water = 1.33 )

air 60

water

Refractive index : n

6 Real Depth and Apparent The refraction of light gives us a false impression of depth. Water/ fish in a deep pool appears ________ deep than it really is.

The following terms are defined: (a) Apparent depth, d : The distance of the _________ from the surface of the water (b) Real depth, D : The distance of the _______ from the surface of the water The refractive index is related to the real depth, D and apparent depth, d in the following way: Refractive index, n =__real depth, D__ apparent depth, d

7 Example 1: Draw the rays diagram to shows real depth and apparent depth

8 5.3 UNDERSTANDING TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION OF LIGHT

refracted ray, r r air glass

* Angle of incident is small. * Angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence. * Produces a strong refracted ray.

refracted ray, r r

air

Angle of incident is increased.

glass

Angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence. Produces a strong refracted ray. Produces a weak reflected ray.

Incident ray, i

reflected ray, r

r refracted ray, r air

glass i

Incident ray, i

Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of incidence, i is increased to the critical angle, c ( i = c). refraction is 90. Produces a refracted ray that travel along glass-air boundary. Produces a reflected ray.

The critical angle is the angle of incidence which produces an angle of refraction of 90. (For glass in air the angle is about 42.)

air

glass

i Incident ray, i

r reflected ray, r

Angle of incidence, i is greater than critical angle, c ( i > c ). No refraction occurs. All the light energy is reflected within the glass at the glass-air boundary. Total internal reflection occurs.

Conditions for total internal reflection to occur are:

1. Light must be refracted from a denser medium to

a less dense medium. 2. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle

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Relationship between Critical Angle, c and Refractive Index, n

i
air glass c=i
refracted ray, r Incident ray, i

Total internal reflection is a total reflection of a beam of light at the boundary of two mediums, when the angle of _________ in the optically denser medium exceeds a specific ________ angle. Critical angle is the ________ angle of incidence where the refracted angle is ___ away from the normal line when the ray is travel from ______ medium to a _____ ______ medium. ( i.e. from glass to air ).

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1. In hot days, a person travelling in a car will see an imaginary pool of water appearing on the surface of the road. 2. The layers of air near the ground are hotter and ____ _____. The layers higher up are cooler and __________ 3. Light ray from the sky bends ______ ______ the normal. 4. The angle of incidence increases until it reaches an angle _______ than the critical angle. _____ ________ __________ occurs and the light is reflected ________ 5. If the observers eye is in the correct position, he will see a pool of water (image of the sky) appearing on the road surface. This is known as a _____________

Applications of Total Internal Reflection Optical Fibers

1. An optical fibre consists of an inner core of _____ refractive index glass and surrounded by an outer cladding/ protective material of _________ refractive index. 2. When the angle of incidence of light is _______ than the critical angle, light rays undergo ___________________ repeatedly until they emerge from the opposite end of the optical fibre. 3. Optical fibre is widely use in ________________ cables . It can transmit signal faster and through long distance with high fidelity. 4. Optical fibre is also used in an __________ to see inside of human body such as heart and duodenum.

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Applications of Total Internal Reflection

Prismatic periscope
1. A prismatic periscope is designed to see objects _______ an observer.

2. Since the angle of incidence 450 is _______ than the critical angle of 420 for glass, _____ ________ __________ occurs in both the prisms.
3. The image is _________ and of the _______ ______ as the object.

A ray of light strikes on the surface of one side of a glass block as shown in figure below.
30

32

(a) Find the refractive index and critical angle of the ray for the block

(b) Complete the path of the ray. (c) What is the angle of refractive of the ray when leaving the block?

5.4 Understanding Lense

Types of lenses:

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(a) ______ lens, also known as converging lens. It is ________ at the centre of the lens.

Biconvex

Plano convex

Converging meniscus

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(b) ________ lens, also known as diverging lens. It is _________ at the centre of the lens.

Biconcave

Plano concave

Diverging meniscus

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F f f

1. The focal point, F is a point on the principal axis where all rays are close and parallel to the axis that _________ to it after passing through a convex lens, or appear to ________ from it after passing through a concave lens. 2. The focal length, f is the distance between the focal point and the ____________________. 3. The optical centre, C is the geometric centre of the lens. It is the point through which light rays pass through without __________. 4. The principal axis is the line passing through C and is _____________ to the lens.

Power of lens
The power of lens is related to its focal length by the expression: 1 Power of lens = f ( meter )

Diopter

Power for convex lens is positive, and power for concave lens is negative.

16 Examples : 1. The focal length of a concave lens is given as 30 cm. What is the power of the lens?

2. The power of a lens is labeled as -10D. Name the type of the lens and determine the focal length of the lens.

17 RAY DIAGRAM CONVEX LENSE

Rule 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted through the focal point, F Rule 2: A ray passing through the focal point is refracted parallel to the principal axis. Rule 3: A ray passing through the optical centre, C travels straight without bending.

1. OBJECT AT INFINITY

18 2. Object beyond 2F (u > 2f) Characteristics of image:

F 2F F

2F

2. Object at u = 2F

Characteristics of image:

2F 2F F F

3. Object at f < u < 2f

Characteristics of image

2F

2F

4.object at u = f

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5. Object at u<f

6. Object at u > 2f

2F

Characteristic of image formed by a concave lens

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2F

Magnification, m The size of an image formed by lens varies with the position of the object. The linear magnification, m is defined as: hi ho v u

m=

The image is __________ if m > 1 The image is __________ if m < 1 The image is ______________________ if m = 1

The Uses of Lenses in Optical Devices Magnifying glass/ Simple microscope

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1. It consists of a single ______ lens of ______ focal length. 2. An object is placed at a position _____ _____ the focal length of the lens. 3. The image formed is _____________, _________ and ____________ 4. The magnifying power _________ if the focal length of the lens is shorter. 5. A sharper and larger image is seen at the near point of the eye. In general, the near point is taken as 25 cm. Astronomical Telescope

1. It consists of an _________ lens and an __________ lens. 2. The objective lens is used to receive light rays from distant object. 3. The first image formed is at the focal point of the objective lens Fo. It is ___________, ________ and __________ 4. The first image now becomes the ____________for the eyepiece lens 5. The __________ lens is adjusted so that the first image is situated at the focal point of the eyepiece lens, Fe. 6. The final image formed is at _______. The telescope is said to be in normal adjustment. 7. For normal adjustment of the telescope, the separation between the two lenses is fo + fe. fo 8. The magnification of the telescope is given by: m = fe

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Slide Projector
Concave mirror Condenser slide Projector lens Screen

image Lamp 1. It uses a ______ lens to form a ____, inverted and magnified image of the slide or film convex real ______ on a screen. f and 2f 2. The slide, being the _____, is placed between ________ from the projector lens object 3. The lamp is placed at the focal point of the ________ mirror to reflect all light from concave condenser the lamp back to the _________ 4. The movable projector lens focuses a sharp, inverted and _________ image onto a _______ magnified screen. upright 5. The slide should be placed upside-down (inverted) in order to form an ________ image on the screen.

2006 Diagram 4.1 shows a submarine equipped with an optical instrument P Diagram 4.2 shows the structure of the optical instrument P

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(a)

Name the optical instrument P

___________________________________________________________ [1 mark] (b) In Diagram 4.2, two glass prisms must be placed so that the object can be seen by the observer. The position of one of the glass prisms is as shown. (i) In box A in Diagram 4.2, draw and shade the second prism. [1 mark] (ii) Explain why the prisms in optical instrument P are placed as in 4(b)(i). ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [2 marks] (c) (i) In Diagram 4.2, complete the path of the light ray from the object to the observer's eye. [1 mark] (ii) State one characteristic of the image observed. ___________________________________________________________ [1 mark] (d) The refractive index of the glass prism is 1.52. Calculate the critical angle of the glass prism.

[2 marks]

24 2007 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show a light ray passing through prism P an prism Q , respectively. Prism P and prism Q are made of glass with different densities. Prism P Prism Q

Diagram 5.1

Diagram 5.2

(a) What is meant by critical angle ? Tick ( ) the correct answer in the box provided. The angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90 The angle of incidence when the incident ray is totally reflected. [1 mark] (b) Explain why the light ray does not bend when it enters both prisms at point A.

[1 mark] (c) (i) Based on Diagrams 5.1 and Diagrams 5.2 , how can the angle of incidence at point B be made equal to the critical angle? Prism P .. Prism Q .. [2 marks] (ii) Diagram 5.1 shows the light ray passing from glass to air at point B. Compare the density of glass with the density of air [1 mark]

25 (iii) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 , what happen to the light ray after passing point B ? Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2 [2 marks] (d) Name the phenomenon shown in Diagram 5.2

[1 mark]