EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RATIO ON SECOND LAW EFFICIENCY OF AN ENDOREVERSIBLE BRAYSSON CYCLE

R. Chandramouli , G.P. Kumar , B. Sreenivas , A. R. Tulasiram

1* 1 2 2 3

1 Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam 531162, A.P., India Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamilnadu, India 3 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India * Corresponding author (e-mail: rcmouli5@rediffmail.com)

ABSTRACT
Second law efficiency is an important performance characteristic and has a major impact on the operating cost, because the specific fuel consumption which is the deciding factor in the final design can be minimized more reliably by directly relating to the second Law efficiency. Even though the loss in second-law efficiency is inevitable due to heat transfer through finite temperature differences, still it is found that the second law efficiency can be improved by changing the operating conditions of pressure, temperature etc. Based upon the methodology developed and the equations derived here, the effect of temperature ratio and pressure ratio on the second-law efficiency for the overall process of an endoreversible Braysson cycle, accounting the irreversibilities due to the heat transfer through finite temperature differences is presented. It is found that the second law efficiency is an increasing function of pressure ratio and decreases with temperature ratio. Key Words: Braysson cycle, Second law efficiency, Exergy, Endo reversible

INTRODUCTION
The Braysson cycle was introduced and investigated using first-law analysis [1], by including the effect of various parameters on the performance of the Braysson cycle. It was concluded that Non-Dimensional Specific Power (NDSP) and thermal efficiency of the Braysson cycle are larger than those of Brayton cycle (both with and without regenerator) under same conditions The Braysson cycle was analyzed and improved thermodynamically by performing the exergy analysis of the Braysson cycle [2]. It was demonstrated that the exergy losses are lower at the higher temperatures and lower pressures. Power, Power density and efficiency optimization of an endoreversible Braysson cycle [3] was theoretically calculated. While performing the second-law analysis of the Combined Brayton-Rankine power plant [4] brought out that the performance analysis based on the first-law alone is inadequate and a more meaningful evaluation must include a second law analysis. But the complete second-law analysis of the cycle demands the evaluation and use of the second-law efficiency, in analysis and design. The second law efficiency of an irreversible Brayson cycle was first attempted in [5] The objective of the present paper is to apply this second-law based thermodynamic methodology for an endoreversible Braysson cycle and to see the effect of temperature and pressure ratios on the second law efficiency. The realistic values of standard of intercooling, temperature ratios are chosen to perform the analysis, in accordance to the recommendations of [1].

6 5 5 4 2 3 1 W W W Q

1-2 3-4 4-5

5-6

Figure 1.Lay-out of a Braysson gas turbine

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The hybrid cycle consists of a gas turbine coupled with a bottoming turbine where the working fluid expand to attain ambient temperature thereby expanding to vacuum pressure(0.04 bar).The bottoming turbine is coupled with multi stage intercooled compressor for isothermal heat rejection. The system also has a heat exchanger for further rejection of heat isobarically. T1 = Ta

T S
6 1 5 4 3 2

Figure 2: T-S diagram for a reversible Braysson cycle

THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
The usual assumptions encountered in an endoreversible cycle like no external losses, and all losses are due to the friction losses in the working fluid are employed. As usual, the Compression/ Expansion processes are reversible, which means that the polytropic efficiencies are 100%.

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
For a single stream, the exergy change between two states (1) and (2) is given by: (1) The second-law efficiency is a measure of the performance of a device relative to the performance under reversible conditions for the same end states and is given by:

, for work producing devices

(2)

11 = , for Work consuming devices (3) In general, the second law efficiency is a measure of the performance of a device relative to the performance under reversible conditions for the same end states and is generalized as:

1-

(4) the exergy destroyed in the rate form is proportional to the rate of the entropy generated, and can be expressed as: = To (5)

Where

gen

(s2 s1) (6)

Overall Efficiency

(7)

(8)

Fig 3.Variation of second law efficiency with pressure ratio t

r

Fig 4. Variation of second law efficiency with temperature ratio Results and discussion:
Based upon the methodology developed and the equations derived here, the second-law efficiency for the overall process accounting for the irreversibility due to the heat transfer through finite temperature differences is presented. The normal operating parameters are taken into consideration. The temperature ratio varies in the range of 4 to 6 and the pressure ratio lies between 0 to 50 for a general operation of a gas turbine .The polytropic efficiencies for the compression (1-2), expansion (3-5) and isothermal heat rejection (5-6) are considered as 100%.The second law efficiency for the isobaric heat rejection process is taken zero as the heat is rejected to ambient. However the only exergy destruction takes place during the heat addition process (2-3) as the heat is transferred through finite temperature difference.

Effect of pressure ratio, r

From fig (3) it is found that the second law efficiency is an increasing function of pressure ratio. At higher pressure ratio (i.e. rp>17) it can be seen that the efficiency decreases slightly with increase in temperature ratio Considering rp= 45, the efficiencies for tr=4.32, tr=5.32 and tr=6.32 are 0.93,0.92 and 0.91 respectively.

Effect of temperature ratio, tr

From fig(4) it can be concluded that the efficiency remains practically constant with increase in temperature ratio (beyond tr>5) for pressure ratio greater than 15. Hence for a cycle operating at higher pressure ratios the maximum cycle temperature can be maintained at a lower value to achieve the same efficiency. At lower operating pressures there is an increase in efficiency with respect to cycle temperature ratio (rp<15). From fig(3) it is found that the maximum cycle efficiency that can be attained is 0.91 for rp=40 and tr=4.32(practical operating conditions).

References

1.Frost T.H., Anderson A. and Agnew B.,1997, A hybrid gas turbine cycle (Brayton/Ericsson): an alternative to conventional combined gas and steam turbine power plant, Proc. Instn.Mech.Engrs, Part A, Journal of power and Energy, 211(A2), 121-131

2. Zheng J., Sun F., Chen L. and Wu C., 2001, Exergy analysis for a Braysson cycle. Exergy, 1(1), an international journal , 41-45.

3. Zheng J., Sun F., Chen L., and Wu C., 2002, Powers and efficiency performance of an endoreversible Braysson cycle, International J. of thermal Sci. 41(2),201-205

4. Khaliq A., and Kaushik S.C., Second-law based thermodynamic analysis of Brayton/Rankine combined power cycle with reheat, Applied Energy, an International J. 78 (2004), 179-197

5. Sreenivas B., Chandramouli R., Sudhakar I., and Thulasiram A.R., Second law analysis of an irreversible Braysson cycle, Int. J. Exergy, Vol.6, No.6,(2009), 826-836.
rd

6 .P.K.Nag ,Engineering Thermodynamics, expression for work input to multi stage compressor,Mc Graw Hill,3 Edition,2005,742-747

Nomenclature:

Cp h

Constant pressure specific heat Enthalpy Mass flow rate of the working fluid

Heat transferred during the process Rate of heat transfer

rp s

Pressure ratio in the Compressor Entropy Rate of entropy transfer Rate of exergy transfer W Work

Greek symbols

Exergy k Ratio of specific heats Second-law efficiency tr t6 Temperature ratio for the cycle Standard of intercooling

Subscripts:
0 rev u gen des rej Ambient state Reversible Useful Generated Destroyed Rejected

International conference on Frontiers in Mechanical engineering, FIME2010