Conversion Factors

Conversion Factors
C-1
Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.
C-2
Table 1.
Abbreviation ac ac-ft atm bar Btu Btu/cu ft Btu/gal Btu/hr Btu/hr/sq ft Btu/lb Btu/ton cal
3
Conversion from customary to metric units (in alphabetical order).

By To Obtain Metric Unit
Multiply Customary Unit
acre
acre-foot atmosphere bar British thermal unit British thermal units per cubic foot British thermal units per gallon
Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
British thermal units per hour British thermal units per hour per square foot British thermal units per pound British thermal units per ton calorie international 15C 20C calories per second centipoise cubic feet per gallon cal/sec cP cu ft/gal cfh or cu ft/hr cfh/sq ft cu ft/mil. gal cfm or cu ft/min cfm/ft cfm/1000 cu ft cfm/1000 gal
3 3 6 3 5

2
cubic feet per hour
cubic feet per hour per square foot
cubic feet per million gallons cubic feet per minute
cubic feet per minute per foot cubic feet per minute per thousand cubic feet cubic feet per minute per thousand gallons
4.047 10 0.404 7 1233 101.3 100.0 1.055 37.26 278.7 0.278 7 0.2931 3.155 2.326 1.163 4.187 4.186 4.182 4.187 1.000 10 7.482 7.482 10 7.867 10 7.867 10 8.467 10 304.8 7.482 4.719 10 4 0.471 9 1.549 1.667 10 0.124 7
m2 ha (hectare) m3 kPa (kilopascal) kPa kJ (kilojoule) kJ/m3 kJ/m3 kJ/L W (watt) J/m2 s kJ/kg J/kg J (joule) J J W Pa s m3/m3 m3/L m3/s L/s m3/m2 s L/m2 h mL/m3 m3/s L/s L/m s L/m3 s L/m3 s
2 2
cubic feet per pound cubic feet per second cfs/ac cfs/sq mile cu ft cu in.
6 2 8 6
cu ft/lb cfs
cubic feet per second per acre
cubic feet per second per square mile
cubic foot
cubic inch
32)
5

2
cubic yard degrees Fahrenheit Rankine feet of head feet per hour feet per minute feet per second feet per second squared feet per year foot foot-head foot-pound foot-pounds per inch foot-pounds per minute foot-pounds per second gallon
3
cu yd F R ft ft/hr ft/min or fpm ft/sec or fps ft/sec2 ft/yr ft ft-head ft-lb ft-lb/in. ft-lb/min ft-lb/sec gal gpd gpd/ac
5 3 11 8
gallons per day
gallons per day per acre
Conversion Factors
gallons per day per capita
gpd/cap
6.243 10 2.832 10 28.32 6.997 10 69.97 1.093 10 0.109 3 2.832 10 28.32 16.39 10 16.39 0.764 6 0.555 6(F 0.555 6 0.304 8 8.467 10 5.080 0.304 8 0.304 8 0.304 8 0.304 8 2989 1.356 53.38 2.259 10 1.355 3.785 10 3.785 4.381 10 3.785 10 1.083 10 1.083 10 9.353 3.785
m3/kg m3/s L/s m3/m2 s L/ha s m3/m2 s L/ha s m3 L m3 mL m3 C (degrees Celsius) K (Kelvin) m m/s mm/s m/s m/s2 m/a (meters per annum) m Pa Nm J/m W W m3 L L/s m3/d m3/m2 s L/m2 s L/ha d L/cap d
C-3
C-4
Table 1.
Abbreviation gpd/ft
7
Conversion from customary to metric units (in alphabetical order) (continued).

gallons per day per linear foot
gpd/ft/ft-head gpd/in. dia/mile gpd/mile 10

7 2 11
gallons per day per foot of manhole diameter per foot-head gallons per day per inch of diameter per mile gallons per day per mile gpd/sq ft
2 6
1.437 1.437 1.242 4.074
10 10 4 10 2 104
m3/m s L/m s m3/m d (mL/m d)/m
gallons per day per square foot
10 10 10 10
gallons per day per thousand square feet gallons per hour
gpd/1000 sq ft gph
gallons per hour per foot of diameter per foot-head gallons per hour per inch diameter per thousand feet gallons per million gallons gallons per minute
gph/ft dia/ft-head gph/in. dia/1000 ft gal/mil. gal gpm
10 10
gallons per minute per acre gallons per minute per cubic foot gallons per minute per foot gpm/sq ft
gpm/ac gpm/cu ft gpm/ft
10 10
gallons per minute per square foot
gallons per pound gallons per ton grain
gal/lb gal/ton gr
92.60 2.720 2.352 4.715 4.074 40.74 4.074 1.051 1.051 11.32 488.9 1.000 6.308 6.308 5.451 0.155 8 2.228 2.070 0.207 0 6.791 0.679 1 58.67 8344 4.173 64.80
(mL/m d)/m m3/m s mL/m d m3/m2 s or m/s m3/m2 d or m/d L/m2 d L/m2 d m3/s mL/s (mL/m s)/m (mL/m h)/m mL/m3 m3/s L/s m3/d L/ha s L/m3 s m3/m s L/m s m/m s L/m2 s m3/m2 d mL/kg mL/kg mg
grains per gallon ha hp hp-hr hp-hr/lb hp-hr/1000 cu ft hp-hr/1000 gal hp-hr/1000 lb hp/gpm hp/mil. gal hp/1000 gal in. in. H2O in. Hg in./ft in./hr in./yr kWh kWh/d kWh/gal kWh/mil. gal kWh/lb kWh/1000 lb kWh/ton kip kip-ft kip-ft/sec kip/ft kip/sq ft
gr/gal
hectare horsepower horsepower-hour horsepower-hours per pound horsepower-hours per thousand cubic feet horsepower-hours per thousand gallons horsepower-hours per thousand pounds horsepower per gallon per minute
horsepower per million gallons
horsepower per thousand gallons inch inches of water inches of mercury inches per foot inches per hour inches per year kilowatt-hour kilowatt-hours per day kilowatt-hours per gallon
kilowatt-hours per million gallons
kilowatt-hours per pound kilowatt-hours per thousand pounds kilowatt-hours per ton kip kip-feet kip-feet per second kips per foot kips per square foot
17.12 17.12 1.000 104 0.745 7 2.685 5.919 26.34 0.710 3 5.919 11.82 11.82 0.197 1.970 10 4 0.197 25.40 0.248 8 3.377 8.333 25.40 25.40 3.600 41.67 951.1 0.951 1 951.1 0.951 1 7.936 7.936 3.969 4.448 1.356 1.356 14.59 47.88
g/m3 mg/L m2 kW MJ MJ/kg W/m3 kJ/L kJ/kg MJ/m3 kJ/L W/m3 W/L kW/m3 mm kPa kPa % mm/h mm/a (millimeters per annum) MJ W MJ/m3 MJ/L J/m3 J/L MJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kN (kilonewton) kN m kN m/s kN/m kPa
Conversion Factors C-5
C-6
Table 1.
Abbreviation mil mile mph mil. gal mgd By To Obtain Metric Unit
micron mil mile miles per hour
million gallons
million gallons per day
million gallons per day per acre
mgd/ac
most probable number per hundred milliliters parts per billion ppm lbf lb lb-ft lb-ft/sec lb/d/cap lb/cu ft lb/1000 cu ft lb/cu yd lb/d
MPN/100 mL ppb
parts per million
pound (force) pound (mass) pound-foot pound-feet per second pounds per day per capita pounds per cubic foot pounds per thousand cubic feet pounds per cubic yard pounds per day
1.000 25.40 1.609 0.446 9 1.609 3.785 103 3.785 4.383 10 2 43.83 3.785 103 3.785 1.083 10 5 9.353 103 9.353 10.00 1.00 (app.) 1.000 1.00 (app.) 1.000 4.448 0.453 6 1.356 1.356 0.453 6 16.02 16.02 0.593 3 5.250 0.453 6
m m km m/s km/h m3 ML m3/s L/s m3/d ML/d m3/m2 s m3/ha d ML/ha d MPN/L g/L g/kg mg/L mg/kg N kg Nm N m/s kg/cap d kg/m3 g/m3 kg/m3 mg/s kg/d
pounds per day per acre pounds per day per acre-foot pounds per day per cubic foot pounds per day per pound pounds per day per square foot
2
lb/d/ac lb/d/ac-ft lb/d/cu ft lb/d/lb lb/d/sq ft
pounds per day per thousand cubic feet pounds per day per thousand square feet pounds per foot pounds per foot per foot of diameter pounds per gallon pounds per hour
4
lb/d/1000 cu ft lb/d/1000 sq ft lb/ft lb/ft/ft dia lb/gal lb/hr lb/hr/sq ft lb/hr/cu ft lb/mil. gal lb/lb lb/sq ft lb/sq ft psi lb/1000 cu ft lb/1000 gal lb/ton lb/yr/ac lb/yr/cu ft lb/yr/sq ft lb-sec/sq ft lb-sq ft/sec rpm rps slug
6
pounds per hour per square foot
pounds per hour per cubic foot
pounds per million gallons
pounds per pound pounds per square foot (mass dose) pounds per square foot (force) pounds per square inch (force) pounds per thousand cubic feet pounds per thousand gallons pounds per ton pounds per year per acre pounds per year per cubic foot pounds per year per square foot pound-seconds per square foot pound-square feet per second revolutions per minute revolutions per second slug
0.112 1 0.367 7 16.02 11.57 56.51 4.882 1.602 10 4.882 1.488 47.88 0.119 8 1.260 10 0.453 6 4.882 1.356 4.450 10 16.02 0.119 8 0.119 8 1000 4.883 47.88 6895 16.02 0.119 8 0.500 1.121 16.02 4.882 47.88 4.883 1.000 1.000 14.59
g/m2 d g/m3 d kg/m3 d mg/kg s mg/m2 s kg/m2 d kg/m3 d g/m2 d kg/m (N/m)/m kg/L kg/s kg/h kg/m2 h g/m2 s kg/L s kg/m3 h g/m3 mg/L g/kg kg/m2 Pa Pa g/m3 g/m3 g/kg kg/ha a kg/m3 a kg/m2 a Pa s kg m2/s r/min r/s kg
C-8
Table 1.
Abbreviation
2 2

square foot square feet per capita square feet per cubic foot square feet per foot square feet per second square inch square mile square yard ton (long) ton (short)
2
sq ft sq ft/cap sq ft/cu ft sq ft/ft sq ft/sec sq in. sq mile sq yd ton ton ton/ac ton/cu yd W-hr W/sq ft yd
tons per acre
tons per cubic yard watt-hour watts per square foot yard
9.290 10 9.290 10 3.281 0.304 8 9.290 10 645.2 2.590 0.836 1 1.016 0.907 2 907.2 0.224 2 2.242 1.187 3.600 10.76 0.914 4
m2 m2/cap m2/m3 m2/m m2/s mm2 km2 m2 Mg Mg kg kg/m2 Mg/ha Mg/m3 J W/m2 m
Table 2.
Abbreviation By To Obtain Customary Unit
Conversion from metric to customary units (in alphabetical order) (continued).
Multiply Metric Unit
capita per hectare capita per square kilometer cubic meter 10

4
cap/ha cap/km2 m3
10
cubic meters per cubic meter m /m s m3/d 10

4 3 3
m /m 105 104 103
cubic meters per cubic meter per second
cubic meters per day
cubic meters per hectare per day m /ha s m3/kg m3/m d m3/m s
3
m3/ha d
10 103
cubic meters per hectare per second
cubic meters per kilogram cubic meters per meter per day cubic meters per meter per second
0.404 7 2.590 8.107 6.290 8.386 28.38 35.31 1.308 264.2 2.642 0.133 7 1.337 5.999 8.019 0.183 5 2.642 264.2 106.9 1.069 14.29 9.147 16.02 80.53 646.0 6.959 3.676 106 1010
cap/ac cap/sq mile ac-ft barrel (oil) barrel (water) bushel (U.S. dry) cu ft cu yd gal mil. gal cu ft/gal cu ft/mil. gal cfm/1000 cu ft cfm/1000 gal gpm mgd gpd gpd/ac mgd/ac cfs/ac cfs/sq mile cu ft/lb gpd/ft cfm/ft gpd/ft gpd/mile
C-10
Table 2.
Abbreviation m /s
3 5

By To Obtain Customary Unit
cubic meters per second
cubic meters per square meter per day m3/m2 h m3/m2 s
m3/m2 d
cubic meters per square meter per hour cubic meters per square meter per second
cubic millimeter degrees Celsius Kelvin grams per cubic meter
mm3 C K g/m3
grams per cubic meter per day grams per cubic meter per second grams per kilogram g/L g/m g/s g/m2 d
g/m3 d g/m3 s g/kg
grams per liter grams per meter grams per second grams per square meter per day
1.271 10 2.119 103 35.32 9.515 105 1.585 104 22.83 24.55 1.704 10 2 3.281 1.429 103 9.149 107 9.238 1010 2.121 106 1.473 103 9.238 104 1.181 104 6.102 10 5 1.800 (C) 32 1.800 8.344 6.243 10 2 8.347 2.720 0.224 7 1.000 10 3 2.000 0.0624 0.672 0 7.937 8.922 0.204 8
cfh or cu ft/hr cfm cfs gph gpm mgd gpd/sq ft gpm/sq ft cfh/sq ft cfs/ac cfs/sq mile gpd/ac gpd/sq ft gpm/sq ft mgd/ac cfh/sq ft cu in. F R lb/mil.gal lb/1000 cu ft lb/1000 gal lb/d/ac-ft lb/hr/cu ft lb/lb lb/ton lb/cu ft lb/1000 ft lb/hr lb/d/ac lb/d/1000 sq ft
grams per square meter per second ha J J/m3 J/kg
g/m2 s
hectare joule joules per cubic meter joules per kilogram
joules per liter J/m J/m2 s kg
J/L
joules per meter joules per square meter per second kilogram
kilogram meter kilogram meter per second kilograms per capita per day kilograms per cubic meter
kg m kg m/s kg/cap d kg/m3
kilograms per cubic meter per day kg/m3 h kg/m3 s kg/d kg/ha d kg/ha a kg/h kg/kg s kg/L
kg/m3 d
kilograms per cubic meter per hour kilograms per cubic meter per second kilograms per day kilograms per hectare per day kilograms per hectare per year (annum) kilograms per hour kilograms per kilogram per second kilograms per liter
17.70 0.737 3 2.471 0.7376 1.051 10 3 4.299 10 4 0.859 8 1.689 10 4 8.461 10 5 1.051 1.873 10 2 0.317 1 2.205 1.102 10 3 6.854 10 2 0.672 0 0.672 0 2.205 6.243 10 2 1.686 834 7 62.42 6.242 10 2 62.42 6.242 10 2 224.8 2.205 0.892 2 0.892 2 2.205 8.64 104 3.613 10 2 8.347 8.347 106
lb/d/sq ft lb/hr/sq ft ac (acre) ft-lb kWh/mil. gal Btu/lb Btu/ton hp-hr/1000 lb hp/gpm kWh/mil. gal ft-lb/in. Btu/hr/sq ft lb (mass) ton slug lb-ft lb-ft/sec lb/cap/d lb/cu ft lb/cu yd lb/mil. gal lb/1000 cu ft lb/cu ft lb/d/1000 cu ft lb/hr/cu ft lb/hr/cu ft lb/d lb/d/ac lb/yr/ac lb/hr lb/d/lb lb/cu in. lb/gal lb/mil. gal
C-12
Table 2.
Abbreviation kg/m kg/s 105 103 By To Obtain Customary Unit
kilograms per meter kilograms per second
d h s a 104
2
kilograms per square meter kilograms per square meter per day kilograms per square meter per hour kilograms per square meter per second kilograms per square meter per year (annum) kilojoule kilojoules per cubic meter 10 10
3
kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kJ kJ/m3
kilojoules per kilogram
kJ/kg
10
kilojoules per liter kilometer kilometers per hour kilonewton kilonewton per meter kilonewtons per meter per second kilopascal
kJ/L km km/h kN kN/m kN/m s kPa
10
kilowatt kilowatt per cubic meter liter
kW kW/m3 L
0.672 0 1.905 7.936 0.204 8 0.204 8 0.204 8 1.770 0.204 8 0.947 8 2.684 1.051 1.408 0.430 0 859.8 0.252 0 0.126 0 1.689 1.410 0.621 4 0.621 4 0.224 8 0.737 5 0.737 5 9.872 20.89 0.145 0 4.019 0.296 1 1.341 5.076 3.532 0.264 2 10
2
lb/ft lb/d lb/hr lb/sq ft (mass dose) lb/d/sq ft lb/hr/sq ft lb/d/sq ft lb/yr/sq ft Btu Btu/cu ft kWh/mil. gal hp-hr/1000 gal Btu/lb Btu/ton kWh/ton kWh/1000 1b hp-hr/lb Btu/gal mile mph kip kip-ft kip-ft/sec atm psf (force) psi (force) in. H2O in. Hg hp hp/1000 gal cu ft gal
liters per capita liters per capita per day liters per cubic meter liters per cubic meter per second
2
L/cap L/cap d L/m3 L/m3 s
10
liters per hectare per second
L/ha s
10
liters per kilogram liters per meter liters per meter per second 103 10 2 104
2 2
L/kg L/m L/m s
liters per second
L/s
liters per square meter per day liters per square meter per second
L/m d L/m2 s
10 10
103 10 3
megagram or metric ton
Mg or t
megagram per cubic meter megagram per hectare megajoule megajoules per cubic meter MJ/kg
Mg/m3 Mg/ha MJ MJ/m3
10 10
Conversion Factors
megajoules per kilogram
3.532 0.264 2 133.7 0.488 8 59.99 8.019 1.429 9.149 6.418 239.6 425.2 0.645 9 4.832 6.958 127.1 2.119 3.532 2.282 15.85 2.283 2.455 11.82 2.121 9.237 1.473 1.102 0.984 3 0.842 5 0.446 0 0.372 5 8.460 1.051 168.9 0.126 0
cu ft/cap gpd/cap cu ft/mil. gal cfm/cu ft cfm/1000 cu ft cfm/1000 gal cfs/ac cfs/sq mile gpm/ac gal/ton gal/mile cfm/ft gpm/ft gpd/ft cfh cfm cfs gpd gpm mgd gpd/sq ft cfh/sq ft gpd/sq ft gpd/ac gpm/sq ft ton (short) ton (long) ton/cu yd ton/ac hp-hr hp/gpm kWh/gal hp-hr/1000 lb kWh/lb
C-13
C-14
Table 2.
Abbreviation MJ/L ML ML/d ML/ha d m m/h m/s m/s2 g/L m mg mg/L By

To Obtain Customary Unit
megajoules per liter megaliter megaliters per day megaliters per hectare per day meter meters per hour meters per second
meters per second squared micrograms per liter micrometer
2 2 2
miligram milligrams per liter

2
milliliter milliliters per cubic meter milliliters per kilogram
mL mL/m3 mL/kg
2 2
milliliters per meter per day per meter milliliters per second millimeter millimeters per hour millimeters per second
(mL/m d)/m mL/s mm mm/h mm/s MPN/m3 MPN/L
most probable number per cubic meter most probable number per liter
1.051 0.264 2 0.264 2 0.106 9 3.281 3.281 3.281 2.238 3.281 1.00 (app.) 1.000 3.937 10 1.543 10 5.841 10 1.00 (app.) 6.102 10 0.133 7 1.198 10 0.239 6 2.450 10 0.951 5 3.937 10 3.937 10 0.196 9 11.81 1.000 10 0.100 0
4
kWh/gal mil. gal mgd mgd/ac ft ft/hr fps mph ft/sec2 ppb micron mil grain grains per gallon ppm cu in. cu ft/mil. gal gal/lb gal/ton gpd/ft/ft-head gph in. in./hr fpm ft/hr MPN/100 mL MPN/100 mL
newton newton meter newton meters per meter pascal

6 4 2 4 2
N Nm N m/m Pa 10 10 10 10 10 10
4
pascal second square kilometer square meter
Pa s km2 m2
3 3
square meters per cubic meter square meters per meter square meter per second square millimeter ton (metric) 10 10
m2/m3 m2/m m2/s mm2 t
watt
10 10
watts per cubic meter W/L W/m2
W/m3
watts per liter watts per square meter
0.224 8 0.737 6 0.224 8 9.872 3.345 2.089 1.450 2.089 0.386 1 2.471 10.76 3.048 3.281 10.76 1.550 1.102 0.984 3 1.102 3.412 947.8 44.27 0.738 0 1.341 2.400 5.076 3.797 5.076 9.290 10 2 103 10 2
lbf (force) ft-lb lb-ft/ft dia atm ft (head) lb/sq ft psi lb-sec/sq ft sq mile ac sq ft sq ft/cu ft sq ft/ft sq ft/sec sq in. lb ton (long) ton (short) Btu/hr Btu/sec ft-lb/min ft-lb/sec hp kWh/d hp/mil. gal hp/1000 cu ft hp/mil. gal W/sq ft

Conversion Factors

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Conversion Factors

Conversion from customary to metric units (in alphabetical order).

Multiply Customary Unit

Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

cubic feet per hour

cubic feet per hour per square foot

cubic feet per million gallons cubic feet per minute

cubic feet per second per acre

cubic feet per second per square mile

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

gallons per day

gallons per day per acre

gallons per day per capita

Conversion from customary to metric units (in alphabetical order) (continued).

Multiply Customary Unit

gallons per day per linear foot

gpd/ft/ft-head gpd/in. dia/mile gpd/mile 10

1.437 1.437 1.242 4.074

m3/m s L/m s m3/m d (mL/m d)/m

gallons per day per square foot

gph/ft dia/ft-head gph/in. dia/1000 ft gal/mil. gal gpm

Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

gpm/ac gpm/cu ft gpm/ft

gallons per minute per square foot

gallons per pound gallons per ton grain

horsepower per million gallons

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

kilowatt-hours per million gallons