US History - Review Sheet - Chapters 21 – 24

Names

Populists - a relatively short-lived political party in the United States in the late
19th century. It flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its
opposition to the gold standard. Although the party did not remain a lasting feature
of the political landscape, many of its terms have.

Progressives - strongly opposed waste and corruption. They sought change in

regard to worker's rights and protection of the ordinary citizen in general. The
reformers (and their opponents) were predominantly members of the middle class.
Most were well educated white Protestants who lived in the cities. Catholics, Jews
and African Americans had their own versions of the Progressive Movement, led by
the likes of George Cardinal Mundelein, Oscar Straus and Booker T. Washington.

Wobblies – OR Industrial Workers of the World contends that all workers should
be united within a single union as a class and that the wage system should be
abolished.

W.J. Bryan - an American lawyer, statesman, and politician. He was a three-time

Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States. One of the most
popular speakers in American history, he was noted for his deep, commanding
voice.

Mark Hanna - an American industrialist and Republican politician from Cleveland,

Ohio. He rose to fame as the campaign manager of the successful Republican
Presidential candidate, William McKinley, in the U.S. Presidential election of 1896 in
a well-funded political campaign and subsequently became one of the most
powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

William Booth - a British Methodist preacher who founded The Salvation Army and
became the first General (1878-1912).

Robert LaFollette - an American politician who served as a U.S. Congressman, the

20th Governor of Wisconsin (1901-1906), and Republican Senator from Wisconsin
(1905-1925). He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of his own
Progressive Party in 1924, carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular vote.

Booker T. Washington - an American educator, author and leader of the African

American community. He was freed from slavery as a child, gained an education,
and as a young man was appointed to lead a teachers' college for black Americans.

W.E.B. DuBois - an African American civil rights activist, leader, Pan-Africanist,

sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar. He became a
naturalized citizen of Ghana in 1963 at the age of 95.

John Mitchell - the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of
illegal activities and imprisoned. He also served as campaign director for the
Committee to Re-elect the President, which engineered the Watergate first break-in
and employed Watergate burglar James W. McCord, Jr. in a "security" capacity.

John Pershing – “Black Jack” - an officer in the United States Army. Pershing is the
only person, while still alive, to rise to the highest rank ever held in the United
States Army—General of the Armies

Joseph Wheeler - an American military commander and politician. He has the rare
distinction of serving as a general during war time for two opposing forces: first as a
major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and
later as a major general in the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American War and
Philippine-American War. Between the wars he served as a U.S. Representative from
Alabama.

Leonard Wood - a physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States
Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of the Philippines. Early in
his military career, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

John Muir - one of the first modern preservationists. His letters, essays, and books
telling of his adventures in nature, and wildlife, especially in the Sierra Nevada
Mountains of California, were read by millions and are still popular today. His direct
activism helped to save the Yosemite Valley and other wilderness areas.

Theodore Roosevelt - the twenty-sixth (26th) President of the United States, and a
leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He became the
youngest President in United States history at the age of 42. He served in many
roles including Governor of New York, historian, naturalist, explorer, author, and
soldier. Roosevelt is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of
interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" persona.

G.W. Goethals - a United States Army officer and civil engineer, best known for his
supervision of construction and the opening of the Panama Canal. The Goethals
Bridge between Staten Island, New York City and Elizabeth, New Jersey is named in
his honor, as is the Goethals Medal.

William H. Taft - an American politician, the twenty-seventh (27th) President of the

United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the
progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a
pioneer in international arbitration and staunch advocate of world peace verging on
pacifism, and scion of a leading political family, the Tafts, in Ohio.

Woodrow Wilson - the twenty-eighth (28th) President of the United States. A

devout Presbyterian and leading "intellectual" of the Progressive Era, he served as
president of Princeton University then became the reform governor of New Jersey in
1910. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican
vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.

Joe Cannon - a United States politician from Illinois and leader of the Republican
Party. Cannon served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
from 1903 to 1911, and historians generally consider him to be the most dominant
Speaker in United States history, with such control over the House that he could
often control debate.

George Norris - a U.S. leader of progressive and liberal causes in Congress. He

represented the state of Nebraska in the United States Senate from 1913 until 1943.

Muckrakers - a writer who investigates and exposes societal issues such as

conditions in slums and prisons, unsanitary conditions in food processing plants,
fraudulent claims by manufacturers of patent medicines and related topics.

Upton Sinclair - a prolific American author who wrote over 90 books in many
genres and was widely considered to be one of the best investigators, advocating
socialist views and supporting anarchist causes. He achieved considerable
popularity in the first half of the 20th century. He gained particular fame for his
1906 novel The Jungle, which dealt with conditions in the U.S. meat packing
industry and caused a public uproar that partly contributed to the passage of the
Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.

Jacob Riis - a Danish-American muckraker journalist, photographer, and social

reformer, was born in Ribe, Denmark.

J.P. Morgan - an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who
dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.

William James - a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher. He wrote

influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology,
psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and the philosophy of
pragmatism. He was the brother of novelist Henry James and of diarist Alice James.

George Dewey - an admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his victory
(without the loss of a single life of his own forces due to combat; one man died of a
heart attack) at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He was
also the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of
Admiral of the Navy, the most senior rank in the United States Navy.

Nelson A. Miles - an American soldier who served in the American Civil War, Indian
Wars, and the Spanish-American War.

William R. Shafter - a Union Army officer uring the American Civil War who
received America's highest military decoration the Medal of Honor for his actions at
the Battle of Fair Oaks. Shafter also played a prominent part as a Major General in
the Spanish-American War.

“Rough Riders” - the name bestowed by the American press on the 1st United
States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment during the Spanish-American War.

“Insurgents” –

“Old Guard” –
Alfred T. Mahan - a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His
ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and
helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS
Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval
History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon
History,1660-1783, published in 1890.

Dates

1896 - Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a

campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic in American
history. Cross of Gold Speech.

1898 – United States House of Representatives elections, Battle of Manila Bay

1901 – McKinley is assassinated during his speech.

1906 – Elections

1908 - United States presidential election, 1908

1912 - Popular incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt, honoring a promise not to

seek a third term, persuaded the Republicans to nominate William Howard Taft, his
close friend and Secretary of War, as his successor. The Democrats turned to two-
time nominee William Jennings Bryan, who had been defeated in 1896 and 1900 by
Republican William McKinley. Taft won easily.

1913 -

Places

Cuba – Was always wanted by the US, attacked during S.A. War by Rough Riders.

San Juan Hill – location of the bloodiest and most famous battle of the Spanish-
American War. It could be described as America's (with Cuban help) version of the
Battle of Bunker Hill, with roughly the same casualties and battleground.

Guam – Got in the Treaty of Paris with Spain.

Philippines – Attacked by the US after the Spanish American war started

Hawaii – annexed due to it having good sugarcane

China – The US wanted open trade with this country

Panama-Canal - Construction of the canal was one of the largest and most difficult
engineering projects ever undertaken. It has had an enormous impact on shipping
between the two oceans, replacing the long and treacherous route via the Drake
Passage and Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of South America.

Manila Bay - The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey
engaged the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón and
destroyed the Spanish squadron. The engagement took place in Manila Bay, the
Philippines, and was the first major engagement of the Spanish-American War.

Santiago Bay - fought between Spain and the United States on July 3, 1898, was
the largest naval engagement of the Spanish-American War, The Spanish fleet was
destroyed, all 10 ships.

Things

Trusts - an arrangement whereby money or property is managed by one person (or

persons, or organizations) for the benefit of another but is owned by the 'Trust'.

National Parks - a reserve of land, usually, but not always declared and owned by
a national government, protected from most human development and pollution.

Grange –

Supreme Court Cases –

Gold Standard - a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of

account is a fixed weight of gold. Under the gold standard, currency issuers
guarantee to redeem notes, upon demand, in that amount of gold.

Free Silver - an important political issue in the late 19th century United States.

“Cross of Gold” - a speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896

Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The speech advocated Bimetallism.

Alaska

Puerto Rico – Won after the Spanish American War

“Open Door Policy” - a concept of opening doors for persons in foreign affairs
stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial
trade rights in China.

Boxer Rebellion - a Chinese rebellion from November 1899 to September 7, 1901,

against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology
that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule. The Righteous and
Harmonious Society Movement.

Pragmatism - a philosophic school that originated in the late nineteenth century

with Charles Sanders Peirce, who first stated the pragmatic maxim. It came to
fruition in the early twentieth-century philosophies of William James and John
Dewey. Most of the thinkers who describe themselves as pragmatists consider
practical consequences or real effects to be vital components of both meaning and
truth.

Recall - is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office.
Along with the initiative, referendum, and direct primary, it was one of the major
electoral reforms advocated by leaders of the Progressive movement in the United
States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Initiative - a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of

registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed statute, constitutional
amendment, charter amendment or ordinance, or, in its minimal form, to simply
oblige the executive or legislative bodies to consider the subject.

Referendum - a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire

electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.

Direct Primary - A preliminary election in which a party's candidates for public

office are nominated by direct vote of the people. In Wisconsin

“Square Deal” - the term used by Theodore Roosevelt and his associates for the
domestic policies of his administration, particularly with regard to economic policies,
such as enforcement.

“New Freedom” - policy of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson promoted antitrust

modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters. This policy
stood in opposition to former President Theodore Roosevelt's ideas of New
Nationalism, particularly on the issue of antitrust modification.

Princeton - a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New

Jersey. It is one of eight universities that belong to the Ivy League. Woodrow Wilson
taught here.

Spanish-American War - a military conflict between Spain and the United States
that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of
Paris was signed in December. The war began after the American demand of Spain
peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected.

Treaty of Paris 1898 - signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-
American War. In France.

Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 - ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was

signed on September 5, 1905 after negotiations at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
near Portsmouth, New Hampshire in the United States.

Bull Moose – Progressive Party, named from Roosevelt.