AS 3953—1996

IEC 905:1987/Corr.:1991

Australian Standard
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Loading guide for dry-type power

transformers
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee EL/8, Power Transformers. It
was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 6 November 1995
and published on 5 February 1996.

The following interests are represented on Committee EL/8:

Australasian Railway Association

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Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Australian Electrical and Electronic Manufacturer Association

Australian Institute of Petroleum Ltd

Electricity Supply Association of Australia

Electricity Supply Engineers Association of New South Wales

Institution of Engineers Australia

Testing Interests

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australi an Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editi ons as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest editi on, and any
amendments thereto.
Full detail s of all Australi an Standards and related publications wil l be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australi an
Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editi ons
and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggesti ons for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head off ice of Standards Australia,
are welcomed. Noti fi cati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australi an Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
 AS 3953—1996

Australian Standard
This is a free 7 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

Loading guide for dry-type power

transformers

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7337 0212 0
 ii

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee EL/8 on Power Transformers to supersede
AS 3953—1991, Loading guide for dry-type power transformers. It is identical to and has been reproduced from
IEC 905:1987, Loading guide for dry-type power transformers, as corrected by the Corrigendum of April 1991.

Australian variations to IEC 905 are listed in Appendix ZZ. The changes are indicated in the text by single
marginal bars against the relevant clause, note, table or figure, or part thereof.

The text affected by the Corrigendum is marked with double marginal bars.

The objective of this Standard is to provide designers and users of dry-type power transformers with guidance
in calculating the permissible loading and rated power of transformers complying with AS 2735, Dry-type power
transformers, to promote better matching of load with power capacity.

The term ‘normative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which it applies.
A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard.
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As this Standard is reproduced from an international Standard, the following applies:

(a) Its number appears on the cover and title page while the international Standard number appears only on the
cover.

(b) In the source text, ‘this International Standard’ should read ‘this Australian/New Zealand Standard’.

(c) A full point substitutes for a comma when referring to a decimal marker.

Statements expressed in the international Standard in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are
requirements of this Standard.

References to international Standards should be replaced by equivalent Australian Standards, as follows:

Reference to International Standard Australian Standard

IEC AS
76 Power transformers 2374 Power transformers
76-1 Part 1: General 2374.1 Part 1: General requirements
726 Dry-type power transformers 2735 Dry-type power transformers

 Copyri ght STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Users of Standards are reminded that copyri ght subsists in all Standards Australi a publications and soft ware. Except where the
Copyri ght Act all ows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Austr alia may be
reproduced, stored in a retri eval system in any form or transmitt ed by any means without pri or permission in wri ti ng fr om
Standards Australi a. Permission may be conditi onal on an appropriate royalt y payment. Requests for permission and information on
commercial soft ware royalti es should be dir ected to the head off ice of Standards Australi a.
Standards Australi a wil l permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use
exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Austr alia.
Standards Australi a wil l also permit the inclusion of its copyri ght material in computer soft ware programs for no royalt y
payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is fr om the current editi on of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the
Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identif ied.
The use of material in pri nt form or in computer soft ware programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in
commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be vari ed by Standards Austr alia at any ti me.
 ii i

CONTENTS
Page
1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3. Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

PART 1
4. Basis of guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. Algorithm for basic ‘use of life’ calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

PART 2
7. Basis of establishing load curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Selection of appropriate load curve with examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
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Appendix ZZ Variations from IEC 905 required for

Australian conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Originated as AS 3953—1991.
Second editi on 1996.
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iv

NOTES
 1

AUSTRALIAN STANDARD

LOADING GUIDE
FOR DRY-TYPE POWER TRANSFORMERS

1. Scope

This guide is applicable to naturally cooled dry-type power transformers complying with
IEC Publication 726 and operated within the limitations referred to in Clause 6. Six different
insulation systems are taken into account, identified by their system temperatures.
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Because there are numerous combinations of different insulation systems and constructions
it is possible to make loading recommendations only of a general nature. For this reason the guide
is in two parts:

— the first part makes no loading recommendations, but gives the method of calculating loading
conditions when the variable parameters are known as the result of prototype testing of a
particular construction and/or insulation system. The calculations are given in the form of
an algorithm from which computer programs can be written;

— the second part assumes constant values for the variable parameters, with the exception of
the insulation temperature limits (Table I) and the temperature of external cooling air,
irrespective of insulation system or construction, thereby enabling load curves to be
produced.

The guide indicates how dry-type transformers may be operated without exceeding the
acceptable limit of deterioration of insulation through thermal effects. The acceptable limit of
deterioration of insulation is defined as that which occurs when the dry-type transformer is
operating under rated conditions at the basic temperature of the external cooling air.

2. Object

The object of this guide is to permit the calculation of, and to indicate the permissible
loading under certain defined conditions in terms of rated current, for the guidance of users and
to help planners to choose the rated power of transformers required for new installations.

The basic temperature of the external cooling air is assumed to be 20°C. Guidance is given
for this temperature, and also for external cooling air temperatures of 10°C and 30°C. Deviations
from these temperatures are provided for in such a way that the increased use of life when
operated with a higher external cooling air temperature is balanced by a reduced use of life with
a lower external cooling air temperature.

In practice, uninterrupted continuous operation at full rated current is unusual, and this guide
gives recommendations for cyclic daily loads, taking into account seasonal variations of ambient
temperature. The daily use of life due to thermal effects is compared with normal daily use of life
which results when the dry-type transformer is operating at rated voltage and current, with an
external cooling air temperature of 20°C.

COPYRIGHT
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AS 3953-1996, Loading guide for dry-type power

transformers
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