INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

DO WE NEED STATISTICS?

WHAT IS MEANT BY STATISTICS?

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.

GOAL OF STATISTICS
TO COLLECT DATA FROM A SMALL PART OF A LARGER GROUP SO THAT WE CAN LEARN ABOUT THE LARGER GROUP

DEFINITIONS
Data
Observations that have been collected (e.g. measurements, survey responses) A collection of methods for planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data.
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Statistics

WHO USES STATISTICS?

Statistical techniques are used extensively by marketing, accounting, quality control, consumers, professional sports people, hospital administrators, educators, politicians, physicians, etc...

TYPES OF STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Describe about samples characteristics INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Make inferences about population from sample statistics
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DEFINITIONS
Descriptive Statistics - methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way.
EXAMPLE 1: A Gallup poll found that 49% of the people in a survey knew the name of the first book of the Bible. The statistic 49 describes the number out of every 100 persons who knew the answer. EXAMPLE 2: According to Consumer Reports, General Electric washing machine owners reported 9 problems per 100 machines during 2001. The statistic 9 describes the number of problems out of every 100 machines.

Inferential Statistics: A decision, estimate, prediction, or generalization about a population, based on a sample.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Descriptive statistic
method of organizing, summarizing and presenting data in a convenient and informative way. Use numerical data and graphical techniques. Collect data e.g., Survey Present data e.g., Tables and graphs Characterize data Xi e.g., Sample mean =

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Method used to draw conclusions and inferences about characteristics of population based on sample data. Estimation e.g., Estimate the population mean weight using the sample mean weight Hypothesis testing e.g., Test the claim that the population mean weight is 120 pounds

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KEY CONCEPTS IN STATISTICS

There are 3 Key Concepts in Statistics Population Sample Statistical Inference

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STATISTICAL INFERENCE

Statistical inference Is a process of making an estimate, prediction, or decision making about population based on sample data. Population is very large, so statistic is used to investigate characteristic of the population. Estimation from sample is not 100% correct. To measure this, confidence level and significance level are used to determine reliability of the measurement.

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POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Population
a b cd b c

Sample
n
u

ef gh i jk l m n
o p q rs t u v w x y z o

gi
r y

Measures used to describe the population are called parameters

Measures computed from sample data are called statistics

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DEFINITIONS
A population
is the complete collection of all elements (e.g. measurements, scores, people, etc.) to be studied. is the collection of data from every member of the population. is the subcollection of members selected from a population.
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A census

A sample

POPULATION versus SAMPLE

A population is a collection of all possible individuals, objects, or measurements of interest.
A sample is a portion, or part, of the population of interest

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DEFINITIONS
A parameter
is a numerical measurement describing a particular characteristic of a population. is a numerical measurement describing a particular characteristic of a sample.

A statistic

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POPULATION

Population Is a complete collection of all items (people, or things) of interest. Measures of population are called parameters (characteristics of interest). It is very large and sometime infinite.

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SAMPLE

Sample Is a set of data drawn from a population. Measures of sample are called statistics. Since populations are very big and sometime infinite, we make use of statistics to make inferences about parameters.
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WHY USE STATISTICS?

To systematically present information To make conclusions about population based on sample information To make reliable forecasts Information obtained are use to improve system and processes

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CAN YOU INTERPRATE THIS GRAPH?

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HOW DO WE OBTAIN DATA?

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RESULT OF A MEASUREMENT

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RAW DATA
A raw data is the data obtained before it is being processed or arranged.

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COLLECT DATA

78, 74, 65, 74, 74, 67, 63, 67, 80, 58 74, 50, 65, 74, 86, 78, 63, 65, 80, 89
The raw scores for 20 students in a test
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SUMMARIZING DATA
Score (X)
50 58 63 65 67 74 78 80 86 89

Frequency (f)
1 1 2 3 2 5 2 2 1 1

Frequency distribution table for ungrouped data

Total

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PRESENTING DATA
6 6 5 5

Kekerapan Frequency

4 4
3 3 2 2

1 1 0 0
50 1 1 60 3 70 80 8 90 10

2 2

4 4

Score Skor

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