Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference December 15-17, 2011, Kochi (Paper No.

M-253)

DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL SUITABILITY MAP FOR GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS USING GIS APPROACH
S.Sakunthala Devi, ME Student, Anna university- Chennai, sakugopiram@gmail.com V.K Stalin, Professor of Civil Engineering, Anna University-Chennai, staliniisc@yahoo.co.in.

ABSTRACT: The preliminary geotechnical site investigation aims to develop a working site model that is used to analyze the site and to plan site activities.GIS is a versatile tool that can be used to aid preliminary geotechnical site evaluations and it is time saving.The use of the GIS database allows the engineers to easily and rapidly manage large volumes of data while also being able to examine it in detail .Hence in this study the geotechnical database and soil suitability map were created for South Chennai.Various interpolation technique were used to create the spatial continuity and variability of the important geotechnical parameters and the database was created from available bore log data.These database and the thematic map serves as a basic tool in effective planning and execution of the site investigation work by providing guidance on spatial continuity of geotechnical properties in the south Chennai.

INTRODUCTION With the introduction of GIS, missing spatial data & corresponding attribute information could be generated. GIS systems are time saving, cost economical, useful for Structural Engineers, Geotechnical Engineers, urban Planners and even the local inhabitant for any future developmental activities in the area concerned. Many geotechnical database and suitability maps were created all over the world. In model study [1] Geotechnical database for Bangkok city (GeSEP) was created to manage and interpret the soil datas obtained from more than 20000 boreholes and GIS software GRASS 5.0 was used to visualize soil profiles. The model study [2] involves multiple regression equation, chi-square test and k-nearest neighbour classification to create, Soil Characteristics Prediction Model (SCPM) for Coimbatore city and GIS was used to manage the database and to develop thematic maps. In model study [3] by using the GIS tools in conjunction with the ACCESS database, GeoCovilha XXI database was created and the data of different tests were visualised. Model study [4] deals with the generation of the geotechnical database using the program ArcView/GIS 9.0. for city of Mayagez and this was used to identify areas of liquefaction potential or seismic hazards..North Sea geotechnical database was created from collected geotechnical reports in quadrant K and L North Sea using GIS and statistical approach in model study [5]. In this work geotechnical database and various geotechnical maps were created for South Chennai. METHODOLOGY The flowchart used to create the database and themetic map was shown in Fig. 1.GIS is a specific information system applied to geographical data and is mainly referred to as system of hardware, software and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and displaying of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems.Using
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statistical techniques, geotechnical engineers can quantify the degree of spatial variation of soil properties and obtain more meaningful estimates at unsampled locations and provide input to reliability analyses.Regression analysis is a statistical tool for the investigation of relationships between variables. The uncertainty in the estimation of soil properties are described in terms of standard deviation, coefficient of variation and confidence interval. From statistical results, the mean, median and ranges of 95% confidence intervals for each property are established. Those ranges can help structural and foundation engineers during the process of foundation analysis.

Fig. 1 Flow chart for creating map and database Geotechnical Database Paper maps are used traditionally as both storage and display medium. They work well when the amount of data is small, the rate of data changing is slow but when the data

S.Sakunthala Devi & V.K.Stalin set becomes larger, it is necessary to prepare several special situation, the traditional maps or plans show some shortcomings. Those problems can be avoided by GIS which can handle essentially unlimited data and provide a secure and easily updated database to generate maps for any specialist use to extract useful information hidden inside a large data collection, the data should be well organised.. Meanwhile, databases show their flexibility. To manage subsurface data collected from borings, the geotechnical database management system was designed. The geotechnical information in this database is classified into several tables. The database is implemented using a Microsoft Access software package. The advantages of organising geotechnical data into a relational database are to handle an enormous amount of data, to share information, to update data quickly, to derive thematic maps easily. Furthermore, incorporating geotechnical database with GIS and geostatistics packages can enable to predict the spatial variation of variables, to visualise geological features or to locate the potentially hazardous areas. Those advantages help the engineers, designers and the authorities to make the decisions effectively. Study Area The study area was divided into two zones and the details are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Study area details containing various zones Zone I II Village Kotturpuram,Adyar,Besant Nagar,Perungudi Egatur, Navalur, Keelambakam,Siruseri, Padur,Thoraipakkam maps to avoid confusion and to facilitate reading. In that

Fig. 2 N-value map @ 8.5m depth Ground Water Table Map for Various Zones of Study Area The GWT map for the zone I and zone II were created by Topo to Raster interpolation technique. The GWT map for the zone I & II were shown in Fig. 3.From the map it is inferred that, for Zone I the GWT varies 0.6m to 4.4m and in Zone II the GWT varies 1 to 3.1m.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ground Water Table, Bearing Capacity of soil (Computed from N value) maps were developed for the study area and these maps are used in the design of geotechnical structures.Further the consideration were also given with respect to statistical analysis of various geotechnical parameter and the regression equation for various dependent geotechnical parameter were developed from the bore log data. The geotechnical database was created using access. The above sequence of work was discussed elaborately in the following sub section. Geotechnical Map for Various Zones in the Study Area on Various Depths Using GIS The variations of geotechnical parameters (N-value, value, WT, QU) with respect to depth for two different zones were analyzed. N-value map for various zones of study area The N-value map for Zone I & Zone II were created by Kriging and IDW method .The N-value maps at 8.5m depth was shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 3 Ground Water Table map for zone I and Zone II

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Development Of soil Suitability Map for Geotechnical Application Using GIS Approach Angle of Internal Friction ( ) Map for Various Zones of Study Area The value was computed from the N value using the Tengs relationship.By using IDW interpolation method, the variation in at various depth were obtained. The value map was given in Fig. 4. primary key (project ID of project table) to foreign key (project ID of other table).Once database was organized, necessary information can be derived in the form of reports, forms (shown in Fig. 6)

Fig. 5 Qu map for zone I and Zone II @ 10 m depth

Fig. 4

map @ 0.75 and 1.5 m depth

Qu map for various zones of study area The bearing capacity of the pile was calculated from the Meyerhof equation from the SPT N value. The dia of pile ( ) was 0.6m , length was 10m and the embedded length was 8.5m. The ultimate bearing capacity (Qu) was calculated for Zone I and Zone II .The Qu maps for zone I & II were created by IDW interpolation technique and were shown in Fig. 5. In zone I, the mean value of Qu was 3420KN .In zone II, mean value of Qu was 3953KN. Geotechnical database using ACCESS From the available bore log data the geotechnical database was created for Chennai with the help of application called MS access. The set of data were stored inside the database named as Chennai database. This database consists of various tables which contains information such as ground water levels, SPT results, borelogs and laboratory test results and this table were interconnected by linking
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Fig. 6 Form 1(area wise project work)

S.Sakunthala Devi & V.K.Stalin Statistical Analysis of Various Geotechnical Properties Statistical techniques were used to quantify the degree of spatial variation. The statistical approach for N-value and value was discussed. Descriptive statistics include the mean, median, standard deviation, maximum, minimum value i.e.) the statistical parameters. Relationship between N and Other Geotechnical Parameters The SPT N of soil is one of the most important parameter used for geotechnical analysis .It can be obtained from standard penetration test.SPT test were quite expensive and on the other hand grain size distribution test, water content were obtained at low cost. The relationship is established between SPT N and grain size distribution .Firstly the linear equation was examined The linear relationship was given by SPT N =constant+c1gravel+c2CS+ c3 MS+c4 FS + c5 silt Where C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 were coefficient of the independent variables and statics were given in Table 2. Table 2 Regression statistics for linear relationship Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.627765 R Square 0.394089 Adjusted R Square 0.361791 Standard Error 28.52346 Observations 111 The R2 and R2adj (In table 4.3) were too low, the linear relationship between the variables were not significant. So a quadratic relationship was established and the statics was shown in Table 3. Table 3 Regression statistics for quadratic relationship Regression Statistics Multiple R R Square Adjusted R Square Standard Error Observations 0.707279 0.500244 0.427362 27.22039 111 CONCLUSIONS The study area composed of two different zones and the base map was created. The best interpolation technique available for creating N value map was Kriging which was validated based on cross interpolation technique .From SPT N values, the angle of internal friction of a zone at different depths were computed based on correlation between Nvalue and for granular soil(After Peck , Hanson and Thomburn).The allowable bearing capacity map at 10m for the two zones were computed based on the Meyerhof equation for the developed N-value map. Using the computed average SPT N-values, bearing capacity for 0.6m dia pile of 10m length was found out. The geotechnical database named Chennai Database was created to manage large quantity of available data .The statistical analysis of SPT N and was developed to quantify the degree of spatial variation of these soil properties. There statistics were made. The uncertainties present were represented in terms of SD, coefficient of variance ant the coincidence interval of 95%.The relation between SPT N and other geotechnical parameters were developed with help of the regression analysis .Both linear and quadratic relationship were established . The developed graphs and the database can be used by civil engineers, geotechnical engineers and geologists for planning, designing, investigation, analysis and design of structures. REFERENCES 1. Panoot Suwanwiwattana.S,Karchoke Chantawarangul.K, Warakorn Mairaing.H, (2004), The development of Geotechnical database of Bankok subsoil using Geographic Resources Analysis And Support System (GRASS) GIS. Source from www.gisdevelopment.net. 2. Gandhimathi (2010) Spatial analysis of soil in Coimbatore for Geotechnical engineering purposes in International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(7), 2010, 2982-2996. 3. Victor Manuel Cavaleiro, Jos Alcino RodriguesCarvalho &Luis Ferreira Gomes (2006), Geotechnical mapping in the area of Covilh, Portugal.A methodology using GIS, in IAEG2006 Paper number 211. 4. Carmen Y. Lugo Cintrn (2007) Development of a Geotechnical database for the city of Mayagez, Puerto Rico.a post graduate thesis submitted to the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez campus 5. Le Minh Son (2002),Compiling Geotechnical data to determine the distribution and properties of Top sand deposits in Quadrant K&L of the Dutch sector North Sea, A post graduate thesis submitted to International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation(ITC).

When the order of the relationship was increased from first order (linear) to second order ( quadratic) ,the coefficient of determination R2 and R2adj increase remarkably from 39.4 % to 50 % and 36.14 % to 42.2% respectively and the P-value was lesser than 0.05 ( confidence significance).

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