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BSIMS 41 Introduction to DBMS SACHIN KUMAR SHARMA

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Question 1 Explain briefly the difference between data and information giving examples. Question 2 Explain briefly the task handled by the DBMS package. Question 3 Explain how data can be classified giving examples. Question 4 Explain how data is represented. Question 5 Explain the terms field, record and file. Question 6 Explain briefly the components of database system. Question 7 Explain clearly the advantage of database systems. Question 8 - Explain briefly the architecture of database systems. Question 9 What do you mean by data independence? Explain briefly its types. Question 10 Explain briefly objectives of DBMS. Question 11 Explain briefly components of DBMS. Question 12 Explain clearly the role of database administrator. Question 13 Explain briefly the three important data models. Question 14 What is a Record? Give its structure with an example. Question 15 Explain briefly different types of records. Question 16 Explain briefly database system development life cycle. Question 17 Identify any five entities and some attributes for each entity. Question 18 List different types of attributes; give at least two examples for each type. Question 19 Construct an E-R diagram for a car-insurance company that has a set of customers, each of whom owns one or more cars. Each car has associated with it zero or any number of recorded accidents. Question 21 Explain briefly the categories of data model. Question 22 Explain clearly the properties of relational tables. Question 23 What are the rule associated with relational model? Explain. Question 24 Explain briefly the advantage and disadvantage of relational model. Question 25 What is a network model? Explain with the help of an example. Question 26 Explain briefly the advantages and disadvantages of network model. Question 27 Explain the hierarchical data model, giving its advantages and disadvantages. Question 28 Explain briefly other data models.

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Introduction to DBMS (BSIMS-41) Assignment - I

Question 1 Explain briefly the difference between data and information giving examples. Ans Data are raw facts observations typically about physical phenomenon or business transactions. More specifically data are objective measurements of the attributes of entitle. For example 1. A sale of automobile may generate a lot of data like the type of vehicle, model, price, date of purchase, buyers name / address, sellers name / address etc. 2. Conduction of University exams in various subjects leads to, students reg. no., name etc. The observed data is usually represented by symbols such as numbers, words, and codes. It could even take other forms like, images, pictures, drawing, voice, video or combination of these, etc. If the observed / collected data is converted into a useful and meaningful form, then it becomes information. Data is usually subjected to a value added process called Data Processing where its content is analyzed and evaluated. So the Information is processed data, placed in a context that gives its value for specific end users. Users use it for the purpose needed. There are different types of information systems. For example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Transaction Procession Systems Decisions Support Systems Distributed Database Systems Financial Systems, Accounting Systems Expert Systems.

Question 2 Explain briefly the task handled by the DBMS package. Ans The task handled by DBMS packages can be classified as Database Development Define, organize the content, relationships and structure of the data needed to build a database. Database Interrogation Access the data in a database to display information in various formats. Users can selectively retrieve and display information and produce forms, reports, and other documents of interest. Database Maintenance Add, delete, update, and select the data in a database. Application Development Develop prototype of queries, presentation forms, input forms, output forms and reports for a proposed business application. Question 3 Explain how data can be classified giving examples. Ans Data can be classified as Numeric, Picture, Voice, Data based on its Form. The last two types namely picture and voices are special form of the data and normally they are used in multimedia database frequently. It is the textual data that is very large and most used. Textual data can be numeric

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or alphanumeric (combination of both numeric and alphabetic data). Numeric data consists of numbers, which are integer or real. For Example Numbers of students in a class is 34. Marks obtained in a subject are 54. Pure numeric data can be classified into 2 types. One of them is a whole number, like number of students in a class, number of vehicle in a city, number of employees in a company. These are called Integers. Second of them is called Real Numbers which have numeric data included fractions, like price of an item is 124.25 max., temperature today was 32.46 etc. The next data type is alphabetic or alphanumeric. This type of data is made up of alphabetic and numeric characters. For example the name of the person is Steve John. The registration no is TRV78GV. The Vehicle no. is DL 6S U 7865. This type of data may contain numbers along with alphabets but the number is not used as a numeric data in any calculation. Question 4 Explain how data is represented. Ans All data in computer must be represented using only 2 symbols namely 0 and 1. This system of representation is called binary representation uses binary numbers. In order to represent all data types in computers using only 0 and 1, some kind of coding needed. Integers get directly represented as binary numbers. Real Numbers are represented using a technique called Floating point representation. Strings are represented through an elaborate mechanism called ASCII or Unicode or ISO Code. This coding uses 8 bits or 16 bits or 32 bits respectively to represent a character. For Example Letter A could be 00110011 in ASCII Letter B could be 00111100 in ASCII etc. Question 5 Explain the terms field, record and file. Ans The explanations on each are given below Field Field is the next higher level of the data. A field consists of grouping of characters. For example, persons name field will be grouping of alphabetic characters, sales amount field will be grouping of numeric characters. A field represents an attribute of some entity (object, person, place or events). Record Related data fields are grouped to the form a Record. A record thus is a collection of attributes that describe an entry. For example, an employee record could consist of attributes like his ID, name, and salary he draws etc. File A group of related records is a data File. For example, a group of all employee records showing one record for each employee could be an employee file. Files are frequently classified by application for which they are used. Files are frequently classified by the application for which they are primarily used such as payroll file, inventory file, accounting file, sales data etc. Question 6 Explain briefly the components of database system. Ans A database system has these components Data, Hardware, Software, Procedures and Users. Data Data is the collection of facts. Each database is a repository or storage of the data. The database is integrated and shared. Integrated means the whole data required by different application of same
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organization is available in one single place. Shared means the individual data items in database can be shared among several users. A database is not just shared by users sequentially but also concurrently, that is at the same time by many users. A database system supporting this form of sharing is called multi-user system. Hardware Hardware is the computer which consists of secondary storage devices like disks, on which database is stored and all other input output devices. Software The operating system, utilities, files, file management programs and the application programs that generate the reports from the data stored in the database are also called as software. Database management system is a software lies between the physical database and users of the system. All the requests coming fro the users for data manipulation are handled by the management software. Procedures the instruction and the rule to be used, which govern the design and use of the software component, are procedures. Users These are the types of users Database Administrator, Data Processing Manager, Data Processing Specialist, An Application Programmer, and End Users. The person who has a central control over the database system is called Database Administrator. Database Processing Manager and Database Processing Specialist creates the necessary computer file structure, often write the software that manages the data within those structures. Application Programmers are persons who write application programs for using database. End users are the persons who interact with the database using application programs written by the application programmers. Question 7 Explain clearly the advantage of database systems. Ans Database system has several advantages over traditional file based systems. The advantages are 1. Redundancy can be minimized. If each department in a company maintains files of employee data, customer data, sales data etc, leads to wastage of storage, space and also there will be considerable redundancy of data, this leads to inconsistency also when data is updated. 2. Inconsistency can be avoided. If data is redundant then there is possibility that the data become inconsistent when updated, if not updated properly in all places. But inconstancy can be removed if a given fact is represented by a single entry. 3. The data can be shared. The data stored for one application can be used for another application. Thus the data stored in the database for one application can be shared / used with new applications. 4. Security and standards can be enforced. 5. Integrity of data can be kept intact. 6. Backup and recovery can be provided. Recovery from hardware or software failure is possible, the DBMS must provide this. Responsible for both backup of the data and recovery whenever failure occurs. Question 8 - Explain briefly the architecture of database systems. Ans The architecture of a database system consists of three viewsExternal or User View This is the highest level where it concerns to a user or application programs. A schema called as external schema describes each external view. This level is concerned with the way the data is viewed by individual users. An individual view is just a subset of the conceptual schema. Conceptual View Conceptual or global view represents the entire database. The conceptual schema defines this conceptual view. The description of data at this level is in a format independent of
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its physical representation. It is also a representation of the entire information content of the database in a form that is more abstract in comparison with the way in which the data is physically stored. Internal View Internal View is the closest to the physical storage, indicates how data will be stored and describes the data structures an access method to be used by the database. The internal view is defined by internal schema. It is concerned with the way that data is physically stored. Question 9 What do you mean by data independence? Explain briefly its types. Ans The file based applications are data dependent. How the data is stored on to secondary storage devices and how to access them is dictated by the programs. The DBMS provides data independence where applications written are data independent. In the case of DBMS data independence is defined as the capacity to change a schema at one level of a database system without having to change the schema at the next higher level. There are two types of data independence Physical Data Independence physical data independence which insulates applications from the underlying physical storage organization of the data, i.e. changes at the physical level do not have to affect the conceptual schema or the external schema. Logical Data Independence logical data independence which insulates applications from changes made to the logical organization of data i.e. changes made to the conceptual schema should not affect the individual views unnecessarily. Question 10 Explain briefly objectives of DBMS. Ans DBMS as a system has been designed to serve the management of a business organization. Its objectives can be listed as follows1. Provide for mass storage of relevant data. 2. Make access to the data easier to user. 3. Provide prompt response to the users data. 4. Allow for the modification of data in a consistent manner. 5. Eliminate or reduce the redundant data. 6. Make the data in the database always consistent. 7. Provide a data access via a query language. 8. Allow multiple users to be active at a time. 9. Protect data from physical hardware failure and unauthorized access. 10. Provide backup and recovery during failure. Question 11 Explain briefly components of DBMS. Ans DBMS packages on personal computers allow end users to develop databases for their personal need. They are called single user database. However, large organizations with lot of users usually place control of enterprise database development in the hands of the Database Administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. This improves the integrity and security of organizational database. Database developers use Data Definition Language to specify data structures, relationships and modify these structures if needed. The detailed information about these structures is called Metadata. It is stored in the Data Dictionary component of DBMS which is maintained by DBA. Users are allowed to insert,
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modify, delete and retrieve the data from the database according to their needs. They use Data Manipulation Language for this purpose. Major components of DBMS DDL Compiler The DDL compiler converts the data definition statements into a set of tables. These tables are defined based on what information to be stored in the database. DML Compiler This converts DML statements embedded in an application program to normal procedure calls in the host language. The DML compiler interacts with another component called query processor. File Manager File manager manages the allocation of space on disk storage and the data structure used to represent information stored on disk. Query Processor The query processor processes the online users queries and convert it into efficient series of statements executes it and required information will be provided to the user. Question 12 Explain clearly the role of database administrator. Ans The database administrator has very important role. DBA may be a person or group of persons. The functions of the DBA include the following Schema definition The DBA is responsible for creating the original database schema by writing a set of definitions. These definitions are translated by the DDL compiler to a set of tables, and these are stored permanently in the data dictionary. Defining storage structure as well as access mechanisms DBA specifies appropriate storage structures and access methods for accessing the data stored. Coordinating with all type of database users DBA interacts with all types of database users and see that the data they required is available. Granting of authorizations to users DBA grants authorization to users for accessing data from database, so that unauthorized users are kept out of accessing database. Specifying integrity constraints The various consistency constraints imposed to maintain the integrity are specified by the DBA. Backup and recovery policies DBA is responsible for taking decisions about when to take backup so that data can be recovered easily when failure occurs. Question 13 Explain briefly the three important data models. Ans There are three important data model1. Relational data model A relational data model allows the definition of data structures, storage and retrieval operations and integrity constraints. In such a database the data and relations between them are organized in tables. Each table has a unique name. a table is a collection of records and each record in a table contains the same fields. A substantial theory has been developed for relational database. 2. Network data model The network model differs from the relational model in that data represented by collections of records and relationships among data are represented by links. The basic data modeling construct in the network model is the set construct. A set consist of an owner record type, a set name and a member record type.

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3. Hierarchical data model In the hierarchical model, records are organized as collections of trees, rather than arbitrary graphs. In hierarchical database the parent child relationship is one to many. This restricts a child segment to having only one parent segment. Question 14 What is a Record? Give its structure with an example. Ans Every row in a table represents one record. The first row of each table file is the column definition record (header line) which contains the column names. The column definition record defines the structure of the subsequent rows. The subsequent rows are the data records. Each record contains several columns. Columns are separated with a character of your choice, for example, a comma or a tab. In this document a comma is used as a separator. Compound names, such as partition names which are constructed from the processor name and the partition name are separated by a character of your choice, for example, a dot or a slash. In this document, a slash "/" is used as a separator. For example, PROC1/PART1 could also be PROC1.PART1.The first column of each data record contains the table name, the second column contains the column name (in most cases it is the object ID) to identify a particular row. Subsequent columns contain the data for the description values of the table row. For the import operation, it is required that each table starts with a column definition record. For the export operation, the column definition record is created by default, but you can suppress this behavior. On import, each table can contain a subset of the columns in the table. The following examples could be used to update the description field of the processor (for example, PROC.TXT) and partition (for example, PART.TXT) tables, leaving all other values unchanged. For Example "PART" 1 , "ID" 2 , "Description" 3 "PART", "PROC1/LPAR1", "Test Partition" 4 "PART", "PROC1/LPAR2", "Production" 4 1 table name 2 column name (object ID) 3 column name (for example, description) 4 record data Question 15 Explain briefly different types of records. Ans The basic data modeling construct in the network model is the set construct. A set consists of an owner record type, a set name and a member record type. There are two types of records A. Member Record Type. B. Owner Record Type. A member record type can have that role in more than one set; hence the multiparent concept is supported. An owner record type can also be a member or owner in another set. The data model is a simple network and link and intersection record types may exist, as well as sets between them. Each set is composed of at least two record types: an owner record type that is equivalent to the hierarchical models parent, and a member record that is hierarchical models child. Question 16 Explain briefly database system development life cycle. Ans There are five phases of the life cycle: Requirement analysis: to obtain a clear and concise description of the application area to be modeled and to derive information about the nature and volume of data to be stored and processed. Data modeling: to develop a global design for the database with the ultimate objective of achieving an efficient implementation which satisfies the requirements.

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Implementation: to transfer the design into a database system which operates under the control of a particular DBMS. Testing: to discover any errors that have risen during the modeling and implementation phases and to ascertain, in conjunction with the user community, whether the system satisfies the information demands of users and the requirements of application programs. Maintenance: to correct errors discovered during testing; to modify the system due to changes in users requirements and to improve system performance and user interfaces.

Question 17 Identify any five entities and some attributes for each entity. Ans An entity may be an object with a physical existence, for example, a particular person, a car etc. Attributes are the properties of entity that describe it. There are five entities with its some attributes A Car Car is a entity and its attributes may be its manufacture like Maruti Suzuki, its color like Red, its number like HR 13 C M5432, its model like 2010. A Book Book is a entity and its attributes may be its author like Prem Chand, its name like Godan, etc. A House House is a entity and its attributes may be its name like Mayur Bhawan, its owner name like Ram Prakash, its address like B-10, Street No 3, Vishal Market, Mehrauli. etc. An Account Account is entity and its attributes may be its number like 003250 101 455698, its name like Ajay Kumar, its bank name like ICICI bank, its branch name like Nazafgarh, etc A Company a company is entity and its attributes may be its name like Ranjan & Co., its owner like Mahesh Ranjan, its employees name like Amar, Preetam etc. Question 18 List different types of attributes; give at least two examples for each type. Ans several types of attributes occurs in entity relationship model 1. Composite attributes - Composite attributes can be divided into smaller subparts, which represent more basic attributes with each having independent meaning. For example Address attribute of the employee entity can be subdivided into Street Address, City, State and Pincode with the value 24/17, Street No.3, Uttam Nagar, New Delhi, 110059 Street Address attributes can be subdivided into Number, Street and Apartment Number. 2. Simple Attribute - attributes that are not divisible further are called simple attributes. If the composite attribute is referenced only as a whole, there is no need to subdivide it further into component attributes. For example, if there is no need to refer to the individual components of an address, then the whole address can be designated as a simple attributes. Same as there is no need to refer to the individual components of a name, his first name, middle name and last name, then the whole name can be designated as a simple attributes. 3. Single Valued Attributes - Most attributes have a single value for a particular entity such attributes are called as a Single Valued Attributes. For example Age is a single valued attribute of a person. Roll number is a single valued attributes. 4. Multivalued Attributes - A person can have one or more dependents, such attributes are called Multivalued attributes. For example the colors attribute of a car may have between one and four values, if we assume that a car can have at most four colors. The college degrees attributes may have between one and three values, if we assume a person can have at most three degrees.

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Question 19 Construct an E-R diagram for a car-insurance company that has a set of customers, each of whom owns one or more cars. Each car has associated with it zero or any number of recorded accidents. Ans Below is the diagram

Question 20 Here is the Company ER Schema Mapped to Relation Schema. Identify the primary key for each of these tables and underline them. EMPLOYEE (FNAME, MINIT, LNAME, SSN, BDATE, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY, SUPERSSN, DNO) DEPARTMENT (DNAME, DNUMBER, MGRSSN, MGRSTARTDATE) DEPT_LOCATIONS (DNUMBER, DLOCATION)

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BSIMS 41 Introduction to DBMS SACHIN KUMAR SHARMA

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DEPENDENT(ESSN, DEPENDENT_NAME, SEX, BDATE, HOW_RELATED) Ans An entity may be defined as a thing which is recognized as being capable of an independent existence and which can be uniquely identified. An entity is an abstraction from the complexities of some domain. When we speak of an entity we normally speak of some aspect of the real world which can be distinguished from other aspects of the real world. An entity may be a physical object such as a house or a car, an event such as a house sale or a car service, or a concept such as a customer transaction or order. Although the term entity is the one most commonly used, following Chen we should really distinguish between an entity and an entity-type. An entity-type is a category. An entity, strictly speaking, is an instance of a given entity-type. There are usually many instances of an entitytype. Because the term entity-type is somewhat cumbersome, most people tend to use the term entity as a synonym for this term. Question 21 Explain briefly the categories of data model. Ans - Data model is a set of concepts to describe the structure of a database and certain constraints that the database should obey. Data Model Operations for specifying database retrievals and updates by referring to the concepts of the data model. The categories of data models are three types 1. Conceptual (high level, semantic) data model: Provide concepts that are close to the way many users perceive data. (Also called entity based or object based data models.) 2. Physical (low level, internal) data models: Provide concepts that describe details of how data is stored in the computer. 3. Implementation (record-oriented) data models: Provide concepts that fall between the above two, balancing user views with some computer storage details. Question 22 Explain clearly the properties of relational tables. Ans Properties of relational tables Values are atomic. Each row is unique. Column values are of the same kind. The sequence of Column is insignificant. The sequence of rows is insignificant. Each column has a unique name.

Certain fields may be designated as keys, which mean that searches for specific values of that field will use indexing to speed them up. Where fields in two different tables take values from the same set, a join operation can be performed to select related records in the two tables by matching values in those fields. Question 23 What are the rule associated with relational model? Explain. Ans There are three major rules for relational model Rule 1 Each table in the relational database contains only one type of record.
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Rule 2 Every record in the table has the same number of fields. Field names are unique. No table can contain a variable number of fields or a set of repeating fields. Rule 3 Each table has a unique identifier which acts as a primary key. The primary key identifies each row in the table uniquely. These fields are used to link related data from different fields. Question 24 Explain briefly the advantage and disadvantage of relational model. Ans The advantage and disadvantage of relational model are given below Advantages Structural independence The relational database model achieves the structural independence, means it is possible to make changes in the database structure without affecting the DBMSs ability to access the data. Improved conceptual simplicity The relational database model is much simpler in the conceptual level compare to hierarchical and network data models. Easier database design, implementation, management and use it is easier to design and manage relational database because it achieves both data independence and structural independence. Ad hoc query capability SQL can be used here as a query language to obtain the required information from the database by writing queries. A powerful database management system The system complexity is hidden from both database designers and the end user in the case of relational database. Disadvantage Substantial hardware and system software overhead More powerful computers are required to perform RDBMS-assigned tasks. It needs software also in the form of operating system as well as for applications. Poor design and implementation is made easy - If database is designed without giving much thought to what it should contain, leads to improper design. Lack of proper design tends to slow the system down and to produce the data anomalies. Question 25 What is a network model? Explain with the help of an example. Ans The popularity of the network data model coincided with the popularity of the hierarchical data model. Some data were more naturally modeled with more than one parent per child. So, the network model permitted the modeling of many-to-many relationships in data. In 1971, the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) formally defined the network model. The basic data modeling construct in the network model is the set construct. A set consists of an owner record type, a set name, and a member record type. A member record type can have that role in more than one set, hence the multiparent concept is supported. An owner record type can also be a member or owner in another set. The data model is a simple network, and link and intersection record types (called junction records by IDMS) may exist, as well as sets between them. Thus, the complete network of relationships is represented by several pairwise sets; in each set some (one) record type is owner (at the tail of the network arrow) and one or more record types are members (at the head of the relationship arrow). Usually, a set defines a 1:M relationship, although 1:1 is permitted. The CODASYL network model is based on mathematical set theory. An Example of a Network Model -

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Question 26 Explain briefly the advantages and disadvantages of network model. Ans Advantage of Network Model Provide very efficient "High-speed" retrieval Simplicity The network model is conceptually simple and easy to design. Ability to handle more relationship types The network model can handle the one-to-many and many-to-many relationships. Ease of data access In the network database terminology, a relationship is a set. Each set comprises of two types of records.- an owner record and a member record, In a network model an application can access an owner record and all the member records within a set. Data Integrity In a network model, no member can exist without an owner. A user must therefore first define the owner record and then the member record. This ensures the integrity. Data Independence The network model draws a clear line of demarcation between programs and the complex physical storage details. The application programs work independently of the data. Any changes made in the data characteristics do not affect the application program. Disadvantage of Network Model System complexity

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In a network model, data are accessed one record at a time. This males it essential for the database designers, administrators, and programmers to be familiar with the internal data structures to gain access to the data. Therefore, a user friendly database management system cannot be created using the network model Lack of Structural independence. Making structural modifications to the database is very difficult in the network database model as the data access method is navigational. Any changes made to the database structure require the application programs to be modified before they can access data. Though the network model achieves data independence, it still fails to achieve structural independence. Question 27 Explain the hierarchical data model, giving its advantages and disadvantages. Ans Hierarchical Data Model - The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree structure. There is a hierarchy of parent and child data segments. This structure implies that a record can have repeating information, generally in the child data segments. Data in a series of records, which have a set of field values attached to it. It collects all the instances of a specific record together as a record type. These record types are the equivalent of tables in the relational model, and with the individual records being the equivalent of rows. To create links between these record types, the hierarchical model uses Parent Child Relationships. These are a 1:N mapping between record types. This is done by using trees, like set theory used in the relational model, "borrowed" from maths. For example, an organization might store information about an employee, such as name, employee number, department, salary. The organization might also store information about an employee's children, such as name and date of birth. The employee and children data forms a hierarchy, where the employee data represents the parent segment and the children data represents the child segment. If an employee has three children, then there would be three child segments associated with one employee segment. In a hierarchical database the parent-child relationship is one to many. This restricts a child segment to having only one parent segment. Hierarchical DBMSs were popular from the late 1960s, with the introduction of IBM's Information Management System (IMS) DBMS, through the 1970s. Advantages The model allows easy addition and deletion of new information. Data at the top of the Hierarchy is very fast to access. It was very easy to work with the model because it worked well with linear type data storage such as tapes. The model relates very well to natural hierarchies such as assembly plants and employee organization in corporations. It relates well to anything that works through a one to many relationship. For example; there is a president with many managers below them, and those managers have many employees below them, but each employee has only one manager. Disadvantages This model has many issues that hold it back now that we require more sophisticated relationships. It requires data to be repetitively stored in many different entities. The database can be very slow when searching for information on the lower entities. We no longer use linear data storage mediums such as tapes so that advantage is null. Searching for data requires the DBMS to run through the entire model from top to bottom until the required information is found, making queries very slow. Can only model one to many relationships, many to many relationships are not supported.
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Question 28 Explain briefly other data models. Ans There are two different two data models 1. Object / Relational Database Management Systems - Object/relational database management systems (ORDBMSs) add new object storage capabilities to the relational systems at the core of modern information systems. These new facilities integrate management of traditional fielded data, complex objects such as timeseries and geospatial data and diverse binary media such as audio, video, images, and applets. By encapsulating methods with data structures, an ORDBMS server can execute complex analytical and data manipulation operations to search and transform multimedia and other complex objects. As an evolutionary technology, the object/relational (OR) approach has inherited the robust transaction- and performance-management features of its relational ancestor and the flexibility of its object-oriented cousin. Database designers can work with familiar tabular structures and data definition languages (DDLs) while assimilating new object-management possibilities. Query and procedural languages and call interfaces in ORDBMSs are familiar: SQL3, vendor procedural languages, and ODBC, JDBC, and proprietary call interfaces are all extensions of RDBMS languages and interfaces. And the leading vendors are, of course, quite well known: IBM, Inform ix, and Oracle. 2. Object - Oriented Database Management Systems - An Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS) also integrates more easily with applications that have been written with an Object-Oriented programming language such as C++ or Java. Despite the advantages of the Object-Oriented approach, no standard model for the construction of an OODBMS yet exists. For this reason, at least in part, RDBMS's still dominate the database market. Object DBMSs add database functionality to object programming languages. They bring much more than persistent storage of programming language objects. Object DBMSs extend the semantics of the C++, Smalltalk and Java object programming languages to provide full-featured database programming capability, while retaining native language compatibility. A major benefit of this approach is the unification of the application and database development into a seamless data model and language environment. As a result, applications require less code, use more natural data modeling, and code bases are easier to maintain. Object developers can write complete database applications with a modest amount of additional effort.

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