C. R.

Mecanique 338 (2010) 704711

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Comptes Rendus Mecanique
www.sciencedirect.com
Extension of the non-uniform warping theory to an orthotropic
composite beam
Extension aux sections composites orthotropes de la thorie du gauchissement
non uniforme des poutres
Nejib Ghazouani, Rached El Fatmi

LGC, ENIT, BP 37, Le Belvdre, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 10 March 2009
Accepted 17 September 2010
Keywords:
Solids and structures
Warping
Poissons effect
Torsion
Shear force
Saint Venant
Composite
Stress
Shear
Mots-cls :
Solides et structures
Gauchissement
Effet de Poisson
Torsion
Effort tranchant
Saint Venant
Contrainte
Cisaillement
This Note proposes an extension to composite section of the non-uniform (out-of-plane)
warping beam theory recently established for homogeneous and isotropic beam by R. El
Fatmi (C. R. Mecanique 335 (2007) 467474). For the present work, which constitutes
a rst step of this extension, the cross-section is assumed to be symmetric and made
by orthotropic materials; however, Poissons effects (called here in-plane warping) are
also taken into account. Closed form results are given for the structural behavior of the
composite beam and for the expressions of the 3D stresses; these ones, easy to compare
with 3D Saint Venant stresses, make clear the additional contribution of the new internal
forces induced by the non-uniformity of the (in and out) warpings. As rst numerical
applications, results on torsion and shear-bending of a cantilever sandwich beam are
presented.
2010 Acadmie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
r s u m
Cette Note propose une extension aux sections composites de la thorie grrale du
gauchissement non uniforme rcemment tablie pour une poutre homogne isotrope et
de section quelconque par El Fatmi (C. R. Mecanique 335 (2007) 467474). Cette extension
se restreint, dans la prsente Note, aux sections symtriques phases orthotropes, mais
introduit aussi la prise en compte des effets Poisson dans la dformation des sections. Les
rsultats thoriques concernent le comportement gnralis de la poutre et lexpression
3D des contraintes; celles-ci, compares celles de Saint Venant, montrent explicitement
la contribution de chacun des nouveaux efforts intrieurs induits par la non uniformit
des gauchissements et des effets Poisson. Comme premire application, quelques rsultats
numriques obtenus pour la torsion et la exion simple dune poutre console de section
sandwhich sont prsents.
2010 Acadmie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rached.elfatmi@enit.rnu.tn (R. El Fatmi).
1631-0721/$ see front matter 2010 Acadmie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.crme.2010.09.002
N. Ghazouani, R. El Fatmi / C. R. Mecanique 338 (2010) 704711 705
Fig. 1. The 3D (extended) Saint Venant problem and examples of so-CS.
1. Introduction
For composite section, unlike homogeneous and isotropic one, (out-of-plane) warpings are not only due to torsional
moment and shear forces, but may also be induced by axial force and bending moments [1,2]. Furthermore, several elastic
couplings between extensional, exural or torsional deformations may occur, even if the composite cross-section is sym-
metric [1,3,4,2].
Recently, a general non-uniform warping beam theory (denoted by NUW-BT) for homogeneous elastic and isotropic
beam, including torsional and shear forces effects, has been established by El Fatmi [5,6]. The theoretical development of
this NUW-BT is completely based on the knowledge of the 3D solution of the original Saint Venant (SV) problem which
provides, in particular, the SV-warping functions of the cross-section which are those commonly considered as the reference
to describe the natural warpings of a cross-section. This makes this theory free from the classical assumptions [3] and valid
for any shape of cross-section [6]. Using now the 3D extended SV-solution established for composite beam [7], NUW-BT may
be rewritten for any elastic composite cross-section. However, the problem is much more complex and this extension should
be handled with a great care. Besides, in NUW-BT, Poissons effects are absent in the displacement model; this assumption,
acceptable for a homogeneous section, should be reconsidered for a composite one, specially when the gaps between the
rigidities of the materials are important.
The extension of NUW-BT will be then restricted, as a rst step, to the case of symmetric cross-section (denoted by
so-CS) made by orthotropic materials for which the principal material coordinates coincide with those of the beam. Indeed,
it is shown in [4] that, for so-CS, warpings are (at least in SV-theory) only due to the torsion and the shear forces, and
without any elastic coupling, which may simplify the problem. This situation seems to be similar to the homogeneous and
isotropic case, but the section is now composite and each material is orthotropic. Further, to better take into account the
composite nature of the cross-section, Poissons effects (called in-plane warping in this Note) will also be considered; this
to detect eventual coupling between in- and out-of-plane warpings. The present theory is based on a kinematics including
the out-of-plane warpings due torsion and shear forces and the in-plane warpings due to axial force and bending moments.
Starting from a displacement model including six independent warping parameters and using as (out or in) warping modes
the SV-warping functions of the composite section, the corresponding non-uniform warping beam theory is derived. It
should be noted that the theoretical development of this theory is completely based on the properties of 3D SV-solution.
Thus, it is necessary in the present Note, to rst recall this solution and to specify its properties for the particular case
of so-CS.
2. The extended Saint Venant problem and its solution for so-CS
The (extended) SV-problem is a 3D equilibrium elastic problem (Fig. 1). The composite beam is along the x-axis and
is occupying a prismatic domain of a constant cross-section S and length L. S
lat
is the lateral surface and S
0
and S
L
are the extremity cross-sections. The beam is in equilibrium only under surface force densities H
0
and H
L
acting on S
0
and S
L
, respectively. The materials of the cross-section are anisotropic and perfectly bonded together. SV-solution satises
all the equations of the linearized equilibrium problem, except the boundary conditions on (S
0
, S
L
) which are satised only
in terms of resultant. Let M = xx + X denotes a point of , where X belongs to S, the displacement vector, and the
stress tensor; SV-solution, as given in [7], is (upperbar will be used for SV-quantities):

= u(x) +(x) X +A(X) R(x) +B(X) M(x) (1)

x =A
0
(X) R(x) +B
0
(X) M(x) (2)
_

_
=
_
u

+x

_
=

_
R
M
_
,
_
R = (N, T
y
, T
z
)
M = (M
x
, M
y
, M
z
)
_
(3)
where the cross-sectional stresses (R = x, M = X ( x)) verify the 1D equilibrium equations: R

=0; M

+xR =0
(() denotes
_
S
() dS and ()

denotes the derivative with respect to x). (N, T

y
, T
z
, M
x
, M
y
, M
z
) are the axial force, the
shear forces, the torsional moment, and the bending moments, respectively. The linear operators (

, A, BA
0
B
0
), which are
characteristics of the cross-section (shape and materials), verify the following properties:
_
A
0
_
=I,
_
B
0
_
=O,
_
X A
0
_
=O,
_
X B
0
_
=I (4)
_
A
0
t
A
_
=
_
A
0
t
B
_
=
_
B
0
t
A
_
=
_
B
0
t
B
_
=O (5)
706 N. Ghazouani, R. El Fatmi / C. R. Mecanique 338 (2010) 704711
Let K denote the elasticity tensor.

, the structural compliance operator of the beam, is the result of the identication [7]:
_

K
1

_
=
_
R

_
t

_
R

_
(, ) (6)
where (

, R

, M

) and (

, R

, M

) are the stresses and cross-sectional resultants corresponding to the SV-solutions

associated to the data (H

0
, H

L
) and (H

0
, H

L
), respectively.
Let so-CS designates a yz-symmetric composite cross-section where each material is xyz-orthotropic. For so-CS A, B
and the 1D-constitutive behavior of the beam (derived from

) have the following forms [4]:
A=

0
y

z
U
x
y
0 0
U
x
z
0 0

N
M
y
M
z

with

1
=

E A 0 0
0

EI
y
0
0 0

EI
z

B =

x
0 0
0 U
y
y
U
z
y
0 U
y
z
U
z
z

M
x
T
y
T
z

with

2
=

G J 0 0
0

GA
y
0
0 0

GA
z

(7)
where, with i {x, y, z}, (U
i
y
, U
i
z
) are the in-plane SV-functions due to the Poissons effect and related to (N, M
y
, M
z
); (
i
)
are the out-of-plane SV-warping functions related to (M
x
, T
y
, T
z
); (

E A,

GA
y
,

GA
z
,

G J ,

EI
y
,

EI
z
) are the six cross-sectional
constants of the composite section. Further, due to the double symmetry of the section, (U
i
y
, U
i
z
,
i
) have the following
properties with respect to y and z:
U
x
y
U
x
z
U
y
y
U
y
z
U
z
y
U
z
z

x

z
od/y, ev/z ev/y, od/z od/y, od/z ev/y, ev/z ev/y, ev/z od/y, od/z od/y, od/z od/y, ev/z ev/y, od/z
where od/ y or ev/ y means that the function is odd or even with respect to y.
For an xyz-orthotropic material, Hookes law may be splitted to =K
1

1
and
2
=K
2

2
where (K
1
, K
2
,
1
,
2
,
1
,
2
)
are dened by
K
1
=

K
11
K
12
K
13
0
K
12
K
22
K
23
0
K
13
K
23
K
33
0
0 0 0 G
yz

, K
2
=
_
G
xy
0
0 G
xz
_
,
1
=

xx

yy

zz

yz

,
2
=
_

xy

xz
_

1
=

xx

yy

zz
2
yz

,
2
=
_
2
xy
2
xz
_
(8)
Let us introduce for convenience the constants

R
y
=

GA
y

EI
z
,

R
z
=

GA
z

EI
y
and the following (SV-like) functions:
_
V
x
, W
x
_
=
_

E AU
x
y
,

E AU
x
z
_
,
_
V
y
, W
y
_
=
_

EI
y
U
y
y
,

EI
y
U
y
z
_
,
_
V
z
, W
z
_
=
_

EI
z
U
z
y
,

EI
z
U
z
z
_

x
=

G J
x
,
y
=

GA
y

y
,
z
=

GA
z

z
_
(9)
One can show from Eqs. (1) and (7), that 3D SV strains and stresses may be splitted and written:

1
=
D
1
, .. ,

1 z y
V
x
,y
V
y
,y
V
z
,y
W
x
,z
W
y
,z
W
z
,z
(V
x
,z
+ W
x
,y
) (V
y
,z
+ W
y
,y
) (V
z
,z
+ W
z
,y
)

,
1
=K
1
D
1
(

1
)
1

N
M
y
M
z

(10)

2
=
D
2
, .. ,
_
(z +
x
,y
) (1 +
y
,y

R
y
V
z
) (
z
,y
+

R
z
V
y
)
(y +
x
,z
) (
y
,z

R
y
W
z
) (1 +
z
,z
+

R
z
W
y
)
_

,
2
=K
2
D
2
(

2
)
1

M
x
T
y
T
z

(11)
N. Ghazouani, R. El Fatmi / C. R. Mecanique 338 (2010) 704711 707
Properties of the SV-functions for so-CS. The expansion of Eqs. (4) and (5) lead to the detailed properties given by Eqs. (12)
and (13), respectively:
_
K
11
+ K
12
V
x
,y
+ K
13
W
x
,z
_
=

E A
_
z
_
zK
11
+ K
12
V
y
,y
+ K
13
W
y
,z
__
=

EI
y
_
y
_
yK
11
+ K
12
V
z
,y
+ K
13
W
z
,z
__
=

EI
z
_
zG
xy

x
,y
+ yG
xz

x
,z
_
=

G J

GI
x
_
G
xy
_

y
,y

R
y
V
z
__
=

GA
y
G
xy

_
G
xz
_

y
,z
+

R
z
W
y
__
=

GA
z
G
xz

(12)
__
K
11
+ K
12
V
x
,y
+ K
13
W
x
,z
_

i
_
= 0
__
zK
11
+ K
12
V
y
,y
+ K
13
W
y
,z
_

i
_
= 0
__
yK
11
+ K
12
V
z
,y
+ K
13
W
z
,z
_

i
_
= 0
__
G
xy
_
z +
x
,y
__
V
i
+
_
G
xz
_
y +
x
,z
__
W
i
_
= 0
__
G
xy
_
1 +
y
,y

R
y
V
z
__
V
i
+
_
G
xz
_

y
,z

R
y
W
z
__
W
i
_
= 0
__
G
xy
_

z
,y
+

R
z
V
y
__
V
i
+
_
G
xz
_
1 +
z
,z
+

R
z
W
y
__
W
i
_
= 0

;
_
i {x, y, z}
_
(13)
where

GI
x
= z
2
G
xy
+ y
2
G
xz
. Further Eq. (6) (written in terms of strains) leads to
__
K
11
+ K
12
V
x
,y
+ K
13
W
x
,z
_
2
_
=

E A
__
zK
11
+ K
12
V
y
,y
+ K
13
W
y
,z
_
2
_
=

EI
y
__
yK
11
+ K
12
V
z
,y
+ K
13
W
z
,z
_
2
_
=

EI
z
__
G
xy
_
z +
x
,y
_
2
+ G
xz
_
y +
x
,z
_
2
__
=

G J
__
G
xy
_
1 +
y
,y

R
y
V
z
_
2
+ G
xz
_

y
,z

R
y
W
z
_
2
__
=

GA
y
__
G
xy
_

z
,y
+

R
z
V
y
_
2
+ G
xz
_
1 +
z
,z
+

R
z
W
y
_
2
__
=

GA
z

(14)
3. Non-uniform warping beam theory (NUW-BT)
For the sake of simplicity the beam reference problem is taken similar to the 3D SV-problem dened in Section 2. The
kinematical modeling is the following displacement eld (Eq. (1)):
(u, , , ) = u + X +
x

0
V
x
W
x

+
y

0
V
y
W
y

+
z

0
V
z
W
z

+
x

x
0
0

+
y

y
0
0

+
z

z
0
0

(15)
where, with i {x, y, z}, (
i
,
i
) are the out and in warping parameters and (
i
, V
i
, W
i
) are related to the out- and in-plane
SV-warping functions, respectively. The beam theory that corresponds to this displacement, parametrized by (v, , , ),
will be derived, in a classical way, by the principle of virtual work. Let us denote by

=(u, ,, ) a virtual displacement

and =(

) the corresponding strain tensor. The internal virtual work is W

i
=
_
L
: dx; using Eq. (15), W
i
takes the
form:
W
i
=
_
L
_
R + M + M

+ M
s
+ A

+ B
s

_
dx
=
_
L
_
R

u +(M

+x R) +(M

M) +(A

B)
_
dx

_
R u + M + M

+ A

+
_
L
O
(16)
(R, M) are the classical cross-sectional stresses and M

= (M
x

, M
y

, M
z

), M
s
= (M
x
s
, T
y
s
, T
z
s
), A

= (A
x

, A
y

, A
y

), and B
s
=
(N
s
, M
y
s
, M
z
s
) are the new (or additional) ones dened by
708 N. Ghazouani, R. El Fatmi / C. R. Mecanique 338 (2010) 704711
M
x

=
_

xx

x
_
, M
x
s
=
_

xy

x
,y
+
xz

x
,z
_
M
y

=
_

xx

y
_
, T
y
s
=
_

xy

y
,y
+
xz

y
,z
_
M
z

=
_

xx

z
_
, T
z
s
=
_

xy

z
,y
+
xz

z
,z
_
A
x

=
_

xy
V
x
+
xz
W
x
_
, N
s
=
_

yy
V
x
,y
+
zz
W
x
,y
+
yz
_
V
x
,z
+ W
x
,y
__
A
y

=
_

xy
V
y
+
xz
W
y
_
, M
y
s
=
_

yy
V
y
,y
+
zz
W
y
,y
+
yz
_
V
y
,z
+ W
y
,y
__
A
z

=
_

xy
V
z
+
xz
W
z
_
, M
z
s
=
_

yy
V
y
,y
+
zz
W
z
,y
+
yz
_
V
y
,z
+ W
z
,y
__

(17)
(M

, M
s
) introduced in [6] are called the bimoment vector and the secondary internal force vector, and they are both
related to out-of-plane warpings. Similarly, it corresponds to the in-plane warping two internal forces ( A

, B
s
) related to
Poissons effects. The subscript (.)
s
as secondary has been chosen to indicate that the components (N
s
, M
y
s
, M
z
s
) of B
s
may
be seen as secondary axial force and secondary bending moments (see the remarks on p. 709). The external virtual work is
W
e
= H
O

O
+ H
L

L
; it takes the form
W
e
= P
O
u
O
+C
O

O
+ Q
O

O
+ S
O

O
+ P
L
u
L
+C
L

L
+ Q
L

L
+ S
L

L
(18)
where the 1D external forces ( P, C, Q , S) are dened by (i {x, y, z}; x
i
{x, y, z})
P = H, C = X H, Q =
_
H
x

i
_
x
i
, S =
_
H
y
V
i
+ H
z
W
i
_
x
i
(19)
Thanks to the principle of virtual work, Eqs. (16) and (18) allow to provide the equilibrium equations
R

=0, M

+x R =0, M

M =0, A

B =0 (20)
and the boundary conditions
x = 0: (R, M, M

, A

) = (P
O
, C
O
, Q
O
, S
O
) and x = L : (R, M, M

, A

) = (P
L
, C
L
, Q
L
, S
L
) (21)
Beamstructural behavior. Using all the properties of (V
i
, W
i
,
i
) detailed in Section 2, it is easy to show that the structural
behavior of the beam that corresponds to this beam theory, is expressed by the following (decoupled) 1D-constitutive
relations:

N
N
s
A
x

K
11
(K
11


E A) 0
(K
11


E A) K
11


E A 0
0 0 gx

M
x
M
x
s
M
x

GI
x
(

GI
x


G J ) 0
(

GI
x


G J )

GI
x


G J 0
0 0

K I
x

(22)

M
z
M
z
s
A
z

M
y

T
y
T
y
s

y
2
K
11
(y
2
K
11

EI
z
) 0 a
y
0 0
(y
2
K
11

EI
z
) (y
2
K
11

EI
z
) 0 a
y
0 0
0 0 g
z
0 f
y
e
y
a
y
a
y
0

K I
y

0 0
0 0 f
y
0 G
xy
(G
xy

GA
y
) +

R
y
f
y
0 0 e
y
0 (G
xy

GA
y
) +

R
y
f
y
G
xy

GA
y

R
y
( f
y
e
y
)

(23)

M
y
M
y
s
A
y

M
z

T
z
T
z
s

z
2
K
11
(z
2
K
11

EI
y
) 0 a
z
0 0
(z
2
K
11

EI
y
) (z
2
K
11

EI
y
) 0 a
z
0 0
0 0 g
y
0 f
z
e
z
a
z
a
z
0

K I
z

0 0
0 0 f
z
0 G
xz
(G
xz


GA
z
)

R
z
f
z
0 0 e
z
0 (G
xz


GA
z
)

R
z
f
z
G
xz


GA
z
+

R
z
( f
z
e
z
)

(24)
where the new cross-sectional constants that appear in the operators are given by
N. Ghazouani, R. El Fatmi / C. R. Mecanique 338 (2010) 704711 709

K I
x

=
_
K
11
_

x
_
2
_
, g
x
=
_
G
xy
_
V
x
_
2
+ G
xz
_
W
x
_
2
_
, e
y
=
_
G
xy

y
,y
V
z
+ G
xz

y
,z
W
z
_
, a
y
=
_
yK
11

y
_

K I
y

=
_
K
11
_

y
_
2
_
, g
y
=
_
G
xy
_
V
y
_
2
+ G
xz
_
W
y
_
2
_
, e
z
=
_
G
xy

z
,y
V
y
+ G
xz

z
,z
W
y
_
, a
z
=
_
zK
11

z
_

K I
z

=
_
K
11
_

z
_
2
_
, g
z
=
_
G
xy
_
V
z
_
2
+ G
xz
_
W
z
_
2
_
, f
y
=
_
G
xy
V
z
_
, f
z
=
_
G
xz
W
y
_

(25)
Remarks. Among these constants, ([

K I
x

,

K I
y

,

K I
z

] ; [g
x
, g
y
, g
z
]) are the six (out and in) warping rigidities and (a
y
, f
y
, e
y
,
a
z
, f
z
, e
z
) express the coupling between the in and out warpings in the exural behavior.
Also, one can deduce from these constitutive relations that
N
p
= N + N
s
=

E A
x
, M
y
p
= M
y
+ M
y
s
=

EI
z

z
, M
z
p
= M
z
+ M
z
s
=

EI
z

z
M
x
p
= M
x
+ M
x
s
=

G J
x
, T
y
p
= T
y
+ T
y
s

R
y
A
z

GA
y

y
, T
z
p
= T
z
+ T
z
s
+

R
z
A
y

=

GA
z

z
_
(26)
where (N
p
, M
y
p
, M
z
p
, M
x
p
, T
y
p
, T
z
p
), called the primary internal forces, obey to constitutive relations similar to those of SV
given by Eq. (7). One can see here a justication of the term primary and hence secondary.
Stresses. Using Hookes law, we can establish that the stresses
1
and
2
may be written:

1
=

N
M
y
M
z

. ,, .
sv
+

N
s
M
y
s
M
z
s

+K
1

x
0
0
0

M
x

K I
x

+K
1

0
V
x
,y
W
x
,z
(V
x
,z
+ W
x
,y
)

N
s
K
11


E A
+K
1

y
0
0 V
z
,y
0 W
z
,z
0 (V
z
,z
+ W
z
,y
)

_

K I
y

a
y
a
y
y
2
K
11

EI
z
_
1
_
M
y

M
z
s
_
+K
1

z
0
0 V
y
,y
0 W
y
,z
0 (V
y
,z
+ W
y
,y
)

_

K I
z

a
z
a
z
z
2
K
11

EI
y
_
1
_
M
z

M
y
s
_
(27)

2
=

M
x
T
y
T
z

. ,, .
sv
+

M
x
s
T
y
s

R
y
A
z

T
z
s
+

R
z
A
y

+K
2
_

x
,y

x
,z
_
M
x
s

GI
x


G J
+K
2
_
V
x
W
x
_
A
x

g
x
+K
2
_

y
,y
V
z

y
,z
W
z
__
G
xy

GA
y

R
y
( f
y
e
y
) e
y
e
y
g
z
_
1
_
T
y
s
A
z

_
+K
2
_

z
,y
V
y

z
,z
W
y
__
G
xz


GA
z
+

R
z
( f
z
e
z
) e
z
e
z
g
y
_
1
_
T
z
s
A
y

_
(28)
where =K
1
D
1
(

1
)
1
and =K
2
D
2
(

2
)
1
are related to SV-stresses by Eqs. (10) and (11).
4. Comments and rst numerical applications
Based on the knowledge of SV-solution, this (rst extension of) NUW-BT is, a priori, valid for any shape of so-CS. In
this theory, traction, torsion and exural behaviors appear uncoupled and may be studied separately; however in-and-out
warpings are coupled in the exural behaviors. It is worth noting that the closed form expressions of the 3D stresses,
easy to compare with those of SV, make clear the contribution of each new or additional internal forces induced by the
non-uniformity of the warpings.
In order to apply this NUW-BT, it is imperative to previously compute, for any given cross-section, all its constants
and SV-warping functions. This is achieved by the software called SECOPE available within the nite element code CASTEM.
710 N. Ghazouani, R. El Fatmi / C. R. Mecanique 338 (2010) 704711
Fig. 2. In-plane warpings (Poissons effects) due to (N, M
y
, M
z
) and out-of-plane warpings due to (T
y
, T
z
, M
x
).
Fig. 3. x-variation of the warping parameters and the displacements for torsion (I) and shear-bending (II-ab).
Fig. 4. x-variation of the axial stresses
xx
for torsion (I) and shear-bending (II).
SECOPE has been developed conforming to the numerical method proposed by [2] for the computation of the 3D SV-solution
within the framework of the exact beam theory [7].
As rst applications, we present hereafter some results for a cantilever sandwich beam subjected to a tip torsional
moment (C
x
) or a tip transversal force (F
z
). The cross-section is rectangular (2h h) (Fig. 4), the thickness of each skin is
h/10 and the length of the beam is 6h. Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio for the skins and the core (which are isotropic)
are dened by E
s
/E
c
= 20;
s
/
c
= 2. SV-warping functions are depicted in Fig. 2. For each case of loading, we give some
numerical results for the 1D-behavior and the 3D stresses; the stresses are compared with those obtained by full 3D-FEM
computations.
Torsion. Fig. 3(I) compares the variations of
x
and
x
along the span with those of SV-BT. Starting from the built-in
section, Fig. 4(I) compares, for the point B (in the skin), the x-variation of the axial stress
xx
with that obtained by a 3D-
FEM computation.
Shear-bending. Fig. 3(II) compares the variations of
y
,
z
and u
z
along the span with those of SV-BT and Bernoulli-BT.
Starting from the built-in section, Fig. 4(II) compares, for the point A (in the core), the x-variation of the axial stress
xx
with that obtained by a 3D-FEM computation.
N. Ghazouani, R. El Fatmi / C. R. Mecanique 338 (2010) 704711 711
The results obtained for this section show that for the torsion, warping effect extends slowly from the built-in section to
the interior part of the beam to reach SV-results. In contrast, for the shear-bending, warping effects are more localized close
to the built-in section. This is conrmed by the variation of the (axial) stresses obtained by both 3D-FEM computations and
NUW-BT estimations.
References
[1] O. Rand, Interlaminar shear stresses in solid composite beams using a complete out of plane shear deformation model, Computers and Structures 66 (6)
(1998) 713723.
[2] R. El Fatmi, H. Zenzri, A numerical method for the exact elastic beam theory. Applications to homogeneous and composite beams, International Journal
of Solids and Structures 41 (2004) 25212537.
[3] V.V. Volovoi, D.H. Hodges, C.E.S. Cesnik, B. Popescu, Assessment of beam modeling methods for rotor blade applications, Mathematical and Computer
Modelling 33 (2001) 10991112.
[4] R. El Fatmi, H. Zenzri, On the structural behavior and the Saint Venant solution in the exact beam theory. Application to laminated composite beams,
Computers and Structures 80 (2002) 14411456.
[5] R. El Fatmi, Non-uniform warping theory for beams, C. R. Mecanique 335 (2007) 467474.
[6] R. El Fatmi, Non-uniform warping including the effects of torsion and shear forces. Part-II: Analytical and numerical applications, International Journal
of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 59305952.
[7] P. Ladevze, J. Simmonds, New concepts for linear beam theory with arbitrary geometry and loading, European Journal of Mechanics 17 (3) (1998)
377402.