Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 18

Built-up Beams
< Cover-plated Beams
< Built-up W Sections
< Plate Girder
< Stiffeners
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Plate Girder Cross Sections

Flange plate

Flange angle
Stiffener angle
(a) Welded

Web plate
Filler plate

(rivets not shown)

(b) Riveted without Stiffeners

(c) Riveted with Stiffeners

Typical components of riveted plate girder

Cover plates

Flange angles
Flange
angles

Web

End
stiffener
angles

Filler
plate

Intermediate
stiffener
angles
Web
Flange angles

(a) Cross-section

(b) Elevation at end of span

Typical components of welded plate girder

Flange plates

Bearing
stiffener
plates

Intermediate
stiffener
plate

Web
plate

Web

(b) Elevation at end of span

(a) Cross-section

Cover-plated Beams
tp

Ireqd
Sreqd

2 A(d / 2)2
= Ss +
d /2

tp

d
= Is + 2 A
2

= Ss + Ad

 17.1 60 .

1,400 ../.2 W600137
12 t/m

7m

= 180 ../
M = (12.18)(7)2/8 = 74.6 -
Sreqd = (74.6105)/1,400 = 5,329 .3
W600137 (I = 103,000 .4 S = 3,530 .3) < Sreqd NOT ENOUGH

8 ..
58.2 cm

59.0 cm

59.8 cm <
max. 60 cm

Sreqd = Ss + A d
5,329 = 3,530 + A (59.0)
A = 30.5 .2

PL 8 450 .. (A = 36 .2)
S :
S = (103,000 + 2(36)(29.5)2)/29.9
= 5,540 .3 > 5,329 .2
W600 137 PL8 450 ..

OK

Built-up wide-flange sections

Af = area of flange
tf

h
tw

Built-up W sections:

h / tw 6,360 / Fb

Plate girder:

h / tw > 6,360 / Fb

17.2 W 1.50
20 4 /
A36
E70
= 300 ../
M=

(4.3)(20)2/8 = 215 -

V=

(10)(4.3) = 43

Compact section ( 6-1)

d 5,355
5,355

=
= 107
t
Fy
2,500

Min tw = 150/107 = 1.4 .

( 1.5 .)

1.5 150 . (Aw = 225 .2)

d/t = 150/1.5 = 100 < 107

OK

:
fv =
Fv =

43,000/(1.5150) = 191 ../.2

0.42,500 = 1,000 ../.2 > 191 ../.2

OK

Since h/tw < 260 (AISC) and web shear stress < max. value
Stiffeners are not needed

:
Sreqd = 215 x 105 / 1,650 = 13,030 .3

Sreqd

1
tw h 3 2 Af
= 12
+
h
+ tf
2

h tf
2 + 2

h
+ tf
2

tf = 2 .
1
3
2 Af
(1.5) (146 )
12
13,030 =
+
146
+2
2

146 2
2 + 2

146
+2
2

Af = = 53.7 .2

( 228 .)

1.5146 . 228 .

PLATE GIRDERS
WT
PL
WT

Riveted or bolted

Welded

Welded box girder

PL girder (may be for

full depth of story)

Plate Girder Design

Allowable Bending Stresses < 0.66Fy
Allowable Shear Stresses < 0.40Fy
Intermediate Stiffeners

Intermediate
stiffeners do not
have to run all the
way to the tension
flange

Stiffeners

Allowable Bending Stress

To prevent web buckling due to flexural compressive stress

AISC requires that

h
6,360

tw
Fb

or else the allowable bending stress Fb must be reduced to

where

A
Fb Fb 1.0 0.0005 w
Af

h 6,360

tw
Fb

h = depth of the web (cm)

tw = web thickness (cm)
Fb = unreduced allowable bending stress (ksc)
Fb = reduced allowable bending stress (ksc)
Aw = area of the web (cm2)
Af = area of the compression flange (cm2)
From Steel Design (1989), William T. Segui, pp.432

Allowable Shearing Stress

Fv =
where

Cv =

Fy
2.89

Cv 0.40 Fy

3,165,000 kv
when Cv < 0.8
Fy ( h / tw )2

kv = 4 +

(AISC Eq.1.10-1)

or

5.34
when a/h < 1 or
(a / h ) 2

Cv =

1,585 kv
when Cv > 0.8
h / tw Fy

kv = 5.34 +

4
when a/h > 1
( a / h )2

a = clear spacing of intermediate stiffeners

h
tw
Section

Tension Field Action

Stiffeners can be used to form panels that resist the diagonal compression
through tension field action.

Pratt Truss

Tension field
action
Weak tension field
in end panels

If properly spaced and proportioned intermediate stiffeners are used,

tension field action can be accounted for, and the allowable shearing
stress may be increased to:

Fy
1 Cv
Fv =
Cv +
0.40 Fy
2
2.89
1.15 1 + (a / h )

(AISC Eq.1.10-2)

provided that Cv 1.0

Intermediate Stiffener
If intermediate stiffeners are not used, use Fv from (AISC Eq.1.10-1) since
there will be no tension field.
AISC also requires that h/tw < 260 if intermediate stiffeners are not used.
If intermediate stiffeners are deemed to obtain Fv from (AISC Eq.1.10-2), the
clear spacing a must be such that

260
a

h
h / tw

and

a
3
h

The minimum cross-sectional area of an intermediate stiffener

1 Cv
=
2

Ast

a

h

Y D h tw
1 + (a / h )2
(a / h )2

where
Ast = total cross-sectional area of the stiffener
Y =

Fy of web
Fy of stiffener

D = 1.0 for stiffeners in pairs (angles or plates)

= 1.8 for single-angle stiffeners
= 2.4 for single-plate stiffeners
The minimum moment of inertia: Ist

h
=
50

Bearing Stiffeners
required when the web has insufficient strength of web yielding,
web crippling, or sidesway web buckling.
A

A-A
Bearing stiffener
A

Width outside of fillets

Chamfer
Stiffener L

Filler PLs

Corners are cut to avoid

flange-to-web weld.

Stiffener
PLs

B-B
Intermediate stiffener

Column Stability Criterion

Bearing stiffeners are designed as the column

consisted of the stiffener plus web portion.

Bearing stiffener
cross section

t
End of
girder

Web

tw

Flange

0 < x < 1.25 cm

approximately to
edge of flange

12 tw

25 tw

End stiffener

Intermediate stiffener

Portion of web to support load:

12tw at girder ends

25tw at interior concentrated loads

Effective length of bearing stiffener columns:

KL = 0.75 h

Example 9.1 Investigate the plate girder shown in the figure below. The uniform load
of 6 t/m includes the weight of the girder. The compression flange has lateral support
at the ends and at the points of application of the concentrated loads. There are no
intermediate stiffeners, and A36 steel is used throughout.
18 ton

18 ton

18 ton
6 t/m (includes girder wt.)
E

B
3.5 m

C
3.5 m

D
3.5 m

3.5 m

14 m
PL 2.5x40 cm

15 cm
PL1.5x145 cm

Detail at A & E

Detail at B, C, D

150 cm

PL 2.5x40 cm

Typical section

Solution
Allowable bending stress:

40 cm

Compute the radius of gyration rT :

Iy =

y
2.5 cm

2.5( 40)3 24(1.5)3

+
12
12

= 13,340 cm 4

145/6
= 24 cm

A = 2.5( 40) + 24(1.5) = 136 cm2

Iy
=
A

rT =

13,340
= 9.90 cm
136

7,173 10 3 C

L
3.5(100 )
7,173 10 3 (1)
b
=
= 35.4 <
=
= 53.6
rT
9.90
Fy
2,500

Fb = 0.60Fy = 0.60( 2,500 ) = 1,500 kg/cm 2

Local stability of web:

6,360

h
145
6,360
=
= 97 <
=
= 164
tw
1. 5
1,500
Fb

No reduction in allowable bending stress is needed

Shear & Bending moment diagrams:

69t

48t
30t
9t

273 t-m
205 t-m

Bending stress:
Moment of inertia of the girder cross section:
2

1.5(145)3
145 + 2.5
4
I =
+ 2( 2.5)( 40)
= 1,468,890 cm
12
2

fb =

Mc 273 105 (150 / 2)

=
= 1,394 kg/cm2 < Fb = 1,500 kg/cm2
I
1,468,890

OK

V
69 103
fv =
=
= 317 kg/cm 2
h tw 145(1.5)

Shear stress:
a 350
=
= 2.41
h 145

a = 3.5 m

h = 145 cm

Flange: PL 2.5 cm x 40 cm
Web: PL 1.5 cm x 145 cm

Allowable shear stress:

260
a 350
=
= 2.41 <
h 145
h / t w

2
2

260
=
= 7.23 < 3

145 / 1.5

Use (AISC Eq.1.10-2):

Since a/h > 1, kv = 5.34 +

4
4
=
5
.
34
+
= 6.03
(a / h )2
(2.41)2

Cv =

3,165,000 kv
3,165,000 (6.03)
=
= 0.817 > 0.8 NG
2
Fy ( h / tw )
2,500 (145 / 1.5)2

Cv =

1,585 kv
1,585
6.03
=
= 0.805
h / t w Fy
145 / 1.5 2,500

Fv =

1 Cv
Cv +
0.40 Fy
2
2.89
1
.
15
1
+
(
a
/
h
)

Fv =

2,500
1 0.805
0.805 +
2.89
1.15 1 + ( 2.41)2

Fy

> 0.8 OK

fv = 317 ksc < Fv OK

= 753 ksc

[ 0.40 F

= 1,000 ksc

Plate Girder Design

1. Select the overall depth:
Well proportioned girder will have a depth of 1/10 1/12 span length

2. Select a trial web size:

Web depth h = Overall depth 2 flange thickness
Web thickness tw can be found by satisfying local stability requirements:

h
6,360

tw
Fy

To prevent web buckling due to flexural compression

and either

tw

984,000

To prevent vertical web buckling

Fy (Fy + 1,160 )

or

h
16,670

tw
Fy

If transverse stiffeners spacing 1.5h

- Estimate girder weight

3. Estimate the flange size:

- Compute maximum moment

The required flange area can be estimated from:

Af

Let I = I web + I flange

h

1
h
tw h 3 + 2 Af

12
2

tw

tw h 3 / 12
2 Af ( h / 2)2
tw h 2
S =
+
=
+ Af h
h/2
h/2
6

Af

Equating required section modulus to S :

M
tw h 2
= S =
+ Af h
Fb
6

Af =

M
t h
w
Fb h
6
Select bf & tf from

Assume Fb = 0.60Fy :

Af

M
0.60Fy h

bf
795

2 tf
Fy

 17.3 15 2.2 /
32 1/3
A36
= 300 ../,
32 ton

5m

32 ton
2.5 ton/m

5m

5m

50.75t

50.75t

50.75t

38.25t
6.25t
6.25t
38.25t
50.75t
222.5t-m 230.3t-m 222.5t-m

= (1/10)(1500) = 150 .
= 150 8 = 142 .

h/tw
h 6,360
6,360
=
=
= 164
tw
Fb
1,500

tw = 142/164 = 0.866 .

1.5
h

tw

984,000
Fyf ( Fyf + 1,160 )

984,000
2,500(2,500 + 1,160)

= 325

tw = 142/325 = 0.437 .

tw = 0.8 .
1 142 . (Aw = 142 .2)

h
= 142
tw

Af

M
230.3(100)
=
= 108 cm2
Fb h
1.5(142)

795
bf
40
=
= 6.67 <
=
2 t f 2(3)
Fy

795
= 15.9
2,500

OK

= (2340+1142)(7,850)/1002
= 299.87 300 ../

OK

I = (1/12)(1.0)(142)3+(2)(3x40)(72.5)2
= 1,500,107 .4

3 cm
148 cm

142 cm

Use 3 x 40 cm

S = 1,500,107/74 = 20,272 .3
fb

1 cm

= (230.3x105)/20,272
= 1,136 ../.2

3 cm
40 cm

6,360 6,360

h
Since
= 142 <
=
= 164
tw
1,500
Fb

No reduction in allowable
bending stress Fb

Iy rT + 1/6
Iy = (1/12)(3)(40)3 = 16,000 .4
Af + 1/6 web = (3)(40) + (1/6)(1)(142) = 143.7 .2
rT =

16,000
= 10.55 .
143.7

Cb = 1.0 (230.3 -)
. (222.5 -)
L
500
=
= 47.39 <
rT 10.55

7,173 103 C

b
= 53.56

2,500

Fb 0.6Fy = 1,500 ../.2 (

Fb 0.6Fy)

 : ()
32 ton

: V = 50.75 tons

32 ton
2.5 ton/m

fv =

5m

5m

Tension field action

AISC Eq. (10.1-1)

5m

50.75t

50.75t
38.25t
6.25t

V
50.75(1,000)
=
= 357 ksc
h tw
142(1)

Fv =

Fy
2.89

Cv 0.40Fy

a/h = 500/142 = 3.52

Flange force

Tension field force

Stiffener force

a/h = 500/142 = 3.52

a/h > 1.0

kv = 5.34 +

4.00

(a / h)

Cv =

3,165,000kv

Fv =

Fy

Fy ( h / tw )

2.89

Cv =

= 5.34 +

4.00
= 5.66
3.522

3,165,000(5.66)
= 0.355
(2,500)(142)2

2,500
(0.355)
2.89

= 307 ksc < 357 ksc

NG

USE intermediate stiffeners

:
.4 Fv = 357 ksc h/tw = 142,

( 2.5 )

a = 1.81(142) = 257 .

a/h = 1.81

2.5

CL
32 ton

2.5 t/m

No tension
field action

V = 50.75 2.5(2.5) = 44.5

fv = (44.5)(1,000)/(142) = 313.4 ../.2

2.5 m

a/h = 250/142 = 1.76

kv = 5.34 +
Cv =
Fv =

4.00

(a / h)

3,165,000kv
Fy ( h / tw )

Fy
2.89

Cv =

50.75t

4.00
= 5.34 +
= 6.63
1.762
=

38.25t
6.25t

3,165,000(6.63)
= 0.416
(2,500)(142)2

2,500
(0.416) = 360 ksc > 313.4 ksc OK
2.89

No need for additional intermediated stiffeners

32 ton CL
2.5 t/m

fv = (38.25)(1,000)/(142) = 269 ./.2

5m

Fb = (0.825 0.375(269/360))(2,500)
= 1,362 ./.2 > 269 ./.2

OK

50.75t
38.25t
6.25t

:
1 0.416
1.762
Ast =
(142)(1.0) = 9.53 cm2
1.76

2
1 + 1.762

Web

0.8 x 10 . (Ast = 16 .2)

0.8 cm

795

b 10
=
= 12.5 <
= 15.9
t 0 .8
Fy

10 cm

OK
1 cm

h
142
=
= 65.05 cm4
Moment of inertia: Min Ist =

50
50
Ist provided = I + Ad 2
0.8(10 )3
2
=
+ 0.8(10 )(5 + 0.5 ) 2 stiffeners
12

= 617 cm 4 > 65.05 cm 4

= 142 0.6 6(1) = 135.4 .

0.812136 .
c 4tw to 6tw

Check web yielding for interior loads

3 cm k=3.6 cm
0.6 cm

R
32,000
=
tw (N + 5k ) 1.0(0 + 5 3.6)
= 1,778 ksc > 0.66Fy = 1,650 ksc

Bearing stiffeners are required

:
2 PL 1.2 15 .

12 mm

I = (1/12)(1.2)(31)3 = 2,979 .4
15 cm

Aeff shown shaded

Web

31 cm 1 cm

Aeff = (2)(15)(1.2) + (12)(1) = 48 .2

r=

15 cm

2,979
= 7.88
48

KL = (0.75)(142) = 106.5 .
12tw = 12 cm

KL/r = 106.5/7.88 = 13.52

Fa = 1,457 ./.2 .1

fa =

/ Aeff

= 50.75(1,000)/48
= 1,057 ./.2 < 1,457

2 PL 1.2 x 15 x 140 .

./.2

OK

FINAL DESIGN
2 PL 0.8 x 10 cm
2 PL 1.2 x 15 cm

2.5 m

2.5 m

5.0 m

2.5 m

2.5 m

5.0 m

2 PL 1.2 x 15 cm

2.5 m

2.5 m

5.0 m