Renaissance and Reformation, 1350-1600

The Renaissance The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance The Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

The Renaissance

Objectives: 1.Explain why, between 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they entered a new age of human achievement 2. Characterize citystates, which were centers of political, economic, and social life in Renaissance Italy

The Italian Renaissance The word renaissance means rebirthof the ancient Greek and Roman worlds began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe Renaissance Italy was largely an *urban society

Within this growing urban society, a *secular, or worldly, viewpoint emerged; material things came to dominate many peoples minds This was the age of recovery from the disasters of the 14th century A new view of human beings emerged

A high regard for human worth and a realization of what individuals could achieve created this new social ideal *Leonardo da Vinci, a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician

The churches, wealthy homes, and public buildings were decorated with art that celebrated religious and secular themes, the human body, and classical antiquity

The Italian States During the Middle Ages, Italy had failed to develop a centralized monarchical state city-states in northern and central Italy to remain independent *Milan, *Venice, and *Florence

Milan Milan, located in northern Italy at the cross roads of the main trade routes from Italian coastal cities to the Alpine passes, was one of the richest city-states in Italy *Francesco Sforza became one of its important leaders *mercenaries were used extensively

Venice Another major northern Italian city-state was the republic of Venice Ofcially Venice was a republic with an elected leader called a Doge Venices trade empire was tremendously protable and made Venice an international power

Florence The republic of Florence dominated the region of Tuscany In 1434, *Cosimo de Medici took control of the city *Lorenzo de Medici, his grandson, dominated the city at a time when Florence was the the cultural center of Italy

The Italian Wars The growth of powerful monarchical states in the rest of Europe eventually led to trouble for the Italian states French king Charles VIII, conquest of southern Italy Spanish king Charles I The sack of Rome in 1527

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft

*Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince The central argument: how to acquire and keep political power How rulers ought to behave based on human nature, not on Christian principles A prince acts on behalf of the state, not his conscience

Renaissance Society In the Middle Ages, society was divided into three estates Changes occurred in the following centuries

The Nobility Nobles were faced with declining incomes during the greater part of the the 14th and 15th centuries By this time, the noble, or aristocrat, was expected to fulll certain ideals The Book of the Courtier, Italian Baldassare Castiglione

Character, grace, and talent Perform military and physical exercises To gain a classical education and enrich his life with arts The aim of the perfect noble was to serve his prince in a effective and honest way

The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance

Objectives: 1. Discuss humanism the most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance 2. Identify the great artists and sculptors produced by the Renaissance, such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci

Italian Renaissance Humanism

Secularism and an emphasis on the individual characterized the Renaissance A key intellectual movement of the Renaissance was *humanism Humanism was based on the study of the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome

*Petrarch, the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, did more than any other individual in the 14th century Emphasis on using pure classical Latin, not medieval church Latin Humanists rejected family and a life of action

Vernacular Literature Some writers wrote in the vernacular In the 14th century, the literary works of the Italian author *Dante, the English author Geoffrey Chaucer, and the Frenchwoman Christine de Pizan

Divine Comedy The Canterbury Tales The Book of the City of Ladies

Education in the Renaissance The humanist movement had a profound effect on education At the core of humanist schools were the liberal studies According to the humanists, students should study history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music

Following the Greek ideal of a sound mind in a sound body, humanist educators also stressed physical education Its aim was not to create great scholars but complete citizens

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature in their works They wanted onlookers to see the reality of the objects or events they were portraying

New Techniques in Painting frescospainting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints By mastering the laws of perspective, which enabled him to create the illusion of three dimensions, Masaccio developed a new, realistic style of painting

Sculpture and Architecture Roman style of sculpture and realism Cathedrals and the new Italian style By the end of the fteenth century, Italian painters, sculptors, and architects created a new artistic world

Masters of the High Renaissance

1490 - 1520, the High Renaissance emerged Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo Leonardo mastered the art of realistic painting It was Leonardos goal to create idealized forms that would capture the perfection of nature and the individual

Raphael, Vatican Palace School of Athens *Michelangelos gures on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome reveal an ideal type of human being with perfect proportions

In the north, the Gothic cathedrals with their stained glass windows did not allow for frescoes Wooden panels for altarpieces The most important northern school of art in the 15th century found in *Flanders *Jan van Eyck, oil paint: Giovanni Arnolni and His Bride

The Northern Artistic Renaissance

One German artist who was greatly affected by the Italians was *Albrecht Drer Adoration of the Magi Drer did not reject the use of minute details characteristic of northern artists

The Protestant Reformation

Objectives: 1. Discuss the major goal of humanism in northern Europe, which was to reform Christendom 2. Explain how Martin Luthers religious reforms led to the emergence of Protestantism

Erasmus and Christian Humanism The Protestant Reformation is the name given to the religious movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant Groups *Martin Luther began the Reformation and set the stage for religious change

During the 15th century, new classical learning emerged in Christianity *Christian Humanism Northern Renaissance humanism Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves

In order to change society, Christian Humanist must rst change the human beings who make it up *Desiderius Erasmusthe philosophy of Christ Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than provide a system of beliefs that people have to practice to be saved

He sought to provide education, criticize the abuses in the Church The Praise of Folly a critical work on Christian society Erasmus sought reform with the Catholic Church

Religion on the Eve of the Reformation Corruption in the Catholic ChurchThe Renaissance popes failed to meet the Churchs spiritual needs Concerned with Italian politics and worldly interests than with spiritual matters

Julius II, the warriorpope personally led armies against his enemies Many church ofcials were also concerned with money and used their church ofces to advance their careers and their wealth

Collections of relics grew more popular as a means to *salvation Relics were used to gain an indulgencerelease from all or part of the punishment for sin Frederick the Wise5,000 relics reducing purgatory by 1,443 years

Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a monk and a professor at the University of Wittenberg, in Germany, where he lectured on the Bible Catholic teaching had stressed that both faith and good works were needed to gain personal salvation

Luther argued that one could never do enough good works to earn salvation Luther came to believe that humans are not saved through their good works but through their faith God Grants salvation because God is merciful

Justication by faith alone The Bible became for Luther, as for all other Protestants, the only source of religious truth

The Ninety-Five These Luther was greatly upset by the widespread selling of indulgences Monk Johann Tetzel sold indulgences with the slogan As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs

Martin Luther sent a list of Ninety-Five Theses (arguments) to the local bishop Thousands of copies of the Ninety-ve Theses were printed and spread to all parts of Germany Pope Leo X did not take Luther seriously, calling him a drunk German

A Break with the Church By 1520, Luther had begun to move toward a more denite break with the Catholic Church Luther also attacked the Churchs system of sacramentskeeping only baptism and the Eucharist

Luther continued to emphasize his new doctrine of salvation The Church excommunicated him in 1521 By the *Edict of Worms, martin Luther was made an outlaw within the empire

The Rise of Lutheranism Luthers religious movement became a revolution The doctrine developed by Luther soon became known as Lutheranismthe rst among the protestant faith To him, the state and its rulers were called by God to maintain the peace necessary for the spread of the gospel

Politics in the German Reformation

The fate of Luthers movement was closely tied to political affairs Charles V, the Holy Roman emperor ruled an immense empire in Spain and its colonies, Austrian lands, *Bohemia, *Hungary, Milan, and Naples The Hapsburg dynasty

problems in his empire distracted Charles and gave Lutherans time to organize The advance of the Ottoman Turks into the eastern part of Charles empire forced the emperor to send forces to the east

An end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555 with the peace of Augsburg The German states were now free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism Subjects could not choose their own religion, only German rulers chose the faith of their region

The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

Objectives: 1. Summarize the different forms of Protestantism that emerged in Europe as the Reformation spread 2. Summarize the religious rebirth of the Catholic Church

With the Peace of Augsburg, the ideal of Christian unity was forever lost Even unity among Protestants was fractured

The Zwinglian Reformation

*Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in *Zrich Relics and images were abolished. All paintings and decorations were removed form the churches and replaced by whitewashed walls scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic mass

Zwingli could not agree with Luther on the meaning of the Eucharist (Communion) His enemies killed him, cut up his body, and burned the pieces, scattered the ashes Leadership passed to *John Calvin

Calvin and Calvinism In 1536, John Calvin wrote Institutes of the Christian Faith, a summary of Protestant thought Calvin and Luther agreed on most doctrines Calvin emphasized the allpowerful nature of Godthe power, grace, and glory of God

Calvin also emphasized the idea of *predestinationthe eternal decreethat God determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned This in turn made his followers determined to spread their faith

In 1536, Calvin began working on reform the city of *Geneva according to his theological principles Citizens were punished for various crimes such as dancing, sining, obscene songs, drunkenness, swearing, and playing cards

Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important and dynamic form of Protestantism

The Reformation in England The English Reformation was rooted in politics, not religion. King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his rst wife, Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn The Pope refused to grant him an annulment

The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared that the king was taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England In matters of doctrine, Henry remained close to Catholic teachingshe just wanted England and his throne independent of the Pope

The Anabaptists Reformers such as Luther had allowed the state to play an important role in church affairs To the Anabaptists, the true church was a community of adults believers who chose to follow Christ Adult baptism separated them from all others

They considered all believers to be equal, a belief they based on the accounts of early Christian communities Anabaptists refused to hold political ofce or bear arms Their political beliefs caused the Anabaptists to be regarded as dangerous radicals who threatened the very fabric of sixteenthcentury society

The Catholic Reformation The Catholic Church also had a revitalization in the 16th century The Catholic Reformation was supported by three chief pillars: the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the council of Trent

The Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, was founded by the Spanish nobleman *Ignatius of Loyota Jesuits used education to spread their message Jesuit missionaries restored Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe

A Reform Commission in 1537, issued by Pope Paul III, blamed the Churchs problems on the corrupt policies of the pope The Council of Trent met for 18 yearsconrmed that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation The selling of indulgences was forbidden