About the Periodic Table of The Elements?

The periodic table is the most important chemistry reference there is. It arranges all the known elements in an informative array. Elements are arranged left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number. Order generally coincides with increasing atomic mass. The different rows of elements are called periods. The period number of an element signifies the highest energy level an electron in that element occupies (in the unexcited state). The number of electrons in a period increases as one traverses down the periodic table; therefore, as the energy level of the atom increases, the number of energy sub-levels per energy level increases. Using the data in the table scientists, students, and others that are familiar with the periodic table can extract information concerning individual elements. For instance, a scientist can use carbon's atomic mass to determine how many carbon atoms there are in a 1 kilogram block of carbon. People also gain information from the periodic table by looking at how it is put together. By examining an element's position on the periodic table, one can infer the electron configuration. Elements that lie in the same column on the periodic table (called a "group") have identical valance electron configurations and consequently behave in a similar fashion chemically. For instance, all the group 18 elements are inert gases. The periodic table contains an enormous amount of important information. People familiar with how the table is put together can quickly determine a significant amount of information about an element.

How to use the Periodic Table

When you open any file of an element in the periodic table, you will find a small table with some basic information about that element. Here's how you use that table. 1 Atomic Number H Atomic Symbol 1.008 Atomic Mass

Atomic Number The number of protons in an atom defines what element it is. For example carbon atoms have six protons, hydrogen atoms have one, and oxygen atoms have eight. The number of protons in an atom is referred to as the atomic number of that element. The number of protons in an atom also determines the chemical behavior of the element. Atomic Symbol The atomic symbol is one or two letters chosen to represent an element ("H" for "hydrogen," etc.). These symbols are used internationally. Typically, a symbol is the truncated name of the element or the truncated Latin name of the element. Click here for a list of the elements and their symbols. Standard Atomic Weight The standard atomic weight is the average mass of an element in atomic mass units ("amu"). Though individual atoms always have an integer number of atomic mass units, the

atomic mass on the periodic table is stated as a decimal number because it is an average of the various isotopes of an element. Isotopes can have a weight either more or less than the average. The average number of neutrons for an element can be found by subtracting the number of protons (atomic number) from the atomic mass. Electron Configuration The electron configuration is the orbital description of the locations of the electrons in an unexcited atom. Using principles of physics, chemists can predict how atoms will react based upon the electron configuration. They can predict properties such as stability, boiling point, andconductivity. Typically, only the outermost electron shells matter in chemistry, so we truncate the inner electron shell notation by replacing the long-hand orbital description with the symbol for a noble gas in brackets. This method of notation vastly simplifies the description for large molecules. Example: The electron configuration for Be is 1s22s2, but we write [He]2s2 where [He] is equivalent to all the electron orbitals in the helium atom. The Letters, s, p, d, and f designate the shape of the orbitals and the superscript gives the number of electrons in that orbital. Atomic Radius There are a number of diffent ways to measure atomic radius. Two common ones are covalent radius (measures in pirometers) and Van der Waals radius. The Van der Walls radius is used for this perioidc tabel. For a more in depth discussion of atomic radius, see the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, "Atomic Radii of the Elements" and Wikipedia.

Characterizing the Elements

Elements can generally be described as either metals or nonmetals. Metal elements are generally good conductors of both electricity and heat.

Alkali metals. The alkali metals make up group 1 of the Table, and comprise Li through Fr. They have very similar behavior and characteristics. Hydrogen is group 1 but exhibits few characteristics of a metal and is often categorized with the nonmetals. Alkaline earth metals. The alkaline earth metals make up group 2 of the periodic table, from Be through Ra. The alkaline earth metals have very high melting points and oxides that have basic alkaline solutions. Their characteristics are well described and consistent down the group. Transition elements. The transition elements are metals that have a partially filled d subshell (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics) and comprise groups 3 through 11 and the lanthanides and actinides (see below). Metalloid (or semi-metal or poor metal). The metalloids are B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and Po. They often behave as semiconductors (B, Si, Ge) rather than as conductors. Lanthanides. The lanthanides comprise elements 57 (lanthanum, hence the name of the set) through 71. They are grouped together because they have similar chemical properties. They, along with the actinides, are often called the f-elements because they have valence electrons in the f shell. Actinides. The actinides comprise elements 90 through 103. They, along with the lanthanides, are often called the f-elements because they have valence electrons in the f

shell. Only thorium and uranium are naturally occurring actinides with significant abundance. They are all radioactive. Nonmetals. The term Nonmetals is used to classify the elements H, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, As, Se, Br, Te, I, and At. Halogens. The halogen elements are comprise group 17 of the periodic table, from F through At. They generally very chemically reactive and are present in the environment as compounds rather than as pure elements. Noble gases. The noble gases comprise group 18. They are generally very stable chemically and exhibit similar properties of being colorless and odorless.

Chemical Properties

Atom All macroscopic matter is made out of many tiny particles called atoms. The study of how these atoms interact is called chemistry. Subatomic Particles The three particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the "nucleus," which is the center of the atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge, and neutrons have no electrical charge. Electrons are extremely lightweight and are negatively charged. They exist in a cloud that surrounds the atom. The electron cloud has a radius 10,000 times greater than the nucleus. Nucleus The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons in a cluster. Virtually all the mass of the atom resides in the nucleus. The nucleus is held together by the tight pull of what is known to chemists and physicists as the "strong force." This force between the protons and neutrons overcomes the repulsive electrical force that would, according to the rules of electricity, push the protons apart otherwise. Electrons The electron is the lightweight particle that "orbits" outside of the atomic nucleus. Chemical bonding is essentially the interaction of electrons from one atom with the electrons of another atom. The magnitude of the charge on an electron is equal to the charge on a proton. Electrons surround the atom in pathways called orbitals. The inner orbitals surrounding the atom are spherical but the outer orbitals are much more complicated. Chemical Bonding Chemically bonding occurs when two particles can exchange or combine their outer electrons in such a way that is energetically favorable. An energetically favorable state can be seen as analogous to the way a dropped rock has a natural tendency to fall to the floor. When two atoms are close to each other and their electrons are of the correct type, it is more energetically favorable for them to come together and share electrons (become "bonded") than it is for them to exist as individual, separate atoms. When the bond occurs, the atoms become a compound. Like the rock falling to the floor, they "fall" together naturally.

Introduction to the Periodic Table

People have known about elements like carbon and gold since ancient time. The elements couldn't be changed using any chemical method. Each element has a unique number of protons. If you examine samples of iron and silver, you can't tell how many protons the atoms have. However, you can tell the elements apart because they have different properties. You might notice there are more similarities between iron and silver than between iron and oxygen. Could there be a way to organize the elements so you could tell at a glance which ones had similar properties? What is the Periodic Table? Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to create a periodic table of the elements similar to the one we use today. You can see Mendeleev's original table (1869). This table showed that when the elements were ordered by increasing atomic weight, a pattern appeared where properties of the elements repeated periodically. This periodic table is a chart that groups the elements according to their similar properties. Why was the Periodic Table Created? Why do you think Mendeleev made a periodic table? Many elements remained to be discovered in Mendeleev's time. The periodic table helped predict the properties of new elements. Mendeleev's Periodic Table Compare the modern periodic table with Mendeleev's table. What do you notice? Mendeleev's table didn't have very many elements, did it? He had question marks and spaces between elements, where he predicted undiscovered elements would fit. Discovering Elements Remember changing the number of protons changes the atomic number, which is the number of the element. When you look at the modern periodic table, do you see any skipped atomic numbers that would be undiscovered elements? New elements today aren't discovered. They are made. You can still use the periodic table to predict the properties of these new elements. Element Properties and Trends The periodic table helps predict some properties of the elements compared to each other. Atom size decreases as you move from left to right across the table and increases as you move down a column. Energy required to remove an electron from an atom increases as you move from left to right and decreases as you move down a column. The ability to form a chemical bond increases as you move from left to right and decreases as you move down a column. Today's Periodic Table The most important difference between Mendeleev's table and today's table is the modern table is organized by increasing atomic number, not increasing atomic weight. Why was the table changed? In 1914, Henry Moseley learned you could experimentally determine the atomic numbers of elements. Before that, atomic numbers were just the order of elements based on increasing atomic weight. Once atomic numbers had significance, the periodic table was reorganized. Periods and Groups Elements in the periodic table are arranged in periods (rows) and groups (columns). Atomic number increases as you move across a row or period. Periods

Rows of elements are called periods. The period number of an element signifies the highest unexcited energy level for an electron in that element. The number of elements in a period increases as you move down the periodic table because there are more sublevels per level as the energy level of the atom increases Groups Columns of elements help define element groups. Elements within a group share several common properties. Groups are elements have the same outer electron arrangement. The outer electrons are called valence electrons. Because they have the same number of valence electrons, elements in a group share similar chemical properties. The Roman numerals listed above each group are the usual number of valence electrons. For example, a group VA element will have 5 valence electrons. Representative vs. Transition Elements There are two sets of groups. The group A elements are called the representative elements. The group B elements are the nonrepresentative elements. What is on the Element Key? Each square on the periodic table gives information about an element. On many printed periodic tables you can find an element's symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. Classifying Elements Elements are classified according to their properties. The major categories of elements are the metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Metals You see metals every day. Aluminum foil is a metal. Gold and silver are metals. If someone asks you whether an element is a metal, metalloid, or non-metal and you don't know the answer, guess that it's a metal. What are Properties of Metals? Metals share some common properties. They are lustrous (shiny), malleable (can be hammered), and are good conductors of heat and electricity. These properties result from the ability to easily move the electrons in the outer shells of metal atoms. What are the Metals? Most elements are metals. There are so many metals, they are divided into groups: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals. The transition metals can be divided into smaller groups, such as the lanthanides and actinides. Group 1: Alkali Metals The alkali metals are located in Group IA (first column) of the periodic table. Sodium and potassium are examples of these elements. Alkali metals form salts and many other compounds. These elements are less dense than other metals, form ions with a +1 charge, and have the largest atom sizes of elements in their periods. The alkali metals are highly reactive. Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals The alkaline earths are located in Group IIA (second column) of the periodic table. Calcium and magnesium are examples of alkaline earths. These metals form many compounds. They have ions with a +2 charge. Their atoms are smaller than those of the alkali metals. Groups 3-12: Transition Metals The transition elements are located in groups IB to VIIIB. Iron and gold are examples of transition metals. These elements are very hard, with high melting points and boiling

points. The transition metals are good electrical conductors and are very malleable. They form positively charged ions. The transition metals include most of the elements, so they can be categorized into smaller groups. The lanthanides and actinides are classes of transition elements. Another way to group transition metals is into triads, which are metals with very similar properties, usually found together. Metal Triads The iron triad consists of iron, cobalt, and nickel. Just under iron, cobalt, and nickel is the palladium triad of ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium, while under them is the platinum triad of osmium, iridium, and platinum. Lanthanides When you look at the periodic table, you'll see there is a block of two rows of elements below the main body of the chart. The top row has atomic numbers following lanthanum. These elements are called the lanthanides. The lanthanides are silvery metals that tarnish easily. They are relatively soft metals, with high melting and boiling points. The lanthanides react to form many different compounds. These elements are used in lamps, magnets, lasers, and to improve the properties of other metals. Actinides The actinides are in the row below the lanthanides. Their atomic numbers follow actinium. All of the actinides are radioactive, with positively charged ions. They are reactive metals that form compounds with most nonmetals. The actinides are used in medicines and nuclear devices. Groups 13-15: Not all Metals Groups 13-15 include some metals, some metalloids, and some nonmetals. Why are these groups mixed? The transition from metal to nonmetal is gradual. Even though these elements aren't similar enough to have groups contained within single columns, they share some common properties. You can predict how many electrons are needed to complete an electron shell. The metals in these groups are called basic metals. Nonmetals & Metalloids Elements that don't have the properties of metals are called nonmetals. Some elements have some, but not all of the properties of the metals. These elements are called metalloids. What are Properties of Nonmetals? The nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Solid nonmetals are brittle and lack metallic luster. Most nonmetals gain electrons easily. The nonmetals are located on the upper right side of the periodic table, separated from metals by a line that cuts diagonally through the periodic table. The nonmetals can be divided into classes of elements that have similar properties. The halogens and the noble gases are two groups of nonmetals. Group 17: Halogens The halogens are located in Group VIIA of the periodic table. Examples of halogens are chlorine and iodine. You find these elements in bleaches, disinfectants, and salts. These nonmetals form ions with a -1 charge. The physical properties of the halogens vary. The halogens are highly reactive. Group 18: Noble Gases The noble gases are located in Group VIII of the periodic table. Helium and neon are examples of noble gases. These elements are used to make lighted signs, refrigerants, and

lasers. The noble gases are not reactive. This is because they have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. Hydrogen Hydrogen has a single positive charge, like the alkali metals, but at room temperature, it is a gas that doesn't act like a metal. Therefore, hydrogen usually is labeled as a nonmetal. What are the Properties of the Metalloids? Elements that have some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals are called metalloids. Silicon and germanium are examples of metalloids. The boiling points, melting points, and densities of the metalloids vary. The metalloids make good semiconductors. The metalloids are located along the diagonal line between the metals and nonmetals in the periodic table. Common Trends in Mixed Groups Remember that even in mixed groups of elements, the trends in the periodic table still hold true. Atom size, ease of removing electrons, and ability to form bonds can be predicted as you move across and down the table.

1. Period # Symbol Name

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p

1 2 # 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

H He Symbol Li Be B C N O F Ne

Hydrogen 1 Helium 2. Period Name Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon 3. Period Name Sodium Magnesium Aluminium (Aluminum) Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur (Sulphur) Chlorine Argon 4. Period Name Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt 2 K 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 5 2 2 6 K L 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 M 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 .. .. 1 2 3 5 5 6 7 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 N O P Q M N O P Q 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 K L L M N O P Q
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p

# Symbol 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar # Symbol 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6

28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr # Symbol 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe # 55 56 57

Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton 5. Period Name Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon 6. Period Name Caesium (Cesium) Barium

2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 K L

2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 M

10 1 10 2 10 2 1 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 10 2 6 N 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 .. .. 1 .. .. 2 1 .. 2 2 .. 2 4 .. 1 5 .. 1 6 .. 1 7 .. 1 8 .. 1 10 .. .. 10 .. 1 10 .. 2 10 .. 2 1 10 .. 2 2 10 .. 2 3 10 .. 2 4 10 .. 2 5 10 .. 2 6 N O P Q O P Q

Germanium 2 2 6

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 K L M

Molybdenum 2 2 6 2 6

Symbol Cs Ba La

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p

2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 .. 2 6 .. .. 1 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 .. 2 6 .. .. 2

Lanthanum 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 .. 2 6 1 .. 2

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 #

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Symbol

Cerium

2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 6 .. .. 2

Praseodymi 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 3 2 6 .. .. 2 um Neodymiu m Samarium Europium Terbium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon 7. Period Name Francium Radium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 4 2 6 .. .. 2

Promethium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 5 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 6 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 9 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 11 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 12 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 13 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 3 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 4 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 5 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 6 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 7 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 9 .. 1 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 1 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 1 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 3 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 4 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 5 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 6 K L M N O P Q
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p

Gadolinium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 .. 2 Dysprosium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 10 2 6 .. .. 2

87 Fr 88 Ra

2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 6 .. .. 1 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 6 .. .. 2

89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn

Actinium Thorium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendeleviu m Nobelium

2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 6 1 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2 6 2 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 3 2 6 1 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 4 2 6 1 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 6 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 9 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 10 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 11 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 12 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 13 2 6 .. .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 .. .. 2

Protactinium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2 6 1 .. 2

Lawrencium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 .. 2 Rutherfordiu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 .. 2 m Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 3 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 4 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 5 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 6 .. 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 7 .. 2

Darmstadtiu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 9 .. 1 m Roentgenium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 1 Copernicium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 .. 2