Turbidity Sensor

TS100
Edition 3.0

User Manual

Greenspan Customer Service +61 7 4660 1888

Technical Support When You Need It
The correct choice of sensor should be supported by professional advice to ensure long term success in the field. Greenspan Technical Services is dedicated to customer support and provides assistance in the selection, installation, deployment and commissioning of sensors with a full range of consulting services. A full technical support and field advice service can be accessed by ringing Customer Service on +61 7 4660 1888 between 8am - 6pm, 5 days a week. All requests for information will be serviced within 24 hours. All Greenspan products are designed, developed and manufactured in Australia and can be supplied at short notice.

Warranty Details
Greenspan warrants all new Greenspan products against defects in materials and workmanship for 12 months from the date of invoice. During the warranty period, we will repair or, at our option, replace at no charge a product that proves to be defective provided that it is returned, shipping prepaid, to Greenspan Technology Pty Ltd. Greenspans liability and obligations in connection with any defects in materials and workmanship are expressly limited to repair or replacement, and the sole and exclusive remedy in the event of such defects shall be repair or replacement. Greenspans obligations under this warranty are conditional upon it receiving prompt written notice of claimed defects within the warranty period and its obligations are expressly limited to repair or replacement. This warranty does not apply to products or parts thereof which have been altered or repaired outside of the Greenspan factory or other authorised service centre, or products damaged by improper installation or application, or subjected to misuse, abuse neglect or accident. This warranty also excludes items such as reference electrodes and Dissolved Oxygen membranes that may degrade during normal use. Greenspan Technology Pty Ltd will not be liable for any incidental or consequential damage or expense incurred by the user due to partial or incomplete inoperability of its products for any reason whatsoever or due to inaccurate information generated by its products. All Warranty service will be completed as soon possible. If delays are unavoidable customers will be contacted immediately. The sensors should not be dismantled unless under instruction from Greenspan. Incorrect handling will void the warranty.

Contents
1. INTRODUCTION Overview Theory of Turbidity Turbidity and Suspended Solids Stream Water Turbidity TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT Formazin Definition Calibration Considerations THE HARDWARE Overview Sensor Design INSTALLATION Connection General Methods of Installation Typical Locations Option 1: Non Turbulent Conditions Option 2: High Turbulent Conditions Other Considerations Turbidity Deployment CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE QUICK CALIBRATION CHECK METHOD Checking Calibration Using Calibration Cups TR100 Calibration of Turbidity Cups FORMAZIN CALIBRATION METHOD Test Setup Formazin Standards from Ref Stock Suspension 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 11

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

12 13 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 20 21

7.

Preparation of Formazin Standard

Materials Procedure Checking Standard Against a Hach Turbidimeter (Optional) Calibration Method Preliminary Setup Zero Checking Full Scale Checking REFERENCES SPECIFICATION and CERTIFICATE of CONFORMANCE

8. 9.

10.

APPENDIX
Errors in Measurement

Bench Testing Noise Offsets Bubbles Algae Colour

Turbidity Sensor Cleaning Pump TP100

23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 26

Function Installation TP100 Specification

INTRODUCTION
Overview
The Greenspan TS100 Turbidity Sensor utilises a high gain infrared optical system to detect the back-scatter intensity of suspended particles by transmitting a beam of 880nm wavelength and measuring the received intensity of reflected light.

Advanced digital filtering techniques are used to eliminate ambient light and stray signals from the measurement of data. A current loop output of 4 - 20mA is provided on the TS100 Series Sensor. The external optical surface is coated with a special polymer which resists fouling from algae growth. It does not eliminate the problem but increases the time between cleaning. The sensor is packaged in a 316-grade stainless steel or Acetal co-polymer tube, with O ring sealed Acetal co-polymer end fittings. The design is rugged and well proven and can withstand the harsh conditions found in any field environment

Theory of Turbidity
Turbidity is the term used to describe the reduction in water clarity or "cloudiness" as perceived by the human eye caused by the scattering of light due to particulate matter suspended in solution. The greater the turbidity, the more cloudy the water. Increases in turbidity reduce the transmission of light. Because most aquatic plant growth and marine organisms depend upon natural light radiation for survival, and light penetration in water is dependent on the clarity of the water, the measure of turbidity is useful for assessment of water quality. Due to the effects of erosion within catchment areas, tiny particles of clays, silts or small organic particles are washed into water bodies. Industrial wastes and sewerage can also contribute particles. Oceanographers, Engineers and Geomorphologists who are studying the movement of suspended sediments find turbidity a useful factor in defining relative changes in sedimentation between sites. The rate at which the water is moving limits the amount of suspended solids it can carry. The inherent simplicity of turbidity measurement allows for the continuous insitu gathering of data. This is very useful when monitoring rapidly varying turbidity conditions, and it is the main advantage compared with the laboratory sample method.

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Turbidity and Suspended Solids

Suspended particles in the water are the principle source of turbidity. Assuming that the turbidimeter has been calibrated to give a linear response to standards (such as Formazin) varying only in concentration, the relationship between suspended solids concentration and turbidity depends mostly on particle size, composition and particle concentration. Even in streams that transport sand during storm event runoff, strong relationships between suspended solids and turbidity have been observed. In such cases, the turbidimeter is responding less to the coarse fraction, but because the concentration of the fine fraction (the main source of turbidity) increases proportionately with the concentration of the coarse fraction, the turbidity is an adequate index of the total suspended load. The relationship between turbidity and total suspended solids in this case is non-linear. A linear relationship should only be expected in cases where the particle size, shape and composition do not vary through time. (Ref: Gippel, AJSWC, 1994)

Stream Water Turbidity

If turbidity is established as an index of suspended solids, then considerable savings will result from reduced labour costs for field sample collection and laboratory analysis. Stream water turbidity is likely to reflect catchment condition, so a catchment-wide network of continuously recording instruments could be used in a surveillance role to identify areas of landslips, stream bank disturbance, or inappropriate land use practices. (Ref: Gippel, AJSWC, 1994)

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TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT

Greenspan turbidity sensors are of the back scattering type and respond to the average volume scattering of particulate matter over a defined angular range. Both particle size and concentration affect readings. Output is calibrated in terms of NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). The instrument does not measure in absolute terms but relative to a Formazin standard, (see below). A comparison is made of the intensity of scattered light by a sample and the intensity of scattered light by a standard reference.

Formazin Definition
Formazin is a white insoluble polymer formed by the condensation reaction between hydrazine sulphate and hexamethylenetetramine, (Ref: Gippel, AJSWC, Nov 1994). It forms a mono disperse dispersion of approximately 2.5 m geometric mean volume particles (Gippel, 1988a ). Formazin reference solution is supplied as 4000 NTU primary standard and is diluted with high quality distilled water to lesser concentrations for calibration. Secondary standards of Formazin are available from various manufacturer's, often as a gel suspension or sealed latex suspension, and are stable for up to 1 year when properly stored. Secondary standards provided with reference test equipment are usually used to standardise the instrument before each reading. (Ref: Standard Methods, 1995)

Calibration Considerations
Various Turbidity units have been used to reference turbidity measurement. (JTU, NTU, FTU, EBC, CNU, FAU, FNU) they are not all equivalent and they should not be confused with mass concentration. ISO 7027 recommends the adoption of FNU (Formazin Nephelometric Units) and FAU (Formazin Attenuation Units), (Ref: Gippel, AJSWC, Nov 1994) The most recognised and widely adopted reference standard is Formazin, one FNU is equivalent to one NTU, (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) so NTU has been adopted by Greenspan for turbidity calibration. Derived standards are only stable for a few days and therefore have to be prepared each time the instrument is checked. Proper laboratory handling is essential as Formazin is a suspected carcinogen. A simplified method not requiring Formazin is provided in this manual using Greenspan Turbidity Reference Cups TR100.

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THE HARDWARE
Overview

The TS100 turbidity sensors utilise an infra-red optical system to measure scattered reflected radiation across an angle of 30. Infra-red transmission is used because light of this frequency is heavily attenuated in water, therefore the beam penetration is reduced to practical limits and infra-red interference from sunlight is also reduced with depth. The sensor is constructed of environmentally inert materials, 316 stainless steel and Delrin plastic. The form is cylindrical with the following dimensions:

Alignment Mark

TS100 Turbidity Sensor

*44.4

25 Optical Head Side View C A 30 275 Front View Alignment Mark A. Transmission LEDs B. Reception Photodiode C. Infra-red Lens B A C

*47mm max for Delrin All dimensions in mm

Figure 1. Overview The standard package includes: 1 2 3 4 316 stainless steel body- Delrin optional Delrin sensor head Delrin cable gland. Optical filter lens

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Sensor Design
A digital synchronous detector system is used to eliminate common mode carrier signals and effectively provide a narrow band limited signal path. This method ensures minimal interference from stray light frequencies (ambient light) and maximum reception of signal strength. The optical system is embedded in epoxy compound for stability and waterproofing and ensures an ambient light proof, mechanically robust mounting. Quality electronic components are used throughout for reliable long term operation and boards can be easily accessed and serviced.

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INSTALLATION
Connection

The TS100 is designed as a three wire 4-20mA current system and is nominally powered by 12V DC. The sensor is normally supplied with open ended bare wires for connection to power and external data logger. The following diagram illustrates the wiring arrangement for the TS100.

Red

o 9 27VDC, t ypica lly +12V Ou t pu t 50 oh m Loa d or m A m et er

Power

TS

Blu e

Gr een

o Gr ou n d

Figure 2. Connection The input voltage range is 9-27V and it should be noted that as the quiescent current is 80mA and at full scale the output current is 20mA the total is 1000mA. The resistance of the cable is 9 ohms per 100 metres, therefore a 25m length of cable will give a voltage drop of : for the active red wire 100mA x 9 x 25 = 0.225V 100 This is duplicated for the return green wire: 0.225 + 0.225 = 0.450V Therefore, approximately 0.45 volts less is developed across the sensor. That is, a 12V supply with 25m of cable will effectively provide 11.55V at the sensor. The sensors are protected against reverse voltage occurrences and against voltages of 2KV such as may occur during lightning storms. However, if using in areas prone to lightning activity it is recommended that lightning arresters be fitted to all input cables.

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General Methods of Installation

The Greenspan Range of Water Quality Sensors can be installed into a variety of applications including: Rivers, Lakes and streams Bore Hole and groundwater wells Tanks and Reservoirs Wet Wells for Water and Sewer Systems

In all field applications, mechanical, electrical and physical protection of the Sensor, cabling and associated fittings must be provided. Consideration needs to be given for the protection against vandalism, animal damage, theft and extreme weather conditions. There are a many ways of positioning sensors in the field in order to ensure the continuous collection of data and the safety of the device. Some methods commonly in use are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Floating Buoy for use at sea, can be installed with telemetry/cell phone communications. Suspended Sensor attached to a guide wire and winch board, which is useful for profiling applications. Fly wire across stream/river, sensor tethered to fly wire and fully immersed. Installed in PVC conduit with sensor emerging from the immersed end. Sealed waterproof, self contained vessel including batteries and continuous logging equipment. Excellent for concealment. Strapped to pylon or post in areas that become submersed, cabled to bank. Ensuring 100mm clearance from post. Hand operation for spot readings.

Typical Locations
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Edge of river/stream/lake embankment. Side of boat/vessel. Mounted within a stilling well off stream from main flow. Mounted within drainage channels/pipes. Suspended from dam walls. Sensor anchored to bed of lake/stream.

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Field Installation must ensure:

The sensor is anchored or held in position or located so it is not subject to any movement during normal operations. Sensor is protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperature fluctuations Sensor is protected against high turbulence and possible debris loading during flow events

Option 1:

Non Turbulent Conditions

Where there is no possibility of the sensor being affected by turbulence it can be suspended into the water body using a stainless steel hanger cable. For example where the sensor is installed into a large water storage tank. The sensor will hang vertically into the tank and not be subject to movement from water movements. The stainless steel wire prevents loading of the sensor cable. In Sewer Wet Well and Water Tank applications where high turbulence and debris loading may affect the sensor, the following minimum installation standards must be followed:

Option 2:

High Turbulent Conditions

Where turbulence and water movement will act on the sensor it is recommended to mount the sensor in a stilling well or mounting cradle attached to the side of the well. This could simply be a length of PVC pipe bolted to the well wall in which the sensor is located or could be an extension pole with a sensor cradle at the lower end. Potential ragging and debris build up on the sensor & cable should be overcome by extending the stilling well to above the high water level or by cable tying the sensor cable up the cradle mounting arm. The movement of the sensor must be eliminated such that the sensor is not subject to twisting motion from swirling water during pumping, or from sideways movement due to ragging of the sensor. In all sewer wet well applications regardless of the mounting system used it is recommended to also utilise a stainless steel hanger cable* to prevent loading the sensor cable during installation, removal and maintenance. The stainless steel wire must be securely connected to the sensor using the hanger hook and the sensor cable should be cable tied at regular intervals up the stainless wire. An outer sheath of hose or tubing can be fitted over both cables to reduce ragging and debris build up on the cables. At the top of the well the stainless wire can be attached to a bolt or mounting point. *Note, the stainless steel suspension, hanger cable can be provided by Greenspan. (Part No 7SK-100)

Warning:
Under no circumstances must the sensor be installed such that it can collide with the sides of the well, or other solid objects within the well. Sensor installation under these circumstances will lead to sensor damage that will not be covered under our normal warranty conditions. In these cases the sensor must be mounted into a cradle or stilling well as per Option 2.

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Other Considerations
Environmental compatibility should be checked before using the sensors and advice sought from Greenspan if any doubt exists. The 316 stainless body can be used in a majority of situations but care should be taken against possible corrosion in high Chloride, Sulphate or Ferric solutions. The body should always be totally immersed under the water to ensure that the sensor is at water temperature and to also avoid any possible anodic/cathodic action taking place on the stainless body at the water-air interface. At some sites it has also been noticed that clamps used to support the sensor made of a dissimilar metal to the 316 stainless body can cause spot corrosion due to electrolysis.

Turbidity Deployment
When mounting turbidity sensors in water ensure a minimum clearance around the optical head of 50 mm and approximately 250 mm forward to reduce reflection from non-data surfaces. Note that reflection errors increase the closer the transmit LED is to a reflective surface. Therefore in tight installations it is preferable to rotate the sensor so that the Alignment Mark is furthest from the reflective surface. The Alignment Mark on the head is positioned adjacent to the transmit LEDs, see Diagram 1, page 4. When installing in very shallow water immerse to at least 250-300 mm minimum to prevent infra-red radiation from natural sunlight affecting readings. It is preferable to point the sensor face down or at an angle. Alternatively, process the resultant data file so that only data recorded in non daylight periods is accepted. When installing directly into a flowing medium, angle the sensor head such that it is inclined at an angle of at least 45 to the horizontal and such that the sensor lens is facing downstream. This will minimise the damage to the lens as a result of impact from travelling particulate matter. If using the model TP100 lens cleaning pump it is important to ensure pump is primed prior to positioning sensor at depth. This can be achieved at just below surface level by manually triggering the pulse line or driving it from a logger, and checking for correct pump operation and then lowering sensor to the desired depth. To manually check the pump operation, press the test button located inside the Timer Controller unit or briefly connect the trigger wire from the pump to ground, (negative pulse) or to +ve supply (positive pulse). When the cleaning pump is activated the force of the water creates artificial turbulence and if left untethered, can cause slight displacement of sensor position. It is preferable that the logged readings do not coincide with the pump activation cycle, which may lead to errors. To minimise this, do not start the recording logger at the same time as the pump timer and tether the sensor.

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Most sediment transport occurs during storm events and flood conditions. Protection from floating debris damage is an important consideration along with adequate tethering of sensors.

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CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE

Protection of the lens surface is vital to maintain the accuracy of the calibration. The prevention of algal growth and marine encrustations on the lens (and body in general) is desirable. Both the polymer and Turbidity Cleaning Pump assist in this process. Please refer to Appendix for further information on the Lens Cleaning Pump. The lens may be cleaned using warm soapy water, a soft cloth and a gentle rubbing action. WARNING DO NOT USE METHYLATED SPIRITS or ALCOHOL on LENS SURFACE If scratches are evident on the lens which cannot be removed through polishing please contact Greenspan. It may be possible to recalibrate the offset to eliminate the effects of the damage. Alternatively, the lens/head can be replaced and the unit re-calibrated. Note that regular cleaning of the lens will, in time, remove the polymer coating applied during manufacture. Please contact Greenspan if you wish new coatings to be applied.

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QUICK CALIBRATION METHOD

There are two methods in this manual for checking the calibration. The first uses TR100 calibration cups and the second uses Formazin reference solution.

CHECKING CALIBRATION USING CALIBRATION CUPS TR100 To enable quick and easy checking of sensor calibration Greenspan can supply calibration cups (TR100) matched to the particular sensor. There are two cups, one for zero and one for full scale. These are simply slid over the sensor head and the reading obtained should match the recorded reading taken when the sensor was newly calibrated. Any difference will indicate that calibration has changed. NOTE: An individual cup will not measure the same turbidity value on different sensors. The cup must be calibrated and matched to an individual sensor prior to use. See Calibration of Turbidity Cups.

Method 1. 2.
Gently remove any debris which may have accumulated on the sensor head with a moist soft cloth, avoid scratching the turbidity lens. Dry the lens. Remove the protective cap on the high and low turbidity calibration cups and pour 2.5ml or 1/2 teaspoon of silicone oil into each and allow them to form a level, bubble free layer over the calibration suspension in the base of the cups. Slide the low value turbidity calibration cup over the sensor head until it reaches the bottom, (some silicone oil may overflow). Rotate the cup, while keeping firm contact on the bottom, to line up the alignment mark on the cup with the mark on the sensor head. Once the cup and sensor are in place and aligned, remove your hands from the sensor and allow the assembly to stand in a vertical position (with the cup on the bottom) while taking the reading. NOTE: Air bubbles trapped between the sensor lens and the calibration suspension will cause high and erratic readings. Be sure to use an adequate amount of silicone oil to prevent this from occurring and ensure no air bubbles are present prior to installing the cup. It is also important not to break contact with the interface prior to reading the calibration point. 5. 6. 7. Connect the sensor output to a milliammeter. Check that the reading is equivalent to the recorded value assigned to that sensor for that calibrator cup. Repeat steps 3-5 for the high calibration cup. If the output reading is not within 3% of expected reading (value marked on Reference Table for that sensor) the sensor is out of calibration.

3.

4.

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8. 9.

Remove the cup and wipe the sensor head clean of oil with a soft cloth. If re-calibration is necessary, contact a Greenspan authorised agent for re-calibration.

CALIBRATION OF TURBIDITY CUPS Function

Each cup and sensor must be matched prior to use in checking. If this was not done at the factory, then the matching can be performed by the customer on the bench using the following procedure. Note that this assumes that the sensor has been accurately calibrated recently. Once matched the pair should remain stable indefinitely.

Method
1. 2. 3. Gently remove any debris which may have accumulated on the sensor head with a moist soft cloth, avoid scratching the turbidity lens. Dry the lens. Ensure that the sensor has been accurately calibrated, if not, return the unit to a Greenspan authorised agent for re-calibration. Engrave a permanent alignment mark laterally, anywhere along the sensor head. Be careful not to scratch the sensor lens.

Alignment Mark 4. 5. Clean and dry the sensor head with a soft cloth. Remove the protective cap on the high and low turbidity calibration cups and pour 2.5mL or teaspoon of silicone oil into each and allow them to form a level, bubble free layer over the calibration suspension in the base of the cups. Slide the low value turbidity calibration cup over the sensor head until it reaches the bottom, (some silicone oil may overflow). Rotate the cup while keeping firm contact on the bottom, to line up the alignment mark on the cup with the mark on the sensor head. Once the cup and sensor are in place and aligned, remove your hands from the sensor and allow the assembly to stand in a vertical position (with the cup on the bottom) while taking the reading. NOTE: Air bubbles trapped between the sensor lens and the calibration suspension will cause high and erratic readings. Be sure to use an adequate amount of silicone oil to prevent this from occurring and ensure no air bubbles are present prior to installing the cup. is also important not to break contact with the interface prior to reading the calibration point. 8. With the sensor output connected to a milliammeter. Record the reading of the sensor onto the Turbidity Reference Table in the calibrator kit, using a

6.

7.

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9. 10.

waterproof pen. Also, record the serial numbers of the turbidity sensor and turbidity cup. These may be changed or removed later with methylated spirits if the calibration is redone. Repeat steps 6-8 for the full scale calibrator cup. Remove the cup and wipe the sensor head clean of oil with a soft cloth.

Note that the same cup may be used on different sensors of the same range with correspondingly different readings being obtained. Each reading is valid for that particular sensor and all are recorded on the Turbidity Reference Table provided in the TR100 kit.

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FORMAZIN CALIBRATION METHOD

Test Setup
A test setup such as the one described below is recommended for both zero and full scale calibration checking. It is recommended the solution is kept moving with a magnetic stirrer mounted underneath the full scale vessel to minimise contact with solution. The full scale calibration suspension using Formazin is prepared according to Table 1. Allow a few minutes settling time for the Formazin to be evenly distributed through the test vessel. See figure 3.

+12V, RED Output, BLUE Ground, GREEN Sensor Power Supply Sensor Can use magnetic stirrer for minmum solution contact mA o + o

Magnetic stirrer mounted underneath F/S vessel.

Calibration Suspension

Clear Filtered Water

5L Test Vessel F/S Set

20L Test Vessel Zero Set

Figure 3. Calibration Checking Setup TS100 Turbidity sensors It must be considered that the validity of diluted Formazin Solution is time dependant. For example, both "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water" and the US E.P.A recommend that 400 NTU suspension not be used for longer than 30 days, and a 40 NTU value suspension no longer than 7 days if affected by light and temperature. A sealable container of 5 litre capacity may be used for storage of Formazin and calibration. The sensor should be held in the centre by means of a clamping arrangement to eliminate side wall reflections. Ensure that the container used for Formazin Calibration is a minimum size of 5 litres and has a diameter at least 8 inches. The zero solution should preferably be in a 20 litre container painted matt black inside and well filtered water must be used.

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Formazin Standards from Ref Stock Suspension

Use the following table to create diluted solutions suitable for various range sensors. De-ionised water is added to proportions of concentrated Formazin Stock. Table 1 Formazin Value Required 2000 NTU 1000 NTU 500 NTU 250 NTU 100 NTU 50 NTU

Ref Stock Suspension 4,000 NTU 2500 ml 1250 ml 625 ml 312.5 ml 125 ml 62.5 ml

Final Volume 5 litre 5 litre 5 litre 5 litre 5 litre 5 litre

Note: Dilutions must be made with filtered, de-ionised water. For accuracy it is recommended that a 5000 ml Volumetric Flask, Class A, is used to measure quantities and any suitable graduated pipette for fine control. For other dilutions use the following: (NTU required / REF NTU) x Final Volume = ml where: Final Volume is in ml eg: For 500 NTU: (500/4000) x 5000 = 625 ml

Care must be taken not to spill stock suspensions when transferring to larger vessel and cleanliness of all equipment is essential. PLEASE NOTE: FORMAZIN IS A SUSPECTED CARCINOGEN AND PROPER LABORATORY HANDLING PROCEDURES MUST BE FOLLOWED.

Preparation of Formazin Standard

Presented here is a recommended method for preparing Formazin reference solution if not using commercial supplies. Ref: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 19th Edition, P 2-10. Stock Concentration: 4000 NTU Caution: Hydrazine Sulphate is a carcinogen, avoid inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. Formazin standards can contain residual Hydrazine Sulphate.

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Materials
Hydrazine Sulphate (reagent grade) Hexamethylenetetramine (reagent grade) 5.000g 50.00g

Procedure
1. 2. Set oven to 25C. Transfer hydrazine sulphate to a 5000ml volumetric flask and add deionised water to almost the mark. Stir to dissolve, then fill to the mark with de-ionised water. Transfer hexamethylenetetramine to a 5000ml volumetric flask and add de-ionised water to almost the mark. Stir to dissolve, then fill to the mark with deionised water. Place both flasks in the 25C oven and allow to reach temperature. Transfer all the contents of the hydrazine sulphate flask to a 10 litre container equipped for magnetic stirring. Slowly transfer all the contents of the hexamethylenetetramine flask to the 10 litre flask while stirring continuously. Stop stirring when both solutions are mixed. Seal the 10 litre container and allow to stand at 25C for 24 hours.

3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

Checking Standard Against a Hach Turbidimeter (Optional)

Mix the Formazin standard to be checked by making sure the lid is on tight and then tumbling the canister several times (10 sec). Fill a clean Hach turbidity cell with the standard, wipe the walls with silicone oil, and place it in a Hach 43900 Ratio/XR Turbidimeter. Record the readings when it is stable, (15 sec). Write the value and date on the canister label. If the value has changed by more than 10% from its value at preparation, then prepare a new standard. Use the standard within three days of checking.

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CALIBRATION METHOD Preliminary Setup

Connect the sensor to +12V (red wire) and ground (green wire) and connect current meter, (+), between blue and power supply common (-) green. See fig. 3.

Zero Checking
1. With power applied to the unit, place the sensor in the zero NTU bath at a sufficient depth to cover the optical head and let the temperature equilibrate for approximately 1/2 hour. NOTE: Air bubbles trapped between the sensor lens and solution will cause high and erratic readings. To reduce this, immerse the sensor at an angle and if necessary gently rotate the sensor until all bubbles surface. 2. 3. 4. If output reading is not within 3% of 4.00mA, contact a Greenspan authorised agent for re-calibration. After checking the zero value, rinse the sensor in clean water, wiping with a tissue to remove excess water. If zero reading is correct go to next section.

Full Scale Checking

1. Apply power to the magnetic stirrer and allow at least 15 min to give circulation of the suspension. Great care is necessary handling Formazin as it is a suspected carcinogen. 2. Place the sensor into the test vessel prepared with a full scale NTU Formazin solution. If there is any doubt about the accuracy of the solution it is recommended it is checked on a Hach Turbidimeter. Ensure sensor is in bath at a sufficient depth to cover the optical head. Ensure there are no trapped air bubbles by tilting the sensor slightly when immersing. The expected reading can be calculated as follows: Output (mA) = ( ( b x 16 ) + 4 )mA a where: a = Full scale range of instrument (NTU) b = Full Scale reading of Formazin Standard as measured by laboratory instrument such as Hach Turbidimeter for example:

3.

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If sensor is a 500 NTU range and the Standard is 490 NTU output (mA) = ( ( 490 x 16 ) + 4 ) mA = 19.68mA 500 4. If the output reading is not within 3% of the calculated value then recalibration is required. Contact a Greenspan authorised agent for recalibration. After checking the full-scale value, rinse the sensor in clean water, wiping with a tissue to remove any suspension material.

5.

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REFERENCES
GIPPEL, C.J., 1989. The Use of Turbidity Instruments to Measure Stream Water Suspended Sediment Concentration. pp 12, Ch 2.

GIPPEL, C.J., 1988. Comparison of fine particle size determination by Coulter Counter Model TA11 and Horiba CAPA-300. pp 11, Ch2. GIPPEL, C.J., 1994. Monitoring Turbidity Of Stream Water, Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Vol. 7, No 4, pp 41. Waterwatch Queensland Technical Manual., State of Qld, Department of Primary Industries 1994. pp. 16. STANDARD Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition 1995, 2130 Turbidity, 2-8 to 2-11

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SPECIFICATION and CERTIFICATE of CONFORMANCE

Specification Standard Ranges available Model TS100

0-100NTU 0-250NTU 0-500NTU 0-1000NTU Other ranges available on request. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Linearity 0-50NTU 3.0% 0-100NTU 3.5% or 3.0%* 0-250NTU 4.0% or 3.0%* 0-500NTU 9.0% or 3.0%* 0-1000NTU 11.0% or 3.0%* 0-2000NTU 12.0% or 3.0%*
*NOTE: A linearity performance of typically 3% for all ranges may be achieved by the use of algorithmic data correction. Contact Greenspan Technology for further information.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Accuracy 3% FS (with algorithm) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Supply Voltage 9-27VDC Reverse polarity protected Surge protected to 2kV -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Quiescent Current 80mA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Warm up time to stable reading 2 Seconds -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Output 4-20mA, 0-1V, 0-2.5V -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dimensions length 275mm, 44.5mm OD Stainless Steel 47mm OD Acetal co-polymer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wetted Materials 316 Stainless Steel, Acetal co-polymer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Weight (potted) 735g, 316 Stainless Steel 605g, Acetal co-polymer --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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TURBIDITY SENSOR

22 Palmerin Street, Warwick 4370 Qld Australia.

Tel: 0746 601888

Fax: 0746 601800

CERTIFICATE of CONFORMANCE
Customer: Model No Product Detail Serial No. Range Output FS Zero Accuracy Linearity Cable Length TS100 010410 0 - 500 NTU 20.00mA 4.00mA +/- 3 % of FS (with algorithm) See User Manual 60 metres For further connection detail please refer to Connector Chart supplied. Ref: Supply Voltage Supply Current Connection: +ve gnd o/p Connection Code 9 - 27 VDC 80 mA Red Green Blue BW3

User Notes

1. 2. 2. 3.

The sensor is protected against reverse polarity. Do not attempt to dismantle the sensor as it will void the warranty. Contact your agent for technical advice. The lens cover has been coated with an anti-fouling polymer to prevent marine growth affecting accuracy. The calibration instrument utilises a flow-through cell within a Hach Ratio Turbidimeter referenced against Formazin solutions.

Inspected By ............

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APPENDIX

10
The sensor is designed for intermittent sampling while fully immersed. Therefore any readings taken in air are not valid. They may only be used to indicate functional operation. Environmental transients greater than the mean signal contribute to the background noise level. Also signal drift not associated with the actual flow conditions is considered to be noise. These can be caused by large floating debris, aquatic life (fish) and installation lines obscuring the optical path briefly. Reflections from nearby surfaces of conduit, sea floor and river bed can offset readings, allow a clearance of at least 250mm forward and 50mm to each side of the optical system. Trapped air bubbles on the filter lens. Can be removed by tilting or stirring the sensor, positioning away from turbid water inlets and using lens cleaning pumps. Algal growth will cause significant errors in as little as 35 hours in extreme conditions, if allowed to accumulate on the lens. Regular cleaning and maintenance is essential, how often this is required is dependent on the severity of the micro-organism activity in the particular environment. A trial period should be allowed initially to determine the cleaning regime. Stream water in forested Australian catchments is often coloured with Gilven. This component is leached from the leaves of trees, particularly in areas dominated by barked Eucalyptus. Gilven reduces Nephelometric turbidity by up to 10%. Light sources with a wavelength of greater than 600 nm are insensitive to Gilven such as the Greenspan turbidimeters. (Ref Gippel 1989a).

ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT Error variations can occur in data due to a number of factors:
1. Bench Testing

2. Noise

3. Offsets

4. Bubbles

5. Algae

6. Colour

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TURBIDITY SENSOR CLEANING PUMP TP100

Function
To maintain the optical cleanliness of the Turbidity Sensor by preventing fouling due to algal growth. A high pressure jet of filtered water is periodically forced across the lens dislodging any buildup of algae. When used in conjunction with the non stick polymer an efficient method of cleaning is produced. This system is particularly suitable for long term unattended data collection situations.

Installation
The unit conveniently clamps onto the TS100 sensor for easy installation and removal. The power cable is strapped to the sensor cable and brought to the surface for connection to the Timer Controller and battery. The Controller unit can be programmed for various Intervals and turn-on Durations by settings within the box. Please refer to the table below for settings available. Table 2.
Switch Setting Interval (Hours) Duration (Seconds)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 6 12 24 48 72

2 5 10 15 30 60 120 240

The duration chosen can easily be tested by momentarily pressing the TEST button located internally, this will activate the pump motor. A positive or negative going 5-12V input trigger from an external logger or Smart Sensor can also be fed to the Controller where a relay switched and timed pulse of power is generated. Smartcom software can be programmed to pulse the pump at regular intervals. Background Sampling can be selected in Sampler mode and is independant of the normal logged record interval. If the Smart Sensor is used as the trigger source, a negative going pulse is output from the sensor - please refer to the Smart Sensor user manual for connections. Greenspan recommends the customer establishes a cleaning regime dependant on environmental site conditions bearing in mind that the more often the pump is turned on the shorter the lifetime of the battery. An initial interval of 3 hours and a duration of 10 seconds is suggested as a starting point.

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If possible, it is preferable to test the assembled pump mounted on the sensor by immersing near the surface prior to deployment at depth to verify operation and pump priming. The clamp can be removed from the sensor by undoing the two Allen key bolts and sliding the assembly off the turbidity head. When repositioning, ensure that the dispersal nozzle vent hole is forward of the optical head lens to maintain the water jet across the lens face. The pump filter cap is a push fit onto the motor body and is easily removed for cleaning.

Pump Cla mp Disp ersa l Nozzle Pump Moto r Filter Inlet Pow e r Ca b le to Control Box

TP100

Op tic a l Hea d

Turb id ity Sensor

Figure 4. Pump Installation Note that the pump clamp has been designed to fit the optical head to allow for the differences in outside diameter of the sensor tube depending on whether Delrin body or stainless steel is used. When assembling the pump to the optical head, push the sensor all the way to the end stop and tighten the locating screws with a 2mm Allen key. The power supplied to the Timer Control unit is internally regulated to maintain timing consistency. The pump can be submerged to depths of up to 50m, with cable lengths up to 70m maximum. It is suggested cable ties are used to attach the pump cable to the sensor cable. It is recommended that a separate battery be used for the pump due to the greater power required and the switching transients that may be present. It is necessary however, to ensure a common ground between the pump power supply and the sensor supply.

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SPECIFICATION TP100

Specification Connections Power +ve Power Ground Trigger Input

Model TP100 Red wire Black wire User option, connections internal

Supply line is protected internally with an automatically reset polyfuse. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dimensions 115 x 90 x 55 (mm) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Power requirements 12 - 15VDC, typically 3 Amps. Supplies power to both Timer Control unit and pump motor -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cable Maximum length 70 metres, with 12VDC supply -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Supplied with 1 x Pump cable 1 x Pump filter cap 1 x Timer Control unit, providing a variable timed pulse to the pump motor as well as an external trigger pulse capability. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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