AN ASTOUNDING EXPOSURE

Remarks in Congress
By: Louis T. McFadden

*Note: This text is from a booklet, published before zip codes, entitled "Congressman Louis T. McFadden on the Federal Reserve Corporation: Remarks in Congress, 1934." It is a merger of two different speeches; one in 1932, and another given after FDR became president. It was released by The Forum Publishing Company of Boston, Massachusetts. Facsimile or Text of the original ''1932 speech'' is taken from the original Congressional Record 1932, pages 12595 and 12596. On May 23, 1933, Congressman, Louis T. McFadden, brought formal charges against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Bank system, The Comptroller of the Currency, and the Secretary of United States Treasury, for numerous criminal acts, including, but not limited to, CONSPIRACY, FRAUD, UNLAWFUL CONVERSION, AND TREASON. The petition for Articles of Impeachment thereafter was referred to the Judiciary Committee, and has YET TO BE ACTED ON !!! So, this ELECTRONIC BOOKLET should be reprinted, re-posted, set up on web pages, and circulated far and wide ! DO SOMETHING HELP SAVE AMERICA!
2.

Louis T. McFadden (1876-1936)

Congressman McFadden on the Federal Reserve Corporation. Remarks in Congress, 1934 AN ASTOUNDING EXPOSURE.
Reprinted by permission 1978 Arizona Caucus Club.

Congressman McFadden's Speech On the Federal Reserve: A Privately-Owned Corporation.

* * * 3.

Remarks in Congress as recorded in the Congressional Record: The following are quotations from several speeches made on the Floor of the House of Representatives by the Honorable Louis T. McFadden of Pennsylvania, on or about the years 1932 and 1934. Congressman McFadden, due to his

having served as Chairman of the Banking and Currency Committee for more than 10 years, was the best posted man on these matters in America, and was in a position to speak with authority on the vast ramifications of this gigantic private credit monopoly known as ''The Federal Reserve,'' which gives impetus to the ''Internal Revenue Service.'' Whereas Congressman McFadden was elected to the high office on both the Democratic and Republican tickets, there can be no accusation of partisanship lodged against him. Because these speeches are set out on their face as recorded in the Congressional Record, they carry weight that no amount of condemnation on the part of private individuals could hope to carry. The Federal Reserve A Corrupt Institution: McFadden: "Mr. Chairman, we have in this Country one of the most corrupt I refer to the Federal Reserve Board and

institutions the world has ever known.

the Federal Reserve Banks, hereinafter called the Fed. The Fed has cheated the Government of these United States and the people of the United States out of enough money to pay the Nation's debt. The depredations and iniquities of the Page 4 of 97.

Fed has cost enough money to pay the National debt several times over. "This evil institution has impoverished and ruined the people of these United States, had bankrupted itself, and has practically bankrupted our Government. It

has done this through the defects of the law under which it operates, through the mal-administration of that law by the Fed and through the corrupt practices of the moneyed vultures who control it. "Some people think that the Federal Reserve Banks [are] United States Government institutions. They are private monopolies which prey upon the people of these United States for the benefit of themselves and their foreign customers; foreign and domestic speculators and swindlers; and rich and predatory money lenders. In that dark crew of financial pirates there are those who would

cut a man's throat to get a dollar out of his pocket; there are those who send money into states to buy votes to control our legislatures; there are those who maintain International propaganda for the purpose of deceiving us into granting of new concessions which will permit them to cover up their past misdeeds and set again in motion their gigantic train of crime. "These twelve private credit monopolies were deceitfully and disloyally foisted upon this Country by the bankers who came here from Europe and repaid us our Page 5 of 97.

hospitality by undermining our American institutions. Those bankers took money out of this Country to finance Japan in a war against Russia. They created a reign of terror in Russia, with our money, in order to help that war along. They instigated the separate peace between Germany and Russia, and thus drove a wedge between the allies in World War [ I ]. They financed Trotsky's passage from New York to Russia so that he might assist in the destruction of the Russian Empire. They fomented and instigated the Russian Revolution, and placed a large fund of American dollars at Trotsky's disposal in one of their branch banks in Sweden so that, through him, Russian homes might be thoroughly broken up and Russian children flung far and wide from their natural protectors. They have since begun the breaking up of American homes and the dispersal of American children. "Mr. Chairman, there should be no partisanship in matters concerning banking and currency affairs in this Country, and I do not speak with any. "In 1912, the National Monetary Association, under the chairmanship of the late Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, made a report and presented a vicious bill called the National Reserve Association bill. This bill is usually spoken of as the Aldrich bill. Senator Aldrich did not write the Aldrich bill. He was the tool, if not the

accomplice, of the European bankers who for nearly twenty years had been Page 6 of 97.

scheming to set up a central bank in this Country, and who in 1912 has spent and were continuing to spend vast sums of money to accomplish their purpose. "We were opposed to the Aldrich plan for a central bank. The men who rule the Democratic Party then promised the people that, if they were returned to power, there would be no central bank established here while they held the reigns of government. Thirteen months later, that promise was broken, and the Wilson administration, under the tutelage of those sinister Wall Street figures who stood behind Colonel House, established here, in our free Country, the wormeaten monarchical institution of the "King's Bank," to control us from the top downward, and from the cradle to the grave. "The Federal Reserve Bank destroyed our old and characteristic way of doing business. It discriminated against our 1-name commercial paper, the finest in the

world, and it set up the antiquated 2-name paper, which is the present curse of this Country and which wrecked every country which has ever given it scope; it fastened down upon the Country the very tyranny from which the framers of the Constitution sought to save us. President Jackson's time: "One of the greatest battles for the preservation of this Republic was fought out here in Jackson's time; when the second Bank of the United States, founded on Page 7 of 97.

the same false principles of those which are here exemplified in the Fed, was hurled out of existence. After that, in 1837, the Country was warned against the dangers that might ensue if the predatory interests, after being cast out, should come back in, disguise and unite themselves to the Executive, and through him acquire control of the Government. That is what the predatory interests did when they came back in the livery of hypocrisy and under false pretenses obtained the passage of the Fed.'' President Andrew Jackson to the Bankers, on or about 1834: Gentlemen, I

have had men watching you for a long time, and I am convinced that you have used the funds of the bank to speculate in the breadstuffs of the country. When

you won, you divided the profits amongst you, and when you lost, you charged it to the bank. You tell me that if I take the deposits from the bank and annul That may be true, gentlemen, but

its charter, I shall ruin ten thousand families. that is your sin!

Should I let you go on, you will ruin fifty thousand families, You are a den of vipers and thieves. I intend to

and that would be my sin!

rout you out, and by the eternal God, I will rout you out. McFadden: "The danger that the Country was warned against came upon us

and is shown in the long train of horrors attendant upon the affairs of the traitorous and dishonest Fed. Look around you when you leave this Chamber Page 8 of 97.

and you will see evidences of it in all sides. This is an era of misery, and, for the conditions that caused that misery, the Fed are fully liable. This is an era of financed crime and, in the financing of crime, the Fed does not play the part of a disinterested spectator. "It has been said that the draughtsman who was employed to write the text of the Fed used a text of the Aldrich bill because that had been drawn up by lawyers [retained] by acceptance bankers of European origin in New York. It

was a copy in general; a translation of the statues of the Reichsbank and other European central banks. One-half million dollars was spent on the part of the

propaganda organized by these bankers for the purpose of misleading public opinion and giving Congress the impression that there was an overwhelming popular demand for it and the kind of currency that goes with it; namely an asset currency based on human debts and obligations. Dr. H. Parker Willis had

been employed by Wall Street and propagandists, and when the Aldrich measure failed, he obtained employment with Carter Glass to assist in drawing the banking bill for the Wilson administration. He appropriated the text of the

Aldrich bill. There is no secret about it. The test of the Federal Reserve Act was tainted from the first. "A few days before the bill came to a vote, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, of Page 9 of 97.

Massachusetts, wrote to Senator John W. Weeks as follows: New York City, December 17, 1913 "My Dear Senator Weeks: Throughout my public life, I have supported all measures designed to take the Government out of the banking business. This bill puts the Government into the The powers vested in the

banking business as never before in our history.

Federal Reserve Board seem to me highly dangerous, especially where there is political control of the Board. subject to such dominations. I should be sorry to hold stock in a bank The bill as it stands seems to me to open the way I had hoped to support this bill, but I

to a vast inflation of the currency.

cannot vote for it because it seems to me to contain features and to rest upon principles in the highest degree menacing to our prosperity, stability in business, and to the general welfare of the people of the United States. Very Truly Yours, Henry Cabot Lodge." McFadden: "In eighteen years that have passed since Senator Lodge wrote that

letter of warning, all of his predictions have come true. The Government is in the banking business as never before. Against its will, it has been made the backer of horse thieves and card sharks, bootlegger's, smugglers, speculators, and swindlers in all parts of the world. Through the Fed, the riffraff of every country is operating on the public credit of the United States Government. Page 10 of 97.

The Great Depression: "Meanwhile and on account of it, we ourselves are in the midst of the greatest depression we have ever known. From the Atlantic to the Pacific, our Country

has been ravaged and laid waste by the evil practices of the Fed and the interests which control them. At no time in our history has the general welfare of the people been at a lower level, or the minds of the people so full of despair. "Recently in one of our States, 60,000 dwelling houses and farms were brought under the hammer (foreclosed on) in a single day. 71,000 houses and farms in

Oakland County, Michigan, were sold and their erstwhile owners dispossessed. The people who have thus been driven out are the wastage of the Fed. They are the victims of the Fed. Their children are the new slaves of the auction blocks in the revival of the institution of human slavery. The Scheme of the Fed: "In 1913, before the Senate Banking and Currency Committee, Mr. Alexander Lassen made the following statement: "The whole scheme of the Fed, with its

commercial paper, is an impractical, cumbersome machinery, is simply a cover to secure the privilege of issuing money, and to evade payment of as much tax upon circulation as possible, and then control the issue and maintain, instead of Page 11 of 97.

reducing, interest rates. detriment of the people.

It will prove to the advantage of the few and the It will mean continued shortage of actual money and

further extension of credits, for when there is a shortage of money, people have to borrow to their cost." A few days before the Fed passed, Senator Root denounced the Fed as an outrage on our liberties. He predicted: ''Long before

we wake up from our dream of prosperity through an inflated currency, our gold, which alone could have kept us from catastrophe, will have vanished, and no rate of interest will tempt it to return.'' McFadden: "If ever a prophecy came true, that one did. The Fed became law

the day before Christmas Eve, in the year 1913, and shortly afterwards, the German International bankers, Kuhn, Loeb and Co., sent one of their partners here to run it. "The Fed Note is essentially unsound. It is the worst currency and the most

dangerous that this Country has ever known. When the proponents of the act saw that the Democratic doctrine would not permit them to let the proposed banks issue the new currency as bank notes, they should have stopped at that. They should not have foisted that kind of currency, namely, an asset currency, on the United States Government. They should not have made the Government [liable on the private] debts of individuals and corporations, and, least of all, on Page 12 of 97.

the private debts of foreigners. As Kemerer says:

''The Fed Notes, therefore, in

form, have some of the qualities of Government paper money, but in substance, are almost a pure asset currency possessing a Government guarantee against which contingency the Government has made no provision whatever [but for governors' convention pledging the American People as collateral or 'chattel' ].'' McFadden: "Hon. L. J. Hill, a former member of the House, said, and truly:

"They [Fed Reserve Notes] are obligations of the Government for which the United States received nothing and for the payment of which, at any time, it assumes the responsibility: looking to the Fed to recoup itself.'' McFadden: "If this United States is to redeem the Fed Notes, when the

General Public finds [how much] it costs to deliver this paper to the Fed, and if the Government has made no provisions for redeeming them, the first element of unsoundness is not far to seek. "Before the Banking and Currency Committee, when the bill was under discussion, Mr. Crozier of Cincinnati said: ''The imperial power of elasticity of

the public currency is wielded exclusively by the central corporations owned by the banks. business. This is a life and death power over all local banks and all It can be used to create or destroy prosperity; to ward off or cause By making money artificially scarce, interest rates Page 13 of 97.

stringencies and panics.

throughout the Country can be arbitrarily raised and the bank tax on all business and cost of living increased for the profit of the banks owning these regional central banks, and without the slightest benefit to the people. The 12

Corporations together cover [industry] and monopolize and use, for private gain, every dollar of the public currency and all public revenue of the United States. Not a dollar can be put into circulation among the people by their Government, without the consent of and on terms fixed by these 12 private money trusts.'' McFadden: "In defiance of this and all other warnings, the proponents of the

Fed created the 12 private credit corporations, and gave them an absolute monopoly of the currency of these United States; not of the Fed Notes alone, but of all other currency. The Fed Act [is] providing ways and means by which the gold and general currency in the hands of the American people could be obtained by the Fed in exchange for Fed Notes, which are not money, but mere promises to pay. "Since the evil day when this was done, the initial monopoly has been extended by vicious amendments to the Fed and by the unlawful and treasonable practices of the Fed. Money for the Scottish Distillers: "Mr. Chairman, if a Scottish distiller wishes to send a cargo of Scotch whiskey Page 14 of 97.

to these United States, he can draw his bill against the purchasing bootlegger in dollars and after the bootlegger has accepted it by writing his name across the face of it, the Scotch distiller can send that bill to the nefarious open discount market in New York City where the Fed will buy it and use it as collateral for a new issue of Fed Notes. Thus the Government of these United States pay the Scotch distiller for the whiskey before it is shipped, and if it is lost on the way, or if the Coast Guard seizes it and destroys it, the Fed simply write off the loss and the government never recovers the money that was paid to the Scotch distiller. "While we are attempting to enforce prohibition here, the Fed are in the distillery business in Europe and paying bootlegger bills with public credit of these United States. Mr. Chairman, by the same process, they compel our

Government to pay the German brewer for his beer. Why should the Fed be permitted to finance the brewing industry in Germany either in this way or as they do by compelling small and fearful United States Banks to take stock in the Isenbeck Brewery and in the German Bank for brewing industries? Mr.

Chairman, if Dynamit Nobel of Germany wishes to sell dynamite in Japan to use in Manchuria or elsewhere, it can draw its bill against the Japanese customers in dollars and send that bill to the nefarious open discount market in New York City, where the Fed will buy it and use it as collateral for a new issue of Fed Page 15 of 97.

Notes; while at the same time, the Fed will be helping Dynamit Nobel by stuffing its stock into the United States banking system. "Why should we send our representatives to the disarmament conference at Geneva, while the Fed is making our Government pay Japanese debts to German Munitions makers? "Mr. Chairman, if a German wishes to raise a crop of beans and sell them to a Japanese customer, he can draw a bill against his prospective Japanese customer in dollars, and have it purchased by the Fed and get the money out of this Country at the expense of the American people before he has even planted the beans in the ground. Mr. Chairman, if a German in Germany wishes to export

goods to South America, or any Country, he can draw his bill against his customers and send it to these United States and get the money out of this Country before he ships, or even manufactures the goods. "Mr. Chairman, why should the currency of these United States be issued on the strength of German Beer? Why should it be issued on the crop of unplanted beans to be grown in Chili for Japanese consumption? Why should these United States be compelled to issue many billions of dollars every year to pay the debts of one foreigner to another foreigner? Was it for this [reason] that our National Bank depositors had their money taken out of our banks and shipped abroad? Page 16 of 97.

Was it for this [reason] that they had to lose it? Why should the public credit of these United States and likewise money belonging to our National Bank depositors be used to support foreign brewers, narcotic drug vendors, whiskey distillers, wig makers, human hair merchants, Chilean bean growers, to finance the munition factories of Germany and Soviet Russia? The United States has been ransacked: "The United States has been ransacked and pillaged. Our structures have been

gutted and only the walls are left standing. While being perpetrated, everything the world would rake up to sell us was brought in here at our expense by the Fed, until our markets were swamped with un-needed and un-wanted imported goods priced far above their value and made to equal the dollar volume of our honest exports, and to kill or reduce our favorable balance of trade. As Agents of the foreign central banks, the Fed try by every means in their power to reduce our favorable balance of trade. They act for their foreign principal and they accept fees from foreigners for acting against the best interests of these United States. Naturally there has been great competition among foreigners for

the favors of the Fed. "What we need to do is to send the reserves of our National Banks home to the people who earned and produced them and who still own them, and to the Page 17 of 97.

banks which were compelled to surrender them to predatory interests. "Mr. Chairman, there is nothing like the Fed pool of confiscated bank deposits in the world. It is a public trough of American wealth in which the foreigners

claim rights equal to or greater than Americans. The Fed are the agents of the foreign central banks. They use our bank depositors' money for the benefit of their foreign principals. They barter the public credit of the United States Government, and hire it to foreigners at a profit to themselves. "All this is done at the expense of the United States Government, and at a sickening loss to the American people. stand the drain of it as long as we did. "We need to destroy the Fed, wherein our national reserves are impounded for the benefit of the foreigners. We need to save America for Americans. Spurious Securities: "Mr. Chairman, when you hold a $10.00 Fed Note in your hand, you are holding a piece of paper which sooner or later is going to cost the United States Government $10.00 in gold. It is based on 'Limburger cheese' (purported to be Only our great wealth enabled us to

in foreign warehouses) or in cans purported to contain peas (but may contain salt water instead), or horse meat, illicit drugs, bootleggers fancies, rags and bones Page 18 of 97.

from Soviet Russia (of which these United States imported over a million dollars worth last year), on wines, whiskey, natural gas, goat and dog fur, garlic on the string, and Bombay ducks. "If you like to have paper money, which is secured by such commodities, you have it in Fed Note. If you desire to obtain the thing of value upon which this

paper currency is based, that is, the Limburger cheese, the whiskey, the illicit drugs, or any of the other staples, you will have a very hard time finding them. "Many of these worshipful commodities are in foreign Countries. Are you going to Germany to inspect her warehouses to see if the specified things of value are there? did go. "On April 27, 1932, the Fed outfit sent $750,000 belonging to American bank depositors in gold to Germany. A week later, another $300,000 in gold was shipped to Germany. About the middle of May, $12,000,000 in gold was shipped to Germany by the Fed. Almost every week there is a shipment of gold to Germany. These shipments are not made for profit on the exchange, since the German marks are below parity with the dollar. "Mr. Chairman, I believe that the National Bank depositors of these United Page 19 of 97. I think [not;] more, I do not think that you would find them there if you

States have a right to know what the Fed are doing with their money. There are millions of National Bank depositors in the Country who do not know that a percentage of every dollar they deposit in a Member Bank of the Fed goes automatically to American Agents of the foreign banks, and that all their deposits can be paid away to foreigners without their knowledge or consent by the crooked machinery of the Fed and the questionable practices of the Fed. "Mr. Chairman, the American people should be told the truth by their servants in office. In 1930, we had over a half billion dollars outstanding daily to finance

foreign goods. What goods are these on which the Fed yearly pledge several billions of dollars? In its yearly total, this item amounts to several billions of

dollars of the public credit of these United States. "What goods are those which are hidden in European and Asiatic stores [and] have not been seen by any officer of our Government, but which are being financed on the public credit of the United States Government? What goods are those upon which the United States Government is being obligated by the Fed to issue Fed Notes to the extent of several billions of dollars a year? The Bankers' Acceptance Racket: "The Fed have been International Banks from the beginning, with these United States as their enforced banker and supplier of currency. Page 20 of 97. But it is none the less

extraordinary to see these twelve private credit monopolies buying the debts of foreigners against foreigners, in all parts of the world, and asking the Government of these United States for new issues of Fed notes in exchange for them. The magnitude of the acceptance racket, as it has been developed by the Fed, [encompasses] their foreign correspondents and the predatory European born bankers, who set up the Fed here and taught your own [bankers], by and of pirates, how to loot the people. I say the magnitude of this racket is estimated In the

to be in the neighborhood of $9,000,000,000 [nine-billion dollars] per year.

past ten years, it is said to have amounted to $90,000,000,000 [ninety-billion dollars]. In my opinion, it has amounted to several times that much. Coupled

to this, you have, to the extent of billions of dollars, the gambling in the United States securities, which takes place in the same open discount market; a gambling on which the Fed is now spending $100,000,000 [one-hundred-million dollars] per week. "Fed Notes are taken from the U. S. Government in unlimited quantities. strange that the burden of supplying these immense sums of money to the gambling fraternity has at last proved too heavy for the American people to endure? Would it not be a national calamity if the Fed should again bind down this burden on the backs of the American people, and by means of a long rawhide whip of the credit masters, compel them to enter another seventeen Page 21 of 97. Is it

years of slavery? "They are trying to do that now. They are trying to take $100,000,000 [onehundred-million dollars] of the public credit of the United States every week, in addition to all their other seizures, and they are sending that money to the nefarious open market in a desperate gamble to re-establish their graft as a going concern. "They are putting the United States Government in debt to the extent of $100,000,000 a week; and with the money, they are buying our Government securities for themselves and their foreign principals. Our people are disgusted

with the experiences of the Fed. The Fed is not producing a loaf of bread, a yard of cloth, a bushel of corn, or a pile of cord-wood by its check-kiting operations in the money market. "Mr. Speaker, on the 13th of January of this year, I addressed the House on the subject of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. I made the following statement: In the course of my remarks,

In 1928, the member banks of the Fed

borrowed $60,598,690,000 [sixty-billion, five-hundred-ninety-eight-million, sixhundred-ninety-thousand dollars] from the Fed on their fifteen-day promissory notes. Think of it. Sixty billion dollars payable on demand in gold in the

course of one single year. The actual amount of such obligations called for six Page 22 of 97.

times as much monetary gold as there is in the world.

Such transactions

represent a grant, in the course of one single year, of about $7,000,000 [sevenmillion dollars] to every member of the Fed. "Is it any wonder that American labor, which ultimately pays the cost of all banking operations of this Country, has at last proved unequal to the task of supplying this huge total of cash and credit for the benefit of the stock market manipulators and foreign swindlers? In 1933, the Fed presented the staggering

amount of $60,598,690,000 to its member banks at the expense of the wage earners and tax payers of these United States. In 1929, the year of the stock

market crash, the Fed advanced $58,000,000,000 [fifty-eight-billion dollars] to member banks. "In 1930, while the speculating banks were getting out of the stock market at the expense of the general public, the Fed advanced them $13,022,782,000 [thirteen-billion, twenty-two-million, seven-hundred-eighty-two-thousand dollars]. This shows that when the banks were gambling on the public credit of these United States, as represented by the Fed currency, they were subsidized to any amount they required by the Fed. When the swindle began to fall, the bankers knew it in advance, and withdrew from the market. They got out with whole skins, and left the people of these United States to pay the piper. Page 23 of 97.

"My friend from Kansas, Mr. McGugin, has stated that he thought the Fed lent money on re-discounting. So they do, but they lend comparatively little that

way. The real discounting that they do has been called a mere penny in the slot business. It is too slow for genuine high flyers. They discourage it. They

prefer to subsidize their favorite banks by making them $60,000,000,000 [sixtybillion dollar] advances, and they prefer to acquire assistance in the notorious open discount market in New York, where they can use it to control the price of stocks and bonds on the exchanges. "For every dollar they advanced on discounts in 1928, they lent $33.00 to their favorite banks for whom they do a business of several billion dollars income tax on their profits to these United States. The John Law Swindle: "This is the John Law swindle over again. The theft of Teapot Dome was trifling compared to it. What King ever robbed his subject to such an extent as the Fed has robbed us? Is it any wonder that there have been lately ninety Is there any wonder that

cases of starvation in one of the New York hospitals? the children are being abandoned?

"The government and the people of these United States have been swindled by swindlers deluxe, to whom the acquisition of American [Notes,] or a parcel of Page 24 of 97.

Fed Notes, presented no more difficulty than the drawing up of a worthless acceptance in a Country not subject to the laws of these United States, by sharpers not subject to the jurisdiction of these United States; sharpers with strong banking "fence" on this side of the water; a "fence" acting as a receiver of a worthless paper coming from abroad, endorsing it, and getting the currency out of the Fed for it as quickly as possible, exchanging that currency for gold, and in turn, transmitting the gold to its foreign confederates. Ivar Kreuger, the Match King: "Such were the exploits of Ivar Krueger, Mr. Hoover's friend, and his rotten Wall Street bankers. Every dollar of the billions Kreuger and his gang drew out of

this Country on acceptances, was drawn from the government and the people of the United States through the Fed. The credit of the United States Government was peddled to him by the Fed for their own private gain. That is what the Fed has been doing for many years. "They have been peddling the credit of this Government and the signature (liability) of this Government to the swindlers and speculators of all nations. That is what happens when a Country forsakes its Constitution and gives its sovereignty over the public currency to private interests. and they will sell it. Page 25 of 97. Give them the flag

"The nature of Kreuger's organized swindle and the bankrupt condition of Kreuger's combine was known here last June when Hoover sought to exempt Krueger's loan to Germany of $125,000,000 [one-hundred-twenty-five-million dollars] from the operation of the Hoover Moratorium. The bankrupt condition of Krueger's swindle was known here last summer when $30,000,000 [thirty-million dollars] was taken from the American taxpayers by certain bankers in New York for the ostensible purpose of permitting Krueger to make a loan to Colombia. Colombia never saw that money. "The nature of Krueger's swindle was known here in January when he visited his friend, Mr. Hoover, at the White House. went to Paris and committed suicide. "Mr. Chairman, I think the people of the United States are entitled to know how many billions of dollars were placed at the disposal of Krueger and his gigantic combine by the Fed, and to know how much of our Government currency was issued and lost in the financing of that great swindle in the years during which the Fed took care of Krueger's requirements. "A few days ago, the President of the United States, with a white face and shaking hands, went before the Senate on behalf of the moneyed interests and asked the Senate to levy a tax on the people so that foreigners might Page 26 of 97. It was known here in March before he

know that these United States would pay its debt to them. "Most Americans thought it was the other way around. What does these United States owe foreigners? When and by whom was the debt incurred? It was incurred by the Fed, when they peddled the signature of the Government to foreigners for a Price. It is what the United States

Government has to pay to redeem the obligations of the Fed. Thieves Go Scot Free: "Are you going to let these thieves get off scot free? Is there one law for the

looter who drives up to the door of the United States Treasury in his limousine and another for the United States Veterans who are sleeping on the floor of a dilapidated house on the outskirts of Washington? "The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is here asking for a large loan from the people and the wage earners and the taxpayers of these United States. begging for a handout from the Government. It is

It is standing, cap in hand, at the It is

door of the R. F. C. where all the jackals have gathered to the feast.

asking for money that was raised from the people by taxation, and wants this money of the poor for the benefit of Kuhn, Loeb and Co., the German International Bankers.

Page 27 of 97.

"Is there one law for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and another for the hungry veterans it threw off its freight cars the other day? Is there one law for

sleek and prosperous swindlers who call themselves bankers and another law for the soldiers who defended the flag? The R. F. C. is taking over these worthless securities from the Investment Trusts with United States Treasury money at the expense of the American taxpayer and the wage earner. "It will take twenty years to redeem our Government. Twenty years of penal servitude to pay off the gambling debts of the traitorous Fed and to vast flood of American wages and savings, bank deposits, and the United States Government credit which the Fed exported out of this country to their foreign principals. "The Fed lately conducted an anti-hoarding campaign here. They took that extra money which they had persuaded the American people to put into the banks; they sent it to Europe, along with the rest. In the last several months, they

have sent $1,300,000,000 [one-billion, three-hundred-million dollars] in gold to their foreign employers, their foreign masters, and every dollar of that gold belonged to the people of these United States, and was unlawfully taken from them. Fiat Money: "Mr. Chairman, within the limits of the time allowed me, I cannot enter into a Page 28 of 97.

particularized discussion of the Fed.

I have singled out the Fed currency for a

few remarks because there has lately been some talk here of "fiat money." What kind of money is being pumped into the open discount market and through it into foreign channels and stock exchanges? Mr. Mills of the Treasury has

spoken here of his horror of the printing presses and his horror of dishonest money. He has no horror of dishonest money. If he had, he would be no

party to the present gambling of the Fed in the nefarious open discount market of New York; a market in which the sellers are represented by 10 discount corporations owned and organized by the very banks which own and control the Fed. "Fiat money, indeed! "What Mr. Mills is fighting for is the preservation, whole and entire, of the bankers' monopoly of all the currency of the United States Government. "Mr. Chairman, last December, I introduced a resolution here asking for an examination and an audit of the Fed and all related matters. If the House sees

fit to make such an investigation, the people of these United States will obtain information of great value. This is a Government of the people, by the people, for the people. Consequently, nothing should be concealed from the people.

The man who deceives the people is a traitor to these United States. Page 29 of 97.

"The man who knows or suspects that a crime has been committed and who conceals and covers up that crime is an accessory to it. Mr. Speaker, it is

a monstrous thing for this great nation of people to have its destinies presided over by a traitorous government board acting in secret concert with international usurers. "Every effort has been made by the Fed to conceal its powers; but the truth is, the Fed has usurped the Government. all of our foreign relations. It controls everything here and it controls

It makes and breaks governments at will.

"No man and no body of men is more entrenched in power than the arrogant credit monopoly which operated the Fed. What National Government has permitted the Fed to steal from the people should now be restored to the people. The people have a valid claim against the Fed. If that claim is

enforced, the Americans will not need to stand in the bread line, or to suffer and die of starvation in the streets. Women will be saved, families will be kept together, and American children will not be dispersed and abandoned. "Here is a Fed Note. Immense numbers of the notes are now held abroad.

I am told that they amount to upwards of a billion dollars. They constitute a claim against our Government and likewise a claim against our peoples' money to the extent of $1,300,000,000 [one-billion, three-hundred-million dollars], which Page 30 of 97.

has, within the last few months, been shipped abroad to redeem Fed Notes and to pay other gambling debts of the traitorous Fed. The greater part of our money stock has been shipped to other lands. "Why should we promise to pay the debts of foreigners to foreigners? Why should the Fed be permitted to finance our competitors in all parts of the world? Do you know why the tariff was raised? It was raised to shut out the flood of

Fed Goods pouring in here from every quarter of the globe; cheap goods, produced by cheaply paid foreign labor, on unlimited supplies of money and credit sent out of this Country by the dishonest and unscrupulous Fed. "The Fed are spending $100,000,000 a week buying government securities in the open market and are making a great bid for foreign business. They are trying to make rates so attractive that the human hair merchants and the distillers and other business entities in foreign land will come here and hire more of the public credit of the United States Government to pay the Fed outfit for getting it for them. World Enslavement Planned: "Mr. Chairman, when the Fed was passed, the people of these United States did not perceive that a world system was being set up here which would make the savings of the American school teacher available to a narcotic-drug vendor in Page 31 of 97.

Acapulco. They did not perceive that these United States was to be lowered to the position of a coolie country which has nothing but raw material and heart, that Russia was destined to supply the man power and that this country was to supply the financial power to an "international superstate." A superstate controlled by international bankers, and international industrialists acting together to enslave the world for their own pleasure. "The people of these United States are being greatly wronged. They have been driven from their employments. They have been dispossessed from their homes. They have been evicted from their rented quarters. They have lost their children. They have been left to suffer and die for lack of shelter, food, clothing and medicine. "The wealth of these United States and the working capital have been taken away from them and has either been locked in the vaults of certain banks and the great corporations or exported to foreign countries for the benefit of the foreign customers of these banks and corporations. United States are concerned, the cupboard is bare. "It is true that the warehouses and coal yards and grain elevators are full, but So far as the people of the

Page 32 of 97.

these are padlocked, and the great banks and corporations hold the keys. "The sack of these United States by the Fed is the greatest crime in history. "Mr. Chairman, a serious situation confronts the House of Representatives today. We are trustees of the people and the rights of the people are being taken away from them. Through the Fed, the people are losing the rights guaranteed to them by the Constitution. Their property has been taken from them without due process of law. Mr. Chairman, common decency

requires us to examine the public accounts of the Government and see what crimes against the public welfare have been committed. "What is needed here is a return to the Constitution of these United States.

Crimes and Criminals:

"Mr. Speaker, I rise to a question of constitutional privilege. "Whereas, I charge. . .Eugene Meyer, Roy A. Young, Edmund Platt, Eugene B. Black, Adolph Casper Miller, Charles S. Hamlin, George R. James, Andrew W. Mellon, Ogden L. Mills, William H. Woo W. Poole, J.F.T. O'Connor, members of the Federal Reserve Board; F. H. Curtis, J.H. Chane, R.L. Austin, George De Camp, L.B. Williams, W.W. Hoxton, Oscar Newton, E.M. Stevens, J.S. Wood, J.N. Payton, M.L. McClure, C.C. Walsh, Isaac B. Newton, Federal Reserve Agents, jointly and severally, with violations of the Constitution and laws of the United States, and whereas I charge them with having taken funds from the U.S Treasury which were not appropriated by the Congress of the United States, and I charge them with having unlawfully taken over $80,000,000,000 [eighty-billion dollars] from the U.S. Government in the year 1928, the said unlawful taking consisting of the unlawful creation of claims against the U.S. Treasury to the extent of over $80,000,000,000 in the year 1928; and I charge them with similar thefts committed in 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932 and 1933, and in years previous to 1928, amounting to billions of dollars; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having unlawfully created claims against the U.S. Treasury by unlawfully placing U.S. Government credit in specific amounts to the credit of foreign governments and foreign central banks of issue; private interests and commercial and private banks of the U.S. and foreign countries, and branches of foreign banks doing business in the U.S., to the extent Page 33 of 97.

of billions of dollars; and with having made unlawful contracts in the name of the U.S. Government and the U.S. Treasury; and with having made false entries on books of account; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having taken Fed Notes from the U.S. Treasury, [unused] Fed Notes, and with having put Fed Notes into circulation without obeying the mandatory provision of the Fed Act, which requires the Fed Board to fix an interest rate on all issues of Fed Notes supplied to Fed Banks; the interest resulting therefrom to be paid by the Fed Banks to the government of the U.S. for the use of the Fed Notes; and I charge them of having defrauded the U.S. Government and the people of the U.S. of billions of dollars by the commission of this crime; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having purchased U.S. Government securities with U.S. Government credit unlawfully taken, and with having sold the said U.S. Government securities back to the people of the U.S. for gold or gold values, and with having again purchased U.S. Government securities with U.S. Government credit unlawfully taken, and with having again sold the said U.S. Government security for gold or gold values, and I charge them with having defrauded the U.S. Government and the people of the U.S. by this rotary process; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having unlawfully negotiated U.S. Government securities, upon which the Government liability was extinguished, as collateral security for Fed Notes, and with having substituted such securities for gold which was being held as collateral security for Fed Notes, and with having by the process defrauded the U.S. Government and the people of the U.S., and I charge them with the theft of all the gold and currency they obtained by this process; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having unlawfully issued Fed currency on false, worthless and fictitious acceptances and other circulating evidence of debt, and with having made unlawful advances of Fed currency, and with having unlawfully permitted renewals of acceptances and renewals of other circulating evidences of debt, and with having permitted acceptance bankers and discount dealer corporations and other private bankers to violate the banking laws of the U.S.; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having conspired to have evidences of debt to the extent of $1,000,000,000 [one-billion dollars] artificially created at the end of February, 1933, and early in March 1933, and with having made unlawful issues and advances of Fed currency on the security of said artificially created evidences of debt for a sinister purpose, and with having assisted in the execution of said sinister purpose; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having brought about the repudiation of the currency obligations of the Fed Banks to the people of the U.S., and with having conspired to obtain a release for the Fed Board and the Fed Banks from their contractual liability to redeem all Fed currency in gold or lawful money at the Fed Bank, and with having defrauded the holders of Fed currency, and with having conspired to have the debts and losses of the Fed Board and the Fed Banks unlawfully transferred to the Government and the people of the U.S.; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having unlawfully substituted Fed currency and other irredeemable paper currency for gold in the hands of the people after the decision to repudiate the Fed currency and the national currency was made known to them, and with thus having obtained money under false pretenses; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having brought about a repudiation of the national currency of the U.S., in order that the gold value of the said currency might be given to private interests, foreign governments, foreign central banks of issues, and the Bank of International Settlements, and the people of the U.S. to be left without gold or lawful money and with no currency other that a paper currency irredeemable in gold, and I charge them with having done this for the Page 34 of 97.

benefit of private interests, foreign governments, foreign central banks of issue, and the bank of International Settlements; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with conniving with the Edge Law banks, and other Edge Law institutions, accepting banks, and discount corporations, foreign central banks of issue, foreign commercial banks, foreign corporations, and foreign individuals with funds unlawfully taken from the U.S. Treasury; and I charge them with having unlawfully permitted and made possible 'new financing' for foreigners at the expense of the U.S. Treasury to the extent of billions of dollars, and with having unlawfully permitted and made possible the bringing into the United States of immense quantities of foreign securities, created in foreign countries, for export to the U.S. and with having unlawfully permitted the said foreign securities to be imported into the U.S. instead of gold, which was lawfully due to the U.S. on trade balances and otherwise, and with having lawfully permitted and facilitated the sale of the said foreign securities in the U.S.; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having unlawfully exported U.S. coins and currency for a sinister purpose, and with having deprived the people of the U.S. of their lawful medium of exchange, and I charge them with having arbitrarily and unlawfully reduced the amount of money and currency in circulation in the U.S. to the lowest rate per capita in the history of the Government, so that the great mass of the people have been left without a sufficient medium of exchange, and I charge them with concealment and evasion in refusing to make known the amount of U.S. money in coins and paper currency exported, and the amount remaining in the U.S. as a result of which refusal the Congress of the U.S. is unable to ascertain where the U.S. coins and issues of currency are at the present time, and what amount of U.S. currency is now held abroad; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having arbitrarily and unlawfully raised and lowered the rates of money and with having arbitrarily increased and diminished the volume of currency in circulation for the benefit of private interests at the expense of the Government and the people of the U.S., and with having unlawfully manipulated money rates, wages, salaries and property values, both real and personal, in the U.S., by unlawful operations in the open discount market and by resale and repurchase agreements unsanctioned by law; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having brought about the decline in prices on the New York Stock Exchange and other exchanges in October, 1929, by unlawful manipulation of money rates and the volume of U.S. money and currency in circulation; by theft of funds from the U.S. Treasury by gambling in acceptances and U.S. Government securities; by service rendered to foreign and domestic speculators and politicians, and by unlawful sale of U.S. gold reserves abroad; and "Whereas the unconstitutional inflation law imbedded in the so-called Farm Relief Act, by which the Fed Banks are given permission to buy U.S. Government securities to the extent of $3,000,000,000 [three-billion dollars], and to draw forth currency from the people's Treasury to the extent of $3,000,000,000, is likely to result in connivance on the part of said accused with others in the purchase by the Fed of the U.S. Government securities to the extent of $3,000,000,000 with U.S. Government's own credit unlawfully taken; it being obvious that the Fed do no not intend to pay anything of value to the U.S. Government for the said U.S. Government securities; no provision for payment in gold or lawful money appearing in the so-called Farm Relief bill, and the U.S. Government will thus be placed in a position of conferring a gift of $3,000,000,000 in the U.S. Government securities on the Fed to enable them to pay more on their bad debts to foreign governments, foreign central banks of issue, private interests, and private and commercial banks, both foreign and domestic, and the Bank of International Settlements; and "Whereas the U.S. Government will thus go into debt to the extent of $3,000,000,000 and will then Page 35 of 97.

have an additional claim of $3,000,000,000 in currency unlawfully created against it and whereas no private interest should be permitted to buy U.S. Government securities with the Government's own credit unlawfully taken and whereas currency should not be issued for the benefit of said private interest or any interests on U.S. Government securities so acquired, and whereas it has been publicly stated and not denied that the inflation amendment of the Farm Relief Act is the matter of benefit which was secured by Ramsey MacDonald, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, upon the occasion of his latest visit to the U.S. Treasury, and whereas there is grave danger that the accused will employ the provision creating U.S. Government securities to the extent of $3,000,000,000 and three million in currency to be issuable thereupon for the benefit of themselves and their foreign principals, and that they will convert the currency so obtained to the uses of Great Britain by secret arrangements with the Bank of England of which they are the agents, and for which they maintain an account and perform services at the expense of the U.S. Treasury, and that they will likewise confer benefits upon the Bank of International Settlements for which they maintain an account and perform services at the expense of the U.S. Treasury; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having concealed the insolvency of the Fed and with having failed to report the insolvency of the Fed to the Congress and with having conspired to have the said insolvent institutions continue in operation, and with having permitted the said insolvent institutions to receive U.S. Government funds and other deposits, and with having permitted them to exercise control over the gold reserves of the U.S. and with having permitted them to transfer upward of $100,000,000,000 [one-hundred-billion dollars] of their debts and losses to the general public and the Government of the U.S., and with having permitted foreign debts of the Fed to be paid with the property, the savings, the wages, and the salaries of the people of the U.S., and with the farms and the homes of the American people, and whereas I charge them with forcing the bad debts of the Fed upon the general public covertly and dishonestly and with taking the general wealth and savings of the people of the U.S. under false pretenses, to pay the debts of the Fed to foreigners; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with violations of the Fed Act and other laws; with maladministration of the Fed Act; and with evasions of the Fed Law and other laws; and with having unlawfully failed to report violations of law on the part of the Fed Banks which, if known, would have caused the Fed Banks to lose their charters; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with failure to protect and maintain the gold reserves and the gold stock and gold coinage of the U.S., and with having sold the gold reserves of the U.S to foreign Governments, foreign central banks of issue, foreign commercial and private banks, and other foreign institutions and individuals at a profit to themselves; and I charge them with having sold gold reserves of the U.S. so that between 1924 and 1928, the U.S. gained no gold on net account but suffered a decline in its percentage of central gold reserves from the 45.9 percent in 1924 to 37.5 percent in 1928 notwithstanding the fact that the U.S. had a favorable balance of trade throughout that period; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having conspired to concentrate U.S. Government securities and thus the national debt of the U.S., in the hands of foreigners and international money lenders, and with having conspired to transfer to foreigners and international money lenders title to and control of the financial resources of the U.S.; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having fictitiously paid installments on the national debt with Government credit unlawfully taken; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with the loss of the U.S. Government funds entrusted to their care; and Page 36 of 97.

"Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having destroyed independent banks in the U.S., and with having thereby caused losses amounting to billions of dollars to the said banks, and to the general public of the U.S.; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with the failure to furnish true reports of the business operations and the true conditions of the Fed to the Congress and the people, and having furnished false and misleading reports to the congress of the U.S.; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having published false and misleading propaganda intended to deceive the American people, and to cause the U.S. to lose its independence; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with unlawfully allowing Great Britain to share in the profits of the Fed at the expense of the Government and the people of the U.S.; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having entered into secret agreements and illegal transactions with Montague Norman, Governor of the Bank of England; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with swindling the U.S. Treasury and the people of the U.S., in pretending to have received payment from Great Britain of the amount due on the British war debt to the U.S. in December, 1932; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having conspired with their foreign principals and others to defraud the U.S. Government, and to prevent the people of the U.S. from receiving payment of the war debts due to the U.S. from foreign nations; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with having robbed the U.S Government and the people of the U.S., by their theft and sale of the gold reserves of the U.S., and other unlawful transactiving created a deficit in the U.S. Treasury, which has necessitated to a large extent the destruction of our national defense and the reduction of the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy and other branches of the national defense; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, of having reduced the U.S. from a first-class power to one that is dependent, and with having reduced the U.S. from a rich and powerful nation to one that is internationally poor; and "Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with the crime of having treasonable conspired and acted against the peace and security of the U.S., and with having treasonable conspired to destroy constitutional Government in the U.S. "Resolve, that the Committee on the Judiciary is authorized and directed as a whole or by subcommittee, to investigate the official conduct of the Fed agents to determine whether, in the opinion of the said committee, they have been guilty of any high crime or misdemeanor which in the contemplation of the Constitution requires the interposition of the Constitutional powers of the House. Such Committee shall report its finding to the House, together with such resolution or resolutions of impeachment, or other recommendations as it deems proper. "For the purpose of this resolution, the Committee is authorized to sit and act during the present Congress at such times and places in the District of Columbia or elsewhere, whether or not the House is sitting, has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such clerical, stenographic, and other assistants, to requnce of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, to take such testimony, to have such printing and binding done, and to make such expenditures as it deems necessary." ******************************************************* Page 37 of 97.

After some discussion and upon the motion of Mr. Byrns, the resolution and charge was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

AND HAS YET TO BE ACTED ON!!! "Attacks on McFadden's Life Reported"

Commenting on Former Congressman Louis T. McFaddens "heart-failure, sudden-death" on Oct. 3, 1936, after a "dose" of "intestinal flue," "Pelley's Weekly" of Oct. 14 says:
Now that this sterling American patriot has made the Passing, it can be revealed that not long after his public utterance against the encroaching powers of Judah, it became known among his intimates that he had suffered two attacks against his life. The first attack came in the form of two revolver shots fired at him from ambush as he was alighting from a cab in front of one of the Capital hotels. Fortunately both shots missed him, the bullets burying themselves in the structure of the cab. "He became violently ill after partaking of food at a political banquet at Washington. His life was only saved from what was subsequently announced as a poisoning by the presence of a physician friend at the banquet, who at once procured a stomach pump and subjected the Congressman to emergency treatment." /s/ Robert Edward Edmondson (Publicist-Economist). New York, October 14, 1963.

After a failed assassination attempt, President Jackson replied: ''The Bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it!" Andrew Jackson.

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York reports in June, 1961, greatly expanded trade in their "acceptance" securities market. This market has already bankrupted the Nation in the 1930's, said Congressman McFadden. After bankruptcy comes the Receivership, or DICTATORSHIP! "Freedom must be won anew each generation"

Page 38 of 97.

'' . . . the inability of the colonists to get the power to issue their own money permanently out of the hands of [King] George III and the international bankers was the PRIME reason for the Revolutionary War.'' Benjamin Franklin. "Whoever controls the volume of currency in any country is absolute master of all industry and commerce." President James A. Garfield. ''If our nation can issue a dollar bond [debt and interest bearing], it can issue a dollar bill [debt and interest free]. makes a bill good also. The element that makes the bond good

The difference between the bond and the bill is that

the bond lets money brokers collect twice the amount of the bond and an additional 20 percent, whereas the currency pays nobody but those who contribute directly in some useful way. It is absurd to say that our country Both are

can issue $30 million in bonds and not $30 million in currency.

promises to pay, but one promise fattens the usurers [bankers] and the other helps the people.'' Thomas Alva Edison, Inventor / Entrepreneur / Philanthropist. "It is well enough that people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning." Henry Ford, Founder of Ford Motor Company. '' By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens. Page 39 of 97. There is no

subtler, surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The process engages all the hidden forces of economic

laws on the side of destruction, and does it in a manner which not one in a million is able to diagnose . . .'' John Maynard Keynes, Economist, Minister of the British Treasury; Author of the book ''The Economic Consequences Of Peace'' (1920). JOINT RESOLUTION TO SUSPEND THE GOLD STANDARD

AND ABROGATE THE GOLD CLAUSE, JUNE 5, 1933. H. J. Res. 192, 73rd Cong., 1st Sess. ''Joint resolution to assure uniform value to the coins and currencies of the United States. ''Whereas the holding of or dealing in gold

affect the public interest, and therefore subject to proper regulation and restriction; and Whereas the existing emergency has disclosed that provisions of obligations which purport to give the obligee a right to require payment in gold or a particular kind of coin or currency of the United States, or in an amount of money of the United States measured thereby, obstruct the power of the Congress to regulate the value of money of the United States, and are inconsistent with the declared policy of the Congress to maintain at all times the equal power of every dollar, coined or issued by the United States, in the markets and in the payment of debts. Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the

Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That (a) every provision contained in or made with respect Page 40 of 97.

to any obligation which purports to give the obligee a right to require payment in gold or a particular kind of coin or currency, or in an amount in money of the United States measured thereby, is declared to be against public policy; and no such provision shall be contained in or made with respect to any obligation hereafter incurred. Every obligation, heretofore or hereafter

incurred, whether or not any such provision is contained therein or made with respect thereto, shall be 'discharged' upon payment, dollar for dollar, in any such coin or currency which at the time of payment is legal tender for public and private debts. Any such provision contained in any law authorizing obligations to be issued by or under authority of the United States, is hereby repealed, but the repeal of any such provision shall not invalidate any other provision or authority contained in such law. (b) As used in this resolution,

the term ''obligation'' means an obligation (including every obligation of and to the United States, excepting currency) payable in money of the United States; and the term ''coin'' or ''currency" means coin or currency of the United States, including Federal Reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal Reserve banks and national banking associations.'' SEC. 2. The last sentence

of paragraph (1) of subsection (b) of section 43 of the Act entitled "An Act to relieve the existing national economic emergency...", approved May 12, 1933, is amended to read as follows: ''All coins and currencies of the United States Page 41 of 97.

(including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal Reserve banks and national banking associations) hereunto and hereafter coined or issued, shall be legal tender for all debts, for public and private, public charges, taxes, duties, and dues, except gold coins, when below the standard weight and limit of tolerance provided by law for the single piece, shall be legal tender only at valuation in proportion to their actual weight." Approved June 5, 1933, 4:30 P.M. Note that HJR - 192 does not refer to 'payment' of debt, but

rather clearly states that 'any, every, and, all, obligations, debts, charges, taxes, duties, etc., both public and private,' ''shall be discharged''. In the precedent

set at Stanek v White, 172 Minn. 390, 215 N. W. 784 (1923), the Supreme Court of Minnesota clarifies the legal distinction between the terms "discharged" and "paid;" wherein "There is a distinction between 'a debt discharged ' and 'a debt paid.' When discharged, the debt still exists. Though divested of its

character as a legal obligation during the operation of the discharge, something of the original vitality of the debt continues to exist, which may be transferred even though the transferee takes it subject to its disability incident to the discharge. The fact that it carries something which may be a

consideration for a new promise to pay, so as to make an otherwise worthless promise a legal obligation, makes it the subject of transfer by assignment." Thus, it is clear that as result of HJR - 192, moving forward from June 5th, Page 42 of 97.

1933, no one is able to pay a debt. The only option one has is tender by transfer of debt, and this type of debt is perpetual. The abrogation of the Constitution's gold standard, i.e., the temporary / indefinite suspension of the ability for one to pay his debts, seems to deprive our Common Law of any real substance and leave a consequential void so far as the de jure government is concerned. The former substance of our previous monetary system, as protected by the Constitution, is now replaced with a system of Public National Credit / Public Trust, whereby debt has become money (The Federal Reserve calls it "monetized debt"), and it seems the only public judicial venue is international maritime-admiralty law, while our beloved Common-Law venue seems to languish as result. Since the Americans living within the several states are

indeed "sovereign," from where and from whom, under the Common Law, comes the authority and jurisdiction via governors' convention to pledge the sovereigns' labor, property and surety as debtors to a privately owned corporation (Federal Reserve System)? Clearly this alleged ''authority'' and

''jurisdiction'' comes by way of the so-called ''public (corporate) policy,'' which is declared by the de facto Congress pursuant to a filing for bankruptcy and subsequent financial state of insolvency and receivership suffered by the corporate de facto UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, which was assumed, and is still assumed today, as result of its plan for re-organization / restructuring under its Page 43 of 97.

Chapter-Eleven filing in or about the year 1933.

31 USC 315 ( b ) provides that

"No gold shall after January 30, 1934, be coined, and no gold coin shall after January 30, 1934, be paid out or delivered by the United States; provided however, that coinage may continue to be executed by the mints of the United States for foreign countries." This exception is necessarily facilitated due to the fact that foreign countries, being recognized as sovereign, 'cannot' be held to the internal public policy of the corporate de facto UNITED STATES. Contrary to

Constitutional consideration, the public policy adopted by Congress is purported to be a contractually-binding commercial agreement between the sovereign American Citizens, who are summarily presumed by the Article-I courts to be franchisees/trusties/sureties, and the Federal Reserve/Department of Treasury, acting respectively as creditor / fiduciary in this scheme; whereby this system of public credit is falsely presented as being extended by way of the Federal Reserve Bank, while in reality this type of system can only exist when the sovereign is forced to extend his credit to the Public Trust, by way of the Fed's predatory lending practices known as ''usery,'' (which constitutes ''sin'' within virtually every holy text on Earth, including the Bible) i.e., ''interest'' on ''debt'' and ''Mort-gage,'' (a conjunctive noun / verb; Latin, meaning: ''Death-grip'') whereby the sovereigns' labor is pledged (*NOTE such direct, un-apportioned taxation on the sovereigns' labor is also in derogation to the Constitution); not excluding Page 44 of 97.

such labor as is exerted during child birth, at which point the sovereign are then duped into registering their children (as a ''product of the water''), including any other ''estate property,'' with the STATE; thereby providing the STATE title (entitlement), or legal interest / ownership in the sovereigns' property (possession is only 9/10ths of the law), which is subsequently used as investment collateral generating enormous returns held in account of private estate which is created via a document of live birth (the sovereigns' birth record) by the Department of Treasury; whereby sovereigns' straw-man (the all-capital-letter name on the birth record) is declared ''lost at sea,'' thereby creating a decedent by which to probate the estate, creating a trust which, by way of ''presumption of law,'' is presumed abandoned, and thus administrated to by the acting executor (executive) of the 'e-states', i.e., the President of the Corporation(UNITED STATES), with estate assets declared ''abandoned,'' and thus ''salvaged'' (pirated) under InternationalMaritime-Admiralty-Law by the foriegn corporation known as THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Additionally, the sovereign people's Constitutionallyprotected rights and status are further circumvented due to their unwitting assumption of this fictitious ''straw-man'' identity and ''product-of-the-water'' status which is placed upon them at '' birth;'' therefore, under the corporate / maritime (law of the water) jurisdiction of the de facto UNITED STATES, not excluding any and all subsidiaries thereof, e.g., '' THE STATE OF GEORGIA,'' etc., the Page 45 of 97.

sovereign people are 're-venued' from Common-Law jurisdiction into being held as liable trusties / sureties under ''public policy,'' i.e., ''corporate policy,'' and thus suffer the equivalent of public-debt-servants who are now, under rule of public / corporate policy, being ''charged'' at maritime with more than 60-million corporate codes, rules, regulations, statutes, procedures, etc. However, most all

of these charges are invalid when compared to ''the supreme Law of the Land,'' i.e., Common / Constitutional Law (see Articles I, III, IV and VI of our Constitution for these de jure united states of America), as most of these socalled ''laws'' are imposed without a valid claim made by a ''flesh-and-blood'' man / woman; whereby the charge (because it's really all commercial in nature) is fraudulently filed under false pretense, and is, therefore, ''contrary'' to the Constitution and thereby ''notwithstanding.'' In addition to a lack of full

disclosure, so long as the sovereign people are forced to follow such public policy by way of coercion / black-mail the Respondent calls it '' negotiation,'' or '' plea bargain'' and / or duress / strong-arm the Respondent calls this ''enforcement,'' or '' incarceration'' this thug-like mentality cannot be said to have set proper legal precedence, nor met an accord under the guidelines of the Uniform Commercial Code. Thus, even though one may have succumb to the aforesaid ''public policy,'' such does not void one's right to challenge the intent / interpretation / validity / Constitutional-muster of any code(s), statute(s), and / or the Page 46 of 97.

like thereof, pertaining to / purportedly conferring thereupon the "compelled benefits of privilege" presumed by Article I Sec. 8 CI. 17 / Article IV Sec. 3 CI. 2 of the U. S. Constitution ( the inferior ''courts'' ) and / or any other edict which may predicate its actions upon the erroneous / false presupposition of any such codes' or statutes' Constitutionality as applies to the flesh-and-blood American Citizen; Whereas such codes' / statutes' sole purpose is for protecting the rights / status of sovereign men and women from the actions of corporations, and therefore can apply only to corporate-personhood. Thus, is it the contention of this sovereign Man that because the statutes contained in the union of States' Statutes do not apply to him, that the statutes are unconstitutional? Absolutely not. There is a class of persons in the 50 united states of America to whom these statutes apply without reservation. Members of this class include

corporations, i.e., those who conduct corporate business in the 50 united states of America. A corporation is the creation of the State. A corporation is a creature of the State. It is presumed to be incorporated for the benefit of the public. It

receives certain special privileges and franchises, and holds them subject to the laws of the State and the limitations of its charter. Its ''RIGHTS'' to act as a

corporation are only preserved to it while it obeys the laws of its creation. See: Bouvier's Law Dictionary, p. 684. It (the corporation) is a ''person'' in the Its every

eyes of the law, and lacks character, morals, conscience, and a soul. Page 47 of 97.

activity must therefore be directed and supervised by the State.

Under the

definition of Due Process of Law, Bouvier's Law Dictionary states in pertinent part: The liberty guaranteed is that of a natural ''person'' and not of artificial ''persons''; Western Turf Assn. v Greenberg, 204 U. S. 359, where it was said "...a corporation cannot be deemed a Citizen within the meaning of the clause of the Constitution of the United States, which protects the privileges and immunities of Citizens of the United States against being abridged or impaired by the law of a state." See also 203 U. S. 243. The statutes in the union of states are designed to direct the activities of the class of ''persons'' of which a corporation is a member. Corporations are absolutely bound by these statutes.

It is imperative that a conscienceless entity not be allowed to freely roam the streets or highways in the 50 united states of America and thus jeopardize the sovereign individual. It is for this purpose, and this purpose ALONE, that the

statutes of the 50 states of America were enacted, and NOT for control of the free, sovereign-American Citizens' RIGHTS.

AFFIDAVIT OF CORPORATE DENIAL AND NON-CORPORATE STATUS: Pursuant to FRCP 52, and with knowledge of the fact that ''assumption'' and ''presumption'' may prevail unless rebutted or explicitly denied, this Affiant does Page 48 of 97.

herewith formally and unequivocally declare that Jon Henry:

Doe is in no way

to be construed, termed, nor, thought of, as a corporate person, legal fiction, fictional person, nor, incorporated, in any way, means, shape, nor, form; and with the knowledge that all such entities are not living, breathing, sentient men and women, Affiant hereby makes express and explicit claim and affirmation to the living, whose Creator is Affiants Heavenly Father; with express and explicit claim and affirmation that Affiant is a self-aware, sentient, flesh-and-blood man, indivisible from the divine soul inherent of the Heavenly Creator, and is not a goverernmentally-created ''person of inherence or incidence,'' nor any other form of corporation. Regarding: The word / term of art i.e. ''person'' may be construed

according to several references, not excluding 22 USC Sec. 1621 Definitions STATUTE: For the purposes of this subchapter; (a) The term ''person'' shall include an individual, partnership, corporation, or the Government of the United States. Point: The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 52, applies in Civil actions; i.e., No civil or criminal cause of action can arise lest there be a contract. Eads v Marks, 249 P. 2d 257, 260. There is always a presumption that a contract exists and that the responding party is a Corporation. Under Rule 52, See

which is the same in all states as in the Federal Rules, the Texas Court of appeals (5th Cir) has ruled in the finding of fact by the Court, that -- ''the failure of an adverse party to deny under oath the allegation that he is Page 49 of 97.

incorporated dispenses with the necessity of proof of the fact.'' Thus, a presumption becomes a finding of fact by the court unless rebutted before trial. Point: Affiant makes it perfectly clear that Affiant is an adverse party denying under oath the allegation that Affiant is incorporated; regarding: "The failure of an adverse party to deny under oath the allegation that he is incorporated [is construed as corporate silence and acquiescence, thus becomeing fact and part of the official record]." Galleria Bank v Southwest Properties, 498 Southwest 2nd. Point: Dr. Pepper Co. v Crow, 621 S.W.2d 464, 465 (Tex App.-Waco 1981, no Writ) ''Plaintiff plead defendant was a corporation. Defendant did not deny by

verified pleading pursuant to [TRCP] 52 and 83 that it was not a corporation; thus, such fact was established.'' Point: Louisiana Revised Statutes Art. 429 -- Corporation existence is presumed unless affidavit of denial is filed before trial. Point: A presumption is a rule of Law, Statutory or judicial, by which the finding of a basic fact gives rise to the existence of presumed fact until presumption is rebutted. See Van Wart v Cook, 557 P. 2d 1161. In the

Commercial Law of all States, a presumption means that the trier of fact (the judge / administrator), must find the existence of the fact presumed per FRCP 52, unless and until the evidence is introduced which would support a finding of its non-existence. Arizona Revised Statutes: Title 47 Section 1201 (31) Page 50 of 97.

''Presumption" or "presumed" means that the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact presumed unless and until evidence is introduced which would support a finding of its nonexistence. Thus, the Affidavit of Non Corporate Status is for the purpose of rebutting any presumption that Affiant is any Corporation named in the certified title, alleged contract, and any complaint. Point: Federal Rules of Evidence, R.301 Agreement by Acquiescence Rule 301 of the Federal Rules of Evidence states -- ''a presumption imposes on the party against whom it is directed the burden of proof [see 556 (d)] of going forward with evidence to rebut or meet the presumption.'' Point: When a duty or obligation is levied by a governmental agency for a fine, fee or tax, all of which are revenue, they are imposed only on Corporations. See Colonial Pipe Line Co. V Triangle, 421 U. S. 100 (1975). Thus, ''re-venue'' for the collection of a ''tax'' is required to have been lodged against a Corporation, the name of which, in this case, is but a derivative of Affiant's legal name; therefore: ''A derivative of a name is not the legal name.'' (see Monroe Cattle Co. v Becker, 147 U. S. 47)) Henceforth, Affiant does hereby

and herewith formally affirm and depose that Affiant rebuts any and all presumption / assumption that Affiant is, and/or ever was, any Corporation named, i.e., ''JON HENRY DOE,'' in the certified title and/or any alleged contract. Point: If Affiant is not a Corporation he cannot appear and plead. Page 51 of 97. See West

Union Tel. Co. v Eyser, 2 Colo. 141; Greenwood v Railroad Co., 123 Mass. 32; Foster v White Cloud, 32 Mo. 505; Hobich v Folger, 20 Wall. 1; Boyce v M.E. Church, 43 Md. 359; Folsom v Star Union Etc. Fright Line, 54 Iowa 490. Point: When brought into Court by its Corporate name, its existence as a Corporation is admitted. (see Mud Creek Drain Co. V State, 43 Ind. 157; Johnson v Gibson, 73 Ind. 282; Railroad Co, 11 Ohio St. 516; Ewing v Robeson, 15 Ind. 26; Callender v

Com. Ins. Etc. Co. v Taylor, 8 S.C. 107) Also,

compare the foregoing cases to Ware v St. Louis Bagging & Rope Co., 47 Ala. 667. Point: Stating only conclusion without facts is insufficient. It has been held that

where the representative of a railroad corporation is served with process, he may plead in abatement in his own name that the Corporation is extinct. (see Kelly v Railroad Co., 2 Flip C. C. 581; Callender v Plainsville Co., 11 Ohio St. 516; Evarts v Killingworth Co., 20 Conn. Stevenson v Thorn, 13 Mees &

Quarrier v Peabody Co., 10 W. Va. 507; 447;

Stewart v Dunn, 12 Mees. & W. 655;

W. 149) Where the person is so served, he may, by plea, deny that he / she sustains any such relation to the Corporation that authorizes the service of process on him / her. (see Kelly v Railroad Co., 2 Flip C. C. 581) In 1886, the

Supreme Court did not grant corporate-personhood to any State of the Union or Federal Government; and that this doctrine derives from a mistaken interpretation of a Supreme Court reporters notes. (see Santa Clara County v Southern Pacific Page 52 of 97.

Railroad Company, 118 U. S. 394 (1886)) Point: No laws have been passed by Congress granting that corporations should be treated the same under the Constitution as living, breathing sentient beings. No court decisions, state or federal, held that corporations were ''persons'' instead of ''artificial persons.'' The Supreme Court did not rule in Santa Clara County v Southern Pacific Railroad Company on the issue of corporate personhood. As railroad attorney Sanderson and his two colleagues watched, Chief Justice Morrison Remick Waite told Delmas and his two colleagues, the attorneys for the opposing party, that: ''The court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which forbids a state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these corporations. We are of the opinion that it does.

[However,] This written statement, that corporations were ''persons'' rather than ''artificial persons,'' with an equal footing under the Bill of Rights as ''humans,'' was not a formal ruling of the court, but was reportedly a simple statement by its Chief Justice, recorded by the court recorder." See Vermont Supreme Court

building. Volume 118 of United States Reports: Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term 1885 and October Terms 1886, published in New York in 1886 by Banks & Brothers Publishers, and written by J. C. Bancroft Davis, Supreme Courts Reporter. Page 53 of 97.

Point: Here is the often expressed understanding from the United States Supreme Court that: '' . . . in common usage, statutes employing the terms ''person'' and ''corporation'' are ordinarily construed to exclude the sovereign man or woman.'' Wilson v Omaha Tribe, 442 U. S. 653, 667 (1979) (therein quoting United States v Cooper Corp., 312 U. S. 600, 604 (1941)). Workers, 330 U. S. 258, 275 (1947). Point: U. S. Supreme Court in Luther v Borden, 48 U. S. 1, 12 Led 581: ''The government are but trustees acting under derived authority [of the sovereign American People of Posterity] and have no power to delegate what is not delegated to them. But the people, as the original fountain, might take away what they have delegated and in trust to whom they please. The sovereignty in every state resides in the people of the state and they may alter and change their form of government at their own pleasure.'' U. S. Supreme Court in See also United States v Mine

Wilson v Omaha Indian Tribe, 442 U. S. 653, 667 (1979): ''In common usage, the term ''person'' does not include the sovereign, and statutes employing the word are ordinarily construed to exclude it.'' Point: Affiant is not: a U. S. ''Person,'' ''Resident,'' ''Individual,'' ''Consumer,'' ''Corporation,'' nor ''citizen of the United States,'' nor ''citizen subject to U. S. jurisdiction,'' as such are ''terms of art;'' nor is Affiant a corporation created under the laws of any State of the Union of States, the United States Page 54 of 97.

Government, the District of Columbia, nor any territory, commonwealth, enclave, nor any possession of the United States, nor any foreign state or country, public or private. Point: Affiant is not: a ''resident of,'' ''inhabitant of,'' ''franchisee of,'' ''subject of,'' ''ward of,'' ''property of,'' ''chattel of,'' nor, ''subject to the jurisdiction of,'' the State of the Forum of any ''UNITED STATES,'' ''corporate STATE,'' ''corporate COUNTY,'' ''corporate CITY,'' nor municipal body politic created under the primary authority of Art. I, Sec. 8, CI. 17 and Art. IV, Sec. 3 CI. 2 of the Constitution for the United States of America; and Affiant is not subjected to any legislation created by or under the jurisdiction of any officers, agents or employees deriving their authority thereof. Furthermore, Affiant is not a subject

nor ward of the Administrative and Legislative Article-I Courts, nor bound by precedents of such courts created by the congress of the hypothicated, corporate, de facto ''UNITED STATES,'' as ''Legislation enacted by Congress applicable to the inferior courts in the exercise of the power under Article III of the Constitution cannot be affected by legislation enacted by Congress under Art. I, Sec. 8, CI. 17 of the Constitution;'' D. C. Code, Title 11 at p. 13 defines this as '' . . . an officer, agent, shareholder, franchise or fiduciary agent, surety, resident inhabitant or domiciled in any corporation.'' Point: Affiant hereby and herewith revokes and cancels ab initio all of Affiant's Page 55 of 97.

signatures on any and all forms which may be construed to give the Federal Government or any other State agency or department of the United States Government created under the authority of Article I, Sec. 8, CI. 17 and Article IV, Sec. 3, CI. 2 of the Constitution for the United States, authority or jurisdiction over Affiant. Affiant also revokes, rescinds and makes void ab initio all powers of attorney in fact, in presumption and otherwise, signed by anyone other than Affiant, and/or without Affiant's consent, insomuch as said power of attorney may pertain to Affiant by way of, but not limited by, any and all multi-jurisdictional, quasi, colorable, public government entities, municipalities or corporations, on the grounds of constructive fraud; e.g., non-disclosure, equitable consideration, etc. Point: Affiant is not a vessel documented under Chapter 121 of Title 46, United States Code, nor a vessel numbered as provided in Chapter 123 of said Title. Point: Affiant hereby cancels any presumed election made by the United States Government or any agency or department thereof, that Affiant is, or ever has been, a citizen, alien citizen or resident of any territory, possession, instrumentality or enclave under the sovereignty or exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, as defined in the Constitution for the United States of America in Art. I, Sec. 8 CI. 17 and Art. IV, Sec. 3, CI. 2. Affiant has no record nor evidence that Affiant does not cancel any presumption and assumption that Affiant ever voluntarily elected to be treated as such a citizen, resident or Page 56 of 97.

corporate entity / fiction. Point: Affiant is not an enemy to any state of the Union of States, nor to the United States Government, nor to that of the United States, such as the District of Columbia, any territory, enclave, commonwealth or possession of the United States, e.g., Puerto Rico, Gwam, or any foreign country, state or corporation created under the laws of the United States Government, both public and private. Point: In addition to being Affiant's property (see attached copyright notice with affidavit of publication attached), Affiant's name is unique and is not given to any other. The Christian Appellation that Affiant answers to is Jon Henry: of the Doe Family; Affiant has no ''last name;'' Affiant is domiciled as a living soul, residing within the state of mind; Affiant's postal mailing location is known as: JON HENRY DOE, Estate; Executor Office; Nation Georgia-Republic; General Post-Office; Lawrenceville, Doe Province; United States Minor, Outlying Islands; Near; [30046-9998] Non-Domestic to U. S. (see notarized, certified declaration to the Lawrenceville Postmaster); Affiant's postal mailing location, although not affiliated with the ''Corporate Body Politic'' near the same location, is particularly unique to this Affiant, and is determined as complete, necessary and sufficient identification evidencing Affiants neutral standing (15 USC 1681 (h)). Point: This Affidavit is not written for the purpose of debating the Constitutionality nor legality of the Communications Act of 1934, but rather to Page 57 of 97.

establish facts exposing the United States Governments lack of jurisdiction over Affiant. Affiant is not a pirate, terrorist nor an enemy to any public or private corporation, domestic or foreign, but is a non-combatant, neutral body. Any past, present or future reference to Affiant as such a threat, made by any agency or its officer(s), will be construed as ''defamation of character,'' and will be litigated as such in the foreign jurisdiction where offenders, oppressors and all Libellees will have no immunity ''within the Admiralty,'' via 28 USC 1333 or 1337, Bills of Lading Act, The Public Vessel Act, Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, False Claims Act (see 31 U.S.C. 3729 (a) (7)), and Federal Tort Claims Act. Any and all of the facts and laws presented herein are not contrary to the Communications Act of 1934, nor court decisions applicable to Affiant. Many

facts contained herein are based upon ruling case law and un-overruled decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. None of these facts have been

found to be ''frivolous'' by any court, and are affirmed facts that, under Commercial Law, must be rebutted with ''case law'' or acquiesced to. Point: Any statements or claims in this Affidavit must be properly rebutted by facts of law or overriding Article-III Supreme Court rulings; and, if so accomplished, shall not prejudice the lawful validity of all other statements or claims not properly rebutted or invalidated by facts of law. An Affidavit of Truth, under Commercial Law, can only be satisfied by way of ( i ) rebuttal Page 58 of 97.

Affidavit of Truth, point for point; ( ii ) payment; ( iii ) agreement; ( iv ) and / or, resolution by a jury under the rules, regulations and proceedures of an Article-III, common-law-bound court. Point: The following exemplifies the use, misuse, abuse and perversion of words by way of transforming them into ''terms of art'' in order to change their meaning; e.g., Webster's 1828 Dictionary defines the word ''birth'' as follows: ''BIRTH, BERTH, n. A station in which a ship rides. [See Berth.]'' The words

"birth,'' ''berth'' and "born" all come from the same etymological root, meaning "to bear." When you look up the word "berth," you find that most every definition has to do with ships. So our "berth-day" is the day we were given a

place within the maritime / admiralty jurisdiction as a so-called ''vessel'' of the State. Webster's New World Dictionary of the English Language Third College Edition, copyright 1988, page 132, also defines it as '' berth n. ...4) a position, place, office, job, etc.'' Therefore, the perception is that the Respondent presumes this so-called "birth" is the ''berth'' of a ''sole'' (instead of ''soul'') ''corporation'' (''corpus'' Latin, n. Meaning: ''body'' ), holding the "office'' of ''person,'' whose ''job,'' ''place'' or ''position'' it is to perform their ''duties'' and ''obligations'' as dictated by the Respondent. This is all clearly carried out by way of Atheistic / Luciferian doctrine, to which Affiant, under protection of his freedom from religious persecution, emphatically does NOT subscribe nor submit. Page 59 of 97.

There are only two (possibly three) ''birth-days'' mentioned in the Scripture. In both cases a man lost his head. At Pharaohs ''birth-day party'' in Genesis, the baker was hung; and at Herod's ''birth-day party'' in the Gospels, John the Baptist was beheaded. So I ask, why should a ''Christian Nation'' elect to Note that the possible third ''birth-day''

celebrate such so-called "Berth"-days?

was mentioned in the Holy Writ, and that the 666 talents of gold mentioned therein did not include all that was wrought by merchant means. and 2 Chronicles 9:13; 1 Kings 10:14

''Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one

year was six hundred threescore and six talents of gold''. Point: A Living Soul has a date of Nativity; a Sole Corporation has a date of Birth / Berth. Point: For reasons explicitly defined within these Points addressing the foregoing '' terms of art,'' Affiant heretofore denies having, or ever having had, a ''birthday;'' but rather, Affiant did have a '' Nativity '' upon the Land, and celebrates his day of Nativity as such. Whereas I inform the Respondent, the nice policeman, the court system, the bureaucrat, the ''de facto'' government, and all other parties that may inquire ''I, Jon Henry: Doe, have no birthday;''

hereby reiterating this declaration by way of the tenet " No man can be compelled to incriminate himself." Therefore under protest, Affiant does hereby

and herewith formally waive benefit of privilege, and does not grant Respondent Page 60 of 97.

consent to jurisdiction, nor to any of Respondent's contracts, trusts, practices and presumptions, as is clearly enunciated throughout the entire body of this Affidavit. The Foriegn Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA): Title 28 Section 1603 states ''For purposes of this chapter (a) A 'foreign state', except as used in section 1608 of this title, includes a political subdivision of a foreign state or an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state as defined in subsection (b). (b) An 'agency or instrumentality of a foreign state' means any entity (1) which is a separate legal person, corporate or otherwise, and (2) which is an organ of a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, or a majority of whose shares or other ownership interest is owned by a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, and (3) which is neither a citizen of a State of the United States as defined in section 1332 (c) and (d) of this title, nor created under the laws of any third country. (c) The 'United States' includes all territory and waters, continental or (d) A 'commercial

insular, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.

activity' means either a regular course of commercial conduct or a particular commercial transaction or act. The commercial character of an activity shall

be determined by reference to the nature of the course of conduct or particular transaction or act, rather than by reference to its purpose. Page 61 of 97. (e) A 'commercial

activity carried on in the United States by a foreign state' means commercial activity carried on by such state and having substantial contact with the United States.'' Now, let's break down what a foreign state is in relation to the FSIA.

Here, one must understand that the statutes are subject to ''strict construction,'' i.e., they mean exactly what they say, no more, no less lest there be constitutional confusion. Section 1603 (a) says that a foreign state includes a

political subdivision, or an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state. Therefore, under strict construction of the statute, the definition of a foreign state does not include the state itself, but only a political subdivision, or an agency or instrumentality thereof. Section 1603 (b) defines what constitutes a political

subdivision and an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state with relation to the FSIA. It says that ''An 'agency or instrumentality of a foreign state' means

any entity which is a separate legal person, corporate or otherwise,'' such as that which, by way of Affiant's definite and numerous declarations, clearly defines Affiant's status. Next, one must be ''. . . an organ of a foreign state or

political subdivision thereof, or a majority of whose shares or other ownership interest is owned by a foreign state or political subdivision thereof,'' with an ''organ'' being defined as: ''of or having to do with an organ; inherent; inborn, constitutional; organized, systematically arranged; in law, fundamental; as the Page 62 of 97.

organic law of the United States is the Constitution'' such as that which, by way of Affiant's definite and numerous declarations, clearly defines Affiant's status is an ''organ'' of such. Last, it says that you must be neither a citizen of

a State of the United States, as defined in 1332 (c) and (d) of Title 28, nor created under the laws of any third country. When we look at Section 1332, it defines ''a State of the United States'' as the Territories, the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Once again, strict construction applies.

Therefore, pursuant to Title 28 Section 1604, which declares: '' Subject to existing international agreements to which the United States is a party at the time of enactment of this Act, a foreign state shall be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States and of the States except as provided in sections 1605 to 1607 of this chapter.'' since Affiant is neither a citizen of a State of the United States as defined above, nor a citizen of a state formed under the laws of any third country, The Foriegn Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, which became effective January 19th, 1977 by providing a statutory remedy equal to that of an Article-III remedy, heretofore ratifys Affiant's definite and numerous declarations affirming Affiant's status is that which enjoys sovereign, diplomatic immunity from / to the Respondent. Subsequently, Affiant does hereby formally declare that Page 63 of 97.

the Respondent's corporate-commercial acts are ultra vires and injurious by willful and gross negligence, thus incurring liability as the respondent superior upon those unlimited to any and all federal, state and local municipalities, and/or corporate agencies, and/or persons thereof involved directly and/or indirectly with the Respondent via any and every nexus acting therewith. Whereas, it being readily apparent that Affiant does not grant Respondent consent to jurisdiction, Affiant does herewith demand that he forthwith receive redress in such matters. *** The following case law herein cited represents affirmation for Affiant's clear declaration that unequivocal proof of Respondent's jurisdiction is required: "Jurisdiction, once challenged, cannot be assumed and must be decided." (Maine v Thiboutot, 100 S. Ct. 250); ''The mere good-faith assertions of power

and authority [jurisdiction] have been abolished.'' (Owens v CITY OF INDEPENDENCE, 445 U. S. 622); ''Once jurisdiction is challenged it must be "The law requires

proven by the plaintiff.'' (Hagans v Lavine, 415 U. S. 533);

proof of jurisdiction to appear on the record of the administrative agency and all administrative proceedings." (Hagans v Lavine, 415 U. S. 533); Though not specifically alleged, defendant's challenge to subject matter jurisdiction implicitly raised claim that default judgment against him was void and relief should be granted under Rule (60) (b) (4). (Honneus v Donovan, 93 F.R.D. 433, 436-37 Page 64 of 97.

(1982) affd, 691 F.2d 1 (1st Cir. 1982));

"The law provides that once State and

Federal Jurisdiction has been challenged, it must be proven." (100 S. Ct. 2502 (1980)); "Jurisdiction can be challenged at any time." (Basso v Utah Power & "Defense of lack of jurisdiction over the

Light Co., 495 F. 2d 906, 910);

subject matter may be raised at any time, even on appeal." (Hill Top Developers v Holiday Pines Service Corp., 478 So. 2d. 368 (Fla 2nd DCA 1985)); "Court must prove, on the record, all jurisdiction facts related to the jurisdiction asserted." (Lantana v Hopper, 102 F. 2d 188; Chicago v New York, 37 F. Supp. 150); "Once challenged, jurisdiction cannot be assumed, it must

be proved to exist." (Stuck v Medical Examiners, 94 Ca 2d 751, 211 P2d 389); "Courts are constituted by authority and they cannot go beyond that power delegated to them. If they act beyond that authority, and certainly in

contravention of it, their judgments and orders are regarded as nullities; they are not voidable, but simply void, and this even prior to reversal." (WILLIAMSON v BERRY, 8 HOW. 945, 540 12 L.Ed. 1170, 1189 (1850)); "Once jurisdiction is challenged, the court cannot proceed when it clearly appears that the court lacks jurisdiction; the court has no authority to reach merits, but rather should dismiss the action." (Melo v U. S., 505 F. 2d 1026); "There is no discretion to ignore lack of jurisdiction." (Joyce v U. S., 474 2D 215); "The burden shifts to the court to prove jurisdiction." (Rosemond v Page 65 of 97.

Lambert, 469 F. 2d 416)

The following citations are case law which requires that an UN-rebutted Affidavit be accepted as truth: In Poole v State of Alabama, [Circuit Court] CR-05-1846, May 25, 2007, Poole's claim is sufficiently pleaded to satisfy the pleading requirements in Rule 32.3 and Rule 32.6 (b), and his factual allegations [as expressed by way of Affidavit] were unrefuted by the State; therefore, they must be accepted as true. See

Bates v State, 620 So. 2d 745, 746 (Ala. Crim. App. 1992) (''When the State does not respond to a petitioner's allegations, the unrefuted statement of facts must be taken as true.''), quoting Smith v State, 581 So. 2d 1283, 1284 (Ala. Crim. App. 1991). 32.2. In addition, his claim is not precluded by any of the provisions of Rule Because his claim is not barred, is sufficiently pleaded, and is unrefuted

by the State, Poole is entitled to an opportunity to prove his claim. See Ford v State, 831 So. 2d 641, 644 (Ala. Crim. App. 2001) (''Once a petitioner has met his burden of pleading so as to avoid summary disposition pursuant to Rule 32.7 (d), Ala. Rule Crim. Procedure, he is then entitled to an opportunity to present evidence in order to satisfy his burden of proof.'') facts. We accept them as true. Plaintiff refutes none of these

See Carlile v Snap-On-Tools, 271 Ill. App. 3D

833, 834, 648 N.E. 2d 317 (1995) (unrefuted facts accepted as true for purposes of appeal). Court must treat all unrefuted allegations as true; see Stancle v

State, 917 So. 2d 911 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005) (''When no evidentiary hearing is Page 66 of 97.

held [on a motion for post-conviction relief], a movant's allegations are accepted as true unless they are conclusively refuted by the record; the appellant has alleged a facially sufficient claim for relief which is not refuted by the record.'') See Thurman v State, 892 So. 2d 1085 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004). The trial court granted RMC's motion for summary judgment... The court noted that the affidavit was evidence... while Gassner did not offer any evidence to the contrary. Based

on this, the court concluded that ''[RMC's] evidence goes unrefuted and must be accepted as true, leaving no issue of fact... '' (See Case No. 2-10-0180, Gassner v Raynor Manufacturing Company, United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, 675 F. 2d 116) *** Article VI of the Constitution for the United States of America says: ''This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby; any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding... all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution''. The 13th Article of Amendment to the Constitution for these United States of America declares Page 67 of 97.

''Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude... shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.'' 15 Statutes at Large, 249, pg. 223,

1, enacted by Congress July 27th, 1868 An Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States: ''Whereas the right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any declaration, instruction, opinion, order, or decision, of any officers of this government which denies, restricts, impairs, or questions the right of expatriation, is hereby declared inconsistent with the fundamental principles of this government.'' The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 provides that ''a foreign state... includes a political subdivision of a foreign state or an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state as defined in... (b) An 'agency or instrumentality of a foreign state' means any entity (1) which is a separate legal person corporate or otherwise, and (2) which is an organ of a foreign state or a majority of whose shares or other ownership interest is owned by a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, and (3) which is neither a citizen of a State of the United States nor created under the laws of any third country.'' (See: Chuidian v Philippine National Bank) Uniform Commercial Code, Book 1- 207, 308 Performance or Acceptance Page 68 of 97.

Under Reservation of Rights: (1) ''A party who with explicit reservation of rights performs or promises performance or assents to performance in a manner demanded or offered by the other party does not thereby prejudice the rights reserved. Such words as "without prejudice," "under protest," or the like are sufficient. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to an accord and satisfaction.'' sovereign American Citizenship: The following facts are presented as historically correct proof, and all will be supported by unquestionable evidence. Nothing in this evaluation is intended to be

disrespectful or degrading (and certainly not racist) toward any group of people; however, in order to know and understand the truth about our rights and status, one must first understand how we got into the position that we currently occupy. The following facts are void of historical revision. The united states of America actually came into being on July 4th, 1776, with the signing of the ''Declaration of Independence.'' The ''Articles of Confederation,'' agreed to in 1777 and ratified in 1781, created the ''Union of the States,'' and delegated a portion of their sovereignty to this new Confederacy or Union. This confederation declared in Article I: ''The Stile of this Confederacy shall be the United States of America." The 13 Colonies

declared themselves to be ''Free and Independent States;'' and the People who created these ''Free and Independent States'' would likewise, of necessity, have been Page 69 of 97.

free and independent themselves, otherwise they would not have had the authority to enter into such an agreement and to have created a free and independent state. The British Crown, which had previously claimed the right of sovereignty over the 13 Colonies and its people, recognized the independence and freedom of these states and the People thereof with the ''Treaty of Paris'' in 1783, wherein the following quote from that document enunciates: ''His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, to be free sovereign and independent states, that he treats with them as such, and for himself, his heirs, and successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the same and every part thereof.'' This passage represents an acknowledgment from

the most powerful earthly sovereign of that time, King George III of England, that the thirteen colonies / states of the American Union, a/k/a ''The United States of America,'' were sovereigns of equal power with the king. Under the terms of their

government [the Articles of Confederation, and later the Constitution for the united states of America], that ''sovereignty'' was extended from ''the people'' of those colonies / states, meaning ''the people'' were the sovereigns. In order to create a

more perfect Union, the people of ''the United States of America'' ordained and Page 70 of 97.

established a constitutional contract (to include the 13 states) for a united states form of government, creating a Union government and delegating additional portion of its sovereignty to this united states government. This contract, known as ''The Constitution,'' in Article IV Section 4, guarantees to every state in this Union a Republican form of Government. To understand the true nature of the overall agreement to join the states together in a Union, we must first understand what a Republic is. Black's Law Dictionary (hereinafter ''Black's'') defines ''Republic'' as:

''A commonwealth; that form of government in which the administration of affairs is open to all of the citizens. of its form of government.'' In another sense, it signifies the state, independently It further defines ''Republican government'' as, ''A

government in the republican form; a government of the people; a government by representatives chosen by the people.'' In other words, a republic is a government

of which ''the people'' are the source and origin; and in which the People own and control everything, and the government serves at the convenience and by the permission of the People that it governs. when referring to the government official. Hence the term ''public servant'' is used How many people, today, believe that

government officials truly adhere to the meaning of ''public servant?'' Understanding the true meaning of Republic, we can see how the individual state Citizens of the Remember, these people were rebelling

thirteen Colonies actually own everything.

Page 71 of 97.

from a repressive government in which the King owned everything, and their main intent was to become the ''sovereign;'' a position always held by the King. Blacks

defines ''sovereign'' as, ''A person, body, or state in which independent and supreme authority is vested; a chief ruler with supreme power; a king or other ruler in a monarchy.'' It is the main intent of these first Americans to keep for themselves

and their posterity the things which had previously belonged to the King, and those things were vested in the ''sovereignty;'' and that is exactly what they did. Understanding what a Republic and a state Citizen is, we can now further understand how America is formed, and where the real power is bestowed. The state Citizen owns everything, and he intends to keep it that way. He delegates to his colony (or hereinafter also ''state'') the jurisdiction and power to perform certain functions' all common law in nature. real power for himself and his posterity. He keeps most of the

He basically delegates to the state the

jurisdiction to administer over him in a few, very limited areas, while he maintaines the bulk of the power for himself. He realizes that in order to live

in a society with other people, certain laws will have to be passed and maintained for the protection of the individual rights of the free inhabitants, i.e., state Citizens. At the same time, he has no intention of giving up his own personal freedoms. So, he creates a system whereby limited jurisdiction over him Page 72 of 97.

could be attained only if he first breakes laws that are duly established under the ''Common Law.'' Thus, the power that is currently assumed by the government over almost every phase of our lives was never given to the government over the American Citizen. So the question that needs to be answered is ''How did the

federal and state governments get the virtually unquestioned power over all of the people who now consider themselves to be 'citizens of the United States' ?'' To fully

understand the position that most American Citizens are currently in, one must also understand the meaning of ''jurisdiction.'' Blacks defines ''jurisdiction'' as, ''A term of comprehensive import embracing every kind of judicial action It is the power of the court to decide a matter in controversy and presupposes the existence of a duly constituted court with control over the subject matter and the parties'' In other words, for jurisdiction to be claimed, control over both subject matter and the parties is necessary. Jurisdiction is key to understanding the sovereign

American Citizens' rights / status in contrast to the duties and obligations now placed upon them by the government or ''public trust'' now acting as the de facto government. One must remember that all power in our Republic is passed from

the sovereign People to the state. The de jure state Citizen is the ''sovereign.'' All public property and all power and authority belongs to and are owned by him. He passed on a very small portion of that power to the state so that society as a Page 73 of 97.

whole could be protected.

However, it is impossible to give away all of your

power, because in so doing you would negate any portion of that which you gave away, as there would be no power left to enforce the action taken by you. Think of a company in which the Owner hired an assistant; and even if the Owner gave him full authority over all operations within the company, the Owner would still maintain more power than his new employee; because if he could not support his hiring with power, his new employee could not carry out his mandate in the face of challenge. Therefore, the sovereign state Citizen must always maintain more power than anyone who acts under his authority. The state receives all of its power and authority from the sovereign state Citizen; therefore, it must remain secondary in power to that of state Citizen. Also, be aware that the terms ''state Citizen'' and ''American Citizen'' are synonymous, as the original state Citizens became the original American Citizens upon the forming of the Union; also known as ''the sovereign American People;'' and the posterity of those Citizens make up the American Citizenry, and form the sovereign American People of Posterity as they exist today. Following the foregoing principals, we can easily understand how our First, the state Citizen bestowed upon the

forefathers established this government.

state certain limited powers and limited jurisdiction. Within those powers was the ability to make and enforce laws, treaties and contracts as were necessary to the Page 74 of 97.

welfare of the society, so long as the subject matter was that for which its jurisdiction was given. After just having come out from under a totalitarian government, the state Citizens realized, as distasteful as it was to them, that some form of ''federal government'' would have to be established to oversee an expanded judiciary affording settlement in controversies arising between the states, and to provide for the common defense. However, they were all sure that they did not

want this new ''monster'' in their own state, so they set aside 10 square miles of land, a separate city-state a/k/a the ''District of Columbia,'' to serve as ''the seat of federal government.'' This government was delegated its authority from the sovereign independent states, known also as the several States of the Union, and it had no sovereign authority other than that which was delegated by these independent sovereign States. The power and authority delegated to the U. S. government was clearly delineated, defined and limited by way of the aforementioned Constitution. Eight years after its formation, ''The United States Government'' had

conditions and terms defining authority and limitation delegated upon it by the independent States in 1789, through a document known as ''The Constitution for the United States of America'' (hereinafter ''Constitution''). Within the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution, every power given to the United States is clearly defined, and the limitations are exact. The Constitution has been held to Page 75 of 97.

be both a contract and ''the supreme Law of the Land'' by the U. S. Supreme Court. The contract is actually between the States, on behalf of the state Citizens, and the United States government, and it is totally binding and all-powerful. The wording of the Constitution leaves no room for misunderstanding. For example, at Article IV,

Section 4, it states, ''The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government...'' From this Article, it is clear that each State Since the word ''Republic'' means

is a Republic even after the Union was formed.

a government ''of and for the people'' in which everything is owned and controlled by the People, it becomes clear that the People are superior to that government. Since this new government was granted its authority from the several States, this United States government could not be more powerful than the several States; and that is guaranteed in the Constitution. In Article X of the Amendments (The Bill

of Rights), it states, ''The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.'' Remember, the Constitution is in full effect today

as always since its inception. Yet today, our States (STATES) clearly take their orders from the United States (UNITED STATES), and they continually bow to the presumed authority of the UNITED STATES. So how did this ''supremacy'' of

federal government happen? We will now look at exactly what happened in the Page 76 of 97.

framing of this country's government.

First, the party with all the power (the

sovereign - state Citizen) passed on a portion of his power to the state. Then the State passed on a portion of its power to the United States government. If we

made a chart showing the power structure, it would look something like this: state Citizen First with unlimited power. sovereign - Derives his power from the Creator - source of all power. State Second with limited power delegated by the Citizen. Derives its power directly from the sovereign - state Citizen. United States Limited power delegated by States. Derives its power from the several States. As you can see from this chart, all power flows first from the Creator and then from the sovereign state Citizen. This chart can also be used to understand the rights and status protected by the Constitution. The Constitution is a contract which really involves three parties. It is actually granted by the States with the

permission of the state Citizens, and it clearly limits the power of the United States government, while reserving and guaranteeing massive Rights for the state Citizens. Most important to remember is that only these three parties are included

in the Constitution. The jurisdiction that the States and United States have over the state Citizens arises only upon the breaking of one of the Constitutionally passed Common Laws (whether state or federal) under which a state Citizen grants Page 77 of 97.

jurisdiction in order that those laws might be enforced for the overall good of society. This system established by the founding fathers worked very well and virtually without incident until the time of the Civil War. At that time there was slavery in this country. Rights. Slaves were not considered Citizens, and they had no Lincoln

In short, these people were legally nothing more than property.

tried to free the slaves with the Emancipation Proclamation, but the supreme court ruled that effort to be unconstitutional, stating that you could not free another man's property. So, at the end of the Civil War, an incredible situation arose. The slaves

actually remained slaves. Thats right; in fact, they became something called ''bounty.'' Bounty is what a conquering nation seizes from a conquered nation. The slaves actually became the property of the U. S. government as result of its victory in the Civil War, in 1865. The United States, as their new owner, allowed the slaves to start acting like free men; but, in fact, they were not. They had no standing in the society, and abuses were common. Finally realizing the problem and

plight of the slaves, the United States government managed to pass the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1867, so slavery was forever ended in this country. Unfortunately, the former slaves woes were not, because simply freeing them did not create any new citizens. So in 1868, the United States passed the Fourteenth

Amendment in order to afford the former slaves adequate protection and privileges; Page 78 of 97.

therefore, a new type of citizenship was born that of a ''citizen of the United States,'' or, a citizen of the District of Columbia, as the two are synonymous under the authority of and pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment. Now ask yourself, Certainly not the

over whom did the United States government have jurisdiction?

state Citizens, unless they had committed a crime, with intent, under common-law jurisdiction; and then only to the extent that the particular crime was involved. The only people over whom the United States had jurisdiction were the former slaves and immigrants from other countries who sought citizenship after the Civil War, because no state Citizenship was available to those ''persons.'' The sovereign state Citizens were in no way affected by this new citizenship. The Supreme Court of the United States asserts: ''The rights of Citizens of the States, as such, are not under consideration in the fourteenth amendment. They stand as they did before

the adoption of the fourteenth amendment, and are fully guaranteed by other provisions.'' (see U. S. v Anthony) The following case law herein cited represents affirmation of these two classes of citizenry. Elk v Wilkins is a 14th-Amendment case;

the concept of which [as denoted by use of the term ''second-class citizen'' ] is true concerning all federal citizens. In other words, all federal citizens must be, by their

very definition, a person who is "completely subject" to the jurisdiction of the federal government [such as a citizen of the District of Columbia]. Virtually any legal Page 79 of 97.

concept stated by the courts concerning a 14th-Amendment citizen is operative upon all federal citizens. "The persons declared to be citizens are, 'All persons born

or naturalized in the United States [i.e. former slaves and immigrants] and subject to the jurisdiction thereof.' The evident meaning of these last words is not merely

subject in some respect or degree to the jurisdiction of the United States, but completely subject..." Elk v Wilkins, 112 U. S. 94, 101, 102 (1884); "The privileges and immunities clause of the 14th Amendment protects very few rights because it neither incorporates the Bill of Rights nor protects all rights of individual citizens. [See Slaughter House cases, 83 U. S. (16 Wall.) 36, 21 L. Ed. 394 (1873)] Instead, this provision protects only those rights peculiar to being a citizen of the federal government; it does not protect those rights which relate to state citizenship." Jones v Temmer, 839 F. Supp. 1226 " the first eight amendments have uniformly

been held not to be protected from state action by the privilege and immunities clause [of the 14th Amendment]." Hague v CIO, 307 U. S. 496, 520 Volume 20 of Corpus Juris Secundum at 1758: "The United States Government is a foreign

corporation with respect to a state." N.Y. v re Merriam, 36 N.E. 505, 141 N.Y. 479; affirmed 16 S. Ct. 1073; 41 L. Ed. 287. Case: 3-08 CR 089 N Petition and challenge to jurisdiction 3. "There are, then, under our republican form of government,

two classes of citizens; one of the United States and one of the state.'' Page 80 of 97.

Gardina v Board of Registrars of Jefferson County, 160 Ala. 155; 48 So. 788 (1909) "The governments of the United States and of each state of the several states are distinct from one another. The rights of a citizen under one may be quite

different from those which he has under the other.'' Colgate v Harvey, 296 U. S. 404; 56 S. Ct. 252 (1935) " rights of national citizenship as distinct from the

fundamental or natural rights inherent in state citizenship.'' Madden v Kentucky, 309 U. S. 83, 84 L. Ed. 590 (1940) "It is quite clear, then, that there is a

citizenship of the United States, and a citizenship of a state, which are distinct from each other and which depend upon different characteristics or circumstances in the individual.'' Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U. S. (16 Wall.) 36; 21 L. Ed. 394 (1873) "We have in our political system a government of the United States and Each one of these governments is

a government of each of the several States.

distinct from the others, and each has citizens of its own..." United States v Cruikshank, 92 U. S. 542 (1875) "There is a difference between privileges and

immunities belonging to the citizens of the United States as such, and those belonging to the citizens of each state as such.'' Ruhstrat v People, 57 N.E. 41. SAVING TO SUITORS CLAUSE: Affiant has no record nor evidence that Affiant has not included and fortified, within the Admiralty, the "Saving To Suitors Clause" in his document(s); ADMIT: Page 81 of 97.

Libellee(s) listed within said document(s) is/are required to admit to the truth and fact that law is established granting protection and surety to Affiant of all effects and qualities of the "Saving To Suitors Clause;" i.e., '' saving to suitors, in all cases the right of a common law remedy where the common law is competent to give it, and shall also have exclusive original cognizance [and culpability of the United States to protect rights and status] of all seizures on land'' First Judiciary Act; chapter 20, page 77. September 24, 1789. Therefore, be it known that this Affiant saving to himself all and all manner of advantage to the manifest uncertainties and insufficiencies in the Libellee(s) and Liable contained for the complaint thereto, insomuch thereof as is material and necessary to be answered, says that well and true it is, though Affiant is neutral and noncombatant; has never engaged in Interstate, Intrastate or International Commerce for profit and trade without payment of the assessment; has never intended to incur limited liability, or to become a joint tort-feasor, or participate as part of a "tontine scheme" of a voluntary joint mercantile, maritime, admiralty adventure for profit under a policy of limited liability for the payment of debts; and is an end consumer who exchanges sweat equity for goods consumed Affiant is wrongly presumed by the Respondent to be a franchisee / trustee / surety, et cetera, whose status / rights / freedom / property is now hypothecated under deception and tort as collateral for the "emergency" of the United States without Page 82 of 97.

Affiant's consent, nor that of Affiant's ancestors, and that a further "taking" would be a continuance of inequitable practices. Additionally, the "Doctrine of Necessity" expressly overrides any "Doctrine of Contribution" Affiant may have ever participated in as continuity for absolute survivor-ship, utilizing the only option available to Affiant as currency [money] in the public and private sector, therefore not intentionally volunteering, submitting, nor consenting to servitude, nor any " compelled benefits of privilege " that the Respondent may otherwise allege. Therefore, Affiant declares that he is not a franchisee, trustee, surety, employee, et cetera, of any governmental unit, agency nor trust.

TITLE 28, Sec. 1333 Admiralty, maritime and prize cases: The district courts shall have original jurisdiction, exclusive of the courts of the States, of (1) any civil case of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction, saving to suitors in all cases all other remedies to which they are otherwise entitled. Also, " the United States, ... within their respective districts, as well as upon the high seas; (a) saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a common law remedy, where the common law is competent to give it; and shall also have exclusive original cognizance of all seizures on land,..." The First Judiciary Act; September 24, 1789; Chapter 20, page 77. The Constitution for the United States of America, Revised and Annotated Analysis and Interpretation, 1982; Article III, Page 83 of 97.

 2, Cl. 1 Diversity of Citizenship, U. S. Government Printing Office, document 99-16, p. 741. These facts of history and law move or remand Affiant out of the Article-I forum into Article-III "admiralty and maritime jurisdiction." See Delovio v Boit and many subsequent cases Re: The Huntress, etc., showing revenue causes under the jurisdiction of the district courts of the United States in Article-III judiciary. Bringing into light the re-phrasing of Congress in the

codification of the 'saving to suitors' clause of 1789, i.e., in the amendment, Congress admits it cannot change the intent of the clause. The older reading adheres to two valuable points 1) This remedy is "common law" as of 1789 no blending equity (Bennett v Butterworth, 52 U S 669); and, 2) Courts of competent jurisdiction Modern usage of the [saving to suitors] clause, as well as earlier, apply diversity of citizenship to State citizenship (a dispute between two different State Citizens) and a State or United States citizen verses a foreign citizen. The States went bankrupt in 1933 by governor's convention, leaving men and women the state; the court of competent jurisdiction. ''Exclusive admiralty jurisdiction of federal courts under 28 USCS 1333 is limited to maritime causes of action begun and carried on in rem [enrichment without cause], while under "saving to suitors" clause of 1333, suitor who Page 84 of 97.

holds in personam claim that might be enforced by suit in personam under admiralty jurisdiction of federal courts may also bring suit, at his election, in state court or on "common law" side of federal court. Lavergne v Western Co.

of North America, Inc. (La) 371 So 2d 807 (superseded on other grounds by statute as stated in Cramer v Association Life Ins. Co. (La App 1st Cir) 1990 La App LEXIS 1937).'' 2 Am Jur 2d ADMIRALTY 122. Since the Enrollment

Act of March 3, 1863, the United States has been overlaid on to the States and divided the United States into military districts, with a Provost Marshall over each district under the Department of War. This Act forms the basis of our Military Selective Service Act of June 24, 1948, c. 625, 62 Stat. 604 and is codified to title 50, sections 451-473. The military was placed under admiralty jurisdiction by the law of prize and capture under "An Act to facilitate Judicial Proceedings in Adjudications upon Captured Property, and for the better Administration of the Law of Prize.'' This law forms the current basis of title 10, sections 7651-7681 of the Military Code of Justice. This law was passed March 25, 1862, under the Insurrection & Rebellion Acts of August 6, 1861 and July 17, 1862. In 1938 a change was made from the English Common Law to

the Federal Common Law under the Erie v Tompkins decision, which is the impetus for The Clearfield Doctrine under Clearfield Trust Co. v U.S., 318 U. S. 363 (1943) and the United States v Kimbell Foods, 440 U. S. 715 (1999), where Page 85 of 97.

they adopted the U.C.C. Rules in formulating Federal Common Law. This is because Maritime Commercial Transactions under the U.C.C. are indicative of the Federal Common Law of Admiralty (see INTERPOOL LTD v CHAR YIGH, 890 F. 2D PG. 1453) [1989]. Then in 1966, Equity, Civil and Admiralty was merged under one rule; under the F.R.C.P. this is all laid out in volume 324, pg. 325 of the F.R.D. [Federal Rules Decisions]; this means that common law is under admiralty. This is why title 28 1333 gave the district courts of the United States original jurisdiction exclusive of the States for all cases of admiralty maritime jurisdiction under the saving to suitors clause; thereby Common Law is vested in the District Courts of the United States, and is accessed by way of the Saving to Suitors Clause. Article III Section II gives the district courts of the United States judicial power in all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. This is the only side of the court that has Article-III judicial powers under the War Powers Act of Admiralty. This is the reason one cannot ordinarily find a common-law remedy in state court. The following laws provide remedy under the common law within the admiralty: 1. The suits in Admiralty Act 46 U.S.C.A. Appendix sections 741-752. 2. The Admiralty Extension Act 46 U.S.C.A. Section 740. 3. The Bills of Lading Act title 49 U.S.C.A. Chapter 147 section 14706. 4. The Public Vessels Act 46 U.S.C.A. Appendix sections 781-790. 5. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act title 28 sections 1602-1611. Page 86 of 97.

6. The Special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States title 18 section 7 (1) a citizen of the United States is a vessel. (3) Any lands reserved or acquired for the use of the United States, irrespective of ownership (A), the premises of the United States diplomatic, consular, military. . . and land appurtenant or ancillary thereto (B), residences in foreign States and the land appurtenant or ancillary thereto irrespective of ownership. 7. The False Claims Act of title 31 U.S.C.A. section 3729 (a) (7). 8. The Lanham Act of title 15 section 1125 (a). 9. The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of title 39 sections 1-908 & 3621-3691. 10. The Admiralty, maritime and Prize cases title 28 section 1333 (1) (2). 11. Title 50 Appendix section 7 (c) sole relief & remedy under the trading with the enemy act & (e) No person shall be held liable in any court for or in respect to anything done or omitted in pursuance of any order, rule, or regulation made by the president under the authority of this act. Title 28 USC Sec. 1333 Admiralty, maritime and prize cases states in part: The district courts shall have original jurisdiction, exclusive of the courts of the states, of (1) any civil case of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction, saving to suitors in all cases all other remedies to which they are otherwise entitled. The Federal Statutes Annotated, Vol. 9 on page 88 states: '' saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a common law remedy, where the common law is competent to give it.'' Hone Ins. Co. v North Packet Co., 31 Iowa 242 (1871). Page 87 of 97.

Supplementary to general principles of law applicable, unless displaced by particular provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating cause, shall supplement its provisions. A suitor therefore has the right to be tried at common law, even though the case comes under a maritime jurisdiction. One need only make the

demand in his briefs to the court; i.e., in the space to the right of the center of the first page, opposite the caption of the case, there shall be placed (1) the case number, and (2) the nature of the action; such as admiralty, antitrust, contract, eminent domain, fraud, negligence, patent, securities, etc. The jurisdiction of the case must be identified before the case can proceed. If the judge takes judicial

notice of the nature of the case without communication to the parties, how can said parties know in what terms they are to couch such case? Affiant also exercises demand that any original contract (not a copy) that is being used against him be brought forward. A court at law requires the original contract be entered as evidence. there is no case. Under the Erie doctrine Where there is no contract,

Page 88 of 97.

The Bankruptcy of The United States: United States Congressional Record, March 17, 1993 Vol. 33, page H-1303. Speaker-Rep. James Traficant, Jr. (Ohio) addressing the House: Mr. Speaker, we are here now in chapter 11. Members of Congress are official

trustees presiding over the greatest reorganization of any Bankrupt entity in world history; the U. S. Government. We are setting forth hopefully, a blueprint for our future. There are some who say it is a coroners report that will lead to our demise. It is an established fact that the United States Federal Government has been dissolved by the Emergency Banking Act, March 9, 1933, 48 Stat. 1, Public Law 89-719; declared by President Roosevelt, being bankrupt and insolvent. H.J.R.

192, 73rd Congress [in] session June 5, 1933 - Joint Resolution To Suspend The Gold Standard and Abrogate The Gold Clause dissolved the Sovereign Authority of the United States and the official capacities of all United States Governmental Offices, Officers, and Departments and is further evidence that the United States Federal Government exists today in name only. The receivers of the United States Bankruptcy are the International Bankers, via the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. All United States Offices, Officials, and Departments are now operating within a de facto status in name only under Emergency War Powers. With the Constitutional Republican form of Government now dissolved, the receivers of Page 89 of 97.

the Bankruptcy have adopted a new form of government for the United States. This new form of government is known as a Democracy, being an established Socialist / Communist order under a new governor for America. This act was instituted and established by transferring and / or placing the Office of the Secretary of Treasury to that of the Governor of the International Monetary Fund. Public Law 94-564, page 8, Section H. R. 13955 reads in part:

The U. S. Secretary of Treasury receives no compensation for representing the United States. Gold and silver were such a powerful money during the founding of the united states of America, that the founding fathers declared that only gold or silver coins can be money in America. Since gold and silver coinage were heavy

and inconvenient for a lot of transactions, they were stored in banks and a claim check was issued as a money substitute. or currency. People traded their coupons as money, Redeemable

Currency is not money, but a money substitute.

currency must promise to pay a dollar equivalent in gold or silver money. Federal Reserve Notes make no such promises, and are not money. A Federal Reserve Note is a debt obligation of the federal United States government, not money. The federal United States government and the U. S. Congress were not and have never been authorized by the Constitution for the united states of America to issue currency of any kind, but only lawful money gold and silver coin. Page 90 of 97.

It is essential that we comprehend the distinction between real money and paper money substitute. One cannot get rich by accumulating money substitutes, one

can only get deeper into debt. We the People no longer have any money. Most Americans have not been paid any money for a very long time, perhaps not in their entire life. Now do you comprehend why you feel broke? Now,

do you understand why you are bankrupt, along with the rest of the country? Federal Reserve Notes are unsigned checks written on a closed account. Federal Reserve Notes are an inflatable paper system designed to create debt through inflation (devaluation of currency). Whenever there is an increase of the supply of a money substitute in the economy without a corresponding increase in the gold and silver backing, inflation occurs. Inflation is an invisible form of taxation that irresponsible governments inflict on their citizens. The Federal Reserve Bank who controls the supply and movement of Federal Reserve Notes has everybody fooled. They have access to an unlimited supply of Federal Reserve Notes, paying only for the printing costs of what they need. Federal Reserve Notes are nothing more than promissory

notes for U. S. Treasury securities (T-Bills) a promise to pay the debt to the Federal Reserve Bank. There is a fundamental difference between paying and discharging a debt. To pay a debt, you must pay with value or substance (i.e. gold, silver, barter or Page 91 of 97.

a commodity). With Federal Reserve Notes, you can only discharge a debt. You cannot pay a debt with a debt currency system. You cannot service a debt with a currency that has no backing in value or substance. No contract in

Common Law is valid unless it involves an exchange of good & valuable consideration. Unpayable debt transfers power and control to the sovereign

power structure that has no interest in money, law, equity or justice because they have so much wealth already. Their lust is for power and control. Since the

inception of central banking, they have controlled the fates of nations. The Federal Reserve System is based on the Canon Law and the principles of sovereignty protected in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. In fact, the

international bankers used a Canon Law Trust as their model, adding stock and naming it a Joint Stock Trust. The U. S. Congress had passed a law making it illegal for any legal person to duplicate a Joint Stock Trust in 1873. The Federal Reserve Act was legislated post-facto (to 1870), although post-facto laws are strictly forbidden by the Constitution. [1:9:3] The Federal Reserve System is a sovereign power structure separate and distinct from the federal United States government. The Federal Reserve is a maritime lender, and / or maritime insurance underwriter to the federal United States operating exclusively under Admiralty / Maritime Law. The lender or underwriter bears the risks, and the Maritime Law compelling specific performance in paying the interest, or premiums are the same. Page 92 of 97.

Assets of the debtor can also be hypothecated (to pledge something as a security without taking possession of it) as security by the lender or underwriter. The Federal Reserve Act stipulated that the interest on the debt was to be paid in gold. There was no stipulation in the Federal Reserve Act for ever paying the principle. Prior to 1913, most Americans owned clear, allodial title to property, free and clear of any liens or mortgages until the Federal Reserve Act (1913) Hypothecated all property within the federal United States to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve in which the Trustees (stockholders) held legal title. The U. S. citizen (tenant, franchisee) was registered as a beneficiary of the trust via his / her birth certificate. In 1933, the federal United States

hypothecated all of the present and future properties, assets and labor of their subjects the 14th-Amendment U. S. citizen to the Federal Reserve System. In return, the Federal Reserve System agreed to extend the federal United States corporation all the credit money substitute it needed. Like any other debtor,

the federal United States government had to assign collateral and security to their creditors as a condition of the loan. Since the federal United States didnt have

any assets, they assigned the private property of their economic slaves, the U. S. citizens, as collateral against the unpayable federal debt. They also pledged the unincorporated federal territories, national parks, forests, birth certificates, and nonprofit organizations, as collateral against the federal debt. Page 93 of 97.

All has already been transferred as payment to the international bankers. Unwittingly, America has returned to its pre-American Revolution, feudal roots, whereby all land is held by a sovereign and the common people had no rights to hold allodial title to property. Once again, We the People are the tenants and

sharecroppers renting our own property from a Sovereign in the guise of the Federal Reserve Bank. We the People have exchanged one master for another. This has been going on for over eighty years without the informed knowledge of the American People; without a voice protesting loud enough. Now its easy

to grasp why America is fundamentally bankrupt. Why dont more people own their properties outright? Why are 90% of Americans mortgaged to the hilt and have little or no assets after all debts and liabilities have been paid? Why does it feel like you are working harder and harder and getting less and less? We are reaping what has been sown, and the results of our harvest is a painful bankruptcy, and a foreclosure on American property, precious liberties, and a way of life. Few of our elected representatives in Washington, D. C. have dared to Our children will inherit

tell the truth. The federal United States is bankrupt.

this unpayable debt, and the tyranny to enforce paying it. America has become completely bankrupt in world leadership, financial credit, and its reputation for courage, vision, and human rights. This is an undeclared economic war, bankruptcy, and economic slavery of the most corrupt order! Wake up America! Take back your Country. Page 94 of 97.

INDEX:
Acceptance racket costing the American people, 90 billions yearly American Government made responsible to pay debts of one foreigner to another Anti-hoarding campaign Asset currency forced on the U.S. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. asks for loan Bankers' acceptance racket Banks gambling $13 billions of the people's money & credit yearly Bankers hate pensioners Bank holiday declared by Roosevelt Bankruptcy of the U.S. Britain now financial mistress of the world British shielding the Fed British shielding robbery Children the new slaves Colonel Mandel House betrays America Company stores Concealing crimes and criminals Country ravaged and laid wasted Criminals and their crimes Criminal offense against the Government Deceivers are traitors Dynamite for Japan at America's expense Evading tax on circulation European origin of the Fed Federal Reserve corrupt not government institution twelve branches currency unsound has usurped the government conspires to take away peoples title to war debts debts transferred to the people by Roosevelt pool of American confiscated bank deposits Forcing small banks to buy stock Foreign and domestic swindlers Faithless government officials Fiat money and Mr. Mills of the Treasury Financing beans for Japan distilleries in Europe German brewers Financial pirates Financed Trotsky in promoting Russian Revolution Finding the securities put-up for Fed loans

Page 95 of 97.

Five-cent meals for the people Gambling counter have no legal standing German exports to South America paid for by U.S. before shipment Granting gift of $7 millions to every member of the Federal Reserve yearly Greatest crime in history Great depression brought on by evil practices of the Fed Great Britain, partner in blackmail Great haul for the International Bankers Gold standard abandoned by Britain Government in the banking business as never before Government liable for debts of individuals and corporations in foreign lands responsible for Federal Reserve notes issued by the Fed the backer of bootleggers, smugglers, speculators and swindlers in all parts of the world Highly dangerous powers of the Federal Reserve law Horrors of the dishonest Fed Hypocrisy of the embargo on the shipment of gold Immense gold loans to Great Britain Impractical, cumbersome machinery of the Fed International Bankers, enemies of the people they rob International propagandists Internationalists spend half million dollars to get the Federal Reserve law through Congress Ivar Krueger, match king Killing our favorable trade balance King's bank, a worm-eaten fraudulent institution Kuhn, Loeb and Co. take over the U.S. Treasury send a partner to run the Fed Money for Scotch distillers of Fed the money of slaves-not free men Nature of the Ivar Krueger Swindle Oakland County, Michigan, has bankrupt sale of 71,000 homes and farms Our gold sent to Germany Old struggle of Jackson's time One law for bankers-another for Veterans Paying bootleggers' bills Paying no income taxes Peddling our government's credit People's gold wrongfully and illegally taken People's right to know Predatory interests of the centuries President Hoover's friend (Ivar Krueger) President Jackson's battle with the bankers Promoted separate peace between Germany and Russia, World War I Public credit of the U.S. used all over the world at our risk Raising money for Kuhn, Loeb and Co. Ramsey MacDonald, labor party deserter

Page 96 of 97.

Redeeming bad debts of the Fed Re-discounting Repeal the Fed Resolution for audit of the Fed Return to the Constitution Roosevelt casts his lot with the usurers and money changers destroyed the value of the American dollar dictatorship prepares to destroy the Constitution reduces the pay of Federal employees released bankers from debts and charge the people instead servant of International bankers his two kinds of laws will not permit the Congress to investigate the condition of the Fed Shortage of actual money Senator Aldrich's bill used in the Federal Reserve law Carter Glass gets his name on the bill Lodge of Massachusetts opposes the bill Root denounces the Fed Spurious securities for good U.S. funds State boundaries should be respected in connection with State funds Throwing Veterans off B.& O. freight cars Traitorous and dishonest officials Trotsky breaks up Russian homes with American funds Twelve private money trusts Two-named paper wrecked every country where tried U.S. being ransacked and pillaged Unlawful usurpation of power by Roosevelt, in bank holiday, March 5, 1933 Wealth of U.S. exported to foreign countries with all profit to the Fed We need to destroy the Fed, Wilson administration establishes the worm-eaten King's bank World enslavement planned World riff-raff operating on the public credit of the U.S.

Revised July 4th, 2012.

Links:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNNeVu8wUak http://www.scribd.com/doc/117889062/Petition-for-Declaratory-Judgment-Template

http://www.scribd.com/doc/99553599/The-Greatest-Story-Never-Told-2013

Page 97 of 97.