Steel Code Check Theory Enu

Theory
Steel Code Check

Information in this document is subject to change without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose,
without the express written permission of the publisher.
SCIA Software is not responsible for direct or indirect damage as a result of imperfections in the documentation
and/or software.
Copyright 2008 SCIA Group. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EC 3 ENV 1993.............................................................................................................2
EC3 code check ...................................................................................................................................................2
Material properties...........................................................................................................................................2
Consulted articles............................................................................................................................................3
Classification of sections ..........................................................................................................................4
Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section ...................................................................5
Section properties.....................................................................................................................................5
Bending moment.......................................................................................................................................5
Bending, shear and axial force.................................................................................................................5
Torsion check............................................................................................................................................5
Built-in beams ...........................................................................................................................................6
Compression members ............................................................................................................................6
Lateral-torsional buckling .........................................................................................................................6
Use of diaphragms....................................................................................................................................6
Shear buckling check ...............................................................................................................................7
Shear buckling check for cold formed sections .......................................................................................7
Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling......................................................8
Bending and axial compression .............................................................................................................11
Battened compression members ...........................................................................................................11
EC3 - Fire Resistance........................................................................................................................................12
Fire actions effect Efi .....................................................................................................................................12
Material properties.........................................................................................................................................13
Temperature analysis - Thermal actions ......................................................................................................13
Nominal temperature-time curve ..................................................................................................................13
Net heat flux...................................................................................................................................................14
Steel Temperature.........................................................................................................................................15
Calculation model ..........................................................................................................................................16
Code Check...................................................................................................................................................16
Supported sections ...........................................................................................................................................17
References..........................................................................................................................................................18
EC 3 EN 1993............................................................................................................. 20
EC3 code check .................................................................................................................................................20
Consulted articles..........................................................................................................................................22
Classification of sections ........................................................................................................................23
Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section .................................................................24
Section properties...................................................................................................................................24
Torsion check..........................................................................................................................................24
Built-in beams .........................................................................................................................................24
Compression members ..........................................................................................................................24
Lateral-torsional buckling .......................................................................................................................24
Use of diaphragms..................................................................................................................................25
Combined bending and axial compression............................................................................................25
Shear buckling check .............................................................................................................................26
EC3 EN Fire Resistance.................................................................................................................................26

Fire actions effect Efi .....................................................................................................................................26
Temperature analysis - Thermal actions ......................................................................................................27
Nominal temperature-time curve............................................................................................................27
Net heat flux............................................................................................................................................28
Code Check...................................................................................................................................................31
References..........................................................................................................................................................32
DIN18800....................................................................................................................... 34
DIN18800 Code check .......................................................................................................................................34
Net area properties .................................................................................................................................37
Plastic interaction formula for RHS section ...........................................................................................38
Plastic interaction formula for CHS section ...........................................................................................40
Torsion check..........................................................................................................................................42
Built-in beams .........................................................................................................................................42
Calculation of the buckling length ..........................................................................................................42
Torsional buckling...................................................................................................................................42
LTB Check ..............................................................................................................................................44
Combined flexion for check method 2....................................................................................................48
Effective area properties.........................................................................................................................49
Shear buckling check with buckling influence .......................................................................................50
Cold formed thin gauge members ................................................................................................................50
References..........................................................................................................................................................52
ONORM B 4300............................................................................................................. 54
ONORM B 4300 Code check.............................................................................................................................54
References..........................................................................................................................................................56
NEN............................................................................................................................... 58
NEN6770/6771 Code check...............................................................................................................................58
Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section .................................................................62
Torsion check..........................................................................................................................................62
Built-in beams .........................................................................................................................................62
Buckling length........................................................................................................................................62

Shear buckling check with buckling influence .......................................................................................65
NEN6072 - Fire Resistance ...............................................................................................................................65
Fire actions effect ..........................................................................................................................................66
Nominal temperature-time curve ..................................................................................................................67
Code Check...................................................................................................................................................70
References..........................................................................................................................................................72
AISC ASD : 1989........................................................................................................ 73
AISC - ASD Code check ....................................................................................................................................73
Classification of sections...............................................................................................................................75
Section properties .........................................................................................................................................75
Buckling length ..............................................................................................................................................75
Flexural Torsional Buckling...........................................................................................................................75
Lateral-torsional buckling ..............................................................................................................................75
Shear buckling check ....................................................................................................................................76
References..........................................................................................................................................................77
AISC LRFD : 2001...................................................................................................... 79
AISC - LRFD Code check ..................................................................................................................................79
Buckling length ..............................................................................................................................................81
Use of diaphragms ........................................................................................................................................82
References..........................................................................................................................................................83
ANSI/AISC 360-05:2005................................................................................................ 84
ANSI/AISC 360-05 Code check.........................................................................................................................84
Buckling length ..............................................................................................................................................86
Use of diaphragms ........................................................................................................................................86
References..........................................................................................................................................................87
CM66............................................................................................................................. 88
CM66 Code check ..............................................................................................................................................88
Plastic coefficient ....................................................................................................................................90
Factor kf ..................................................................................................................................................90
LTB Check ..............................................................................................................................................90

Combined flexion ....................................................................................................................................90
References..........................................................................................................................................................91
CM66 - Additif 80.......................................................................................................... 93
CM66 - Additif 80 Code check..........................................................................................................................93
Section check..........................................................................................................................................94
References..........................................................................................................................................................95
BS5950-1:1990.............................................................................................................. 96
BS5950-1:1990 Code Check .............................................................................................................................96
Slender cross-section .............................................................................................................................99
Bending moment.....................................................................................................................................99
Bending, shear, axial force.....................................................................................................................99
Lateral torsional buckling..................................................................................................................... 100
Use of diaphragms............................................................................................................................... 101
Compression member ......................................................................................................................... 101
Shear buckling check .......................................................................................................................... 101
Supported sections ........................................................................................................................................ 101
References....................................................................................................................................................... 102
BS5950-1:2000............................................................................................................ 103
BS5950-1:2000 Code Check .......................................................................................................................... 103
Material properties...................................................................................................................................... 103
Governing code clauses............................................................................................................................ 104
Classification of sections ..................................................................................................................... 106
Slender cross-sections ........................................................................................................................ 106
Section properties................................................................................................................................ 106
Moment capacity.................................................................................................................................. 106
Bending, shear, axial force/capacity interaction ................................................................................. 106
Lateral torsional buckling due to major axis moments ....................................................................... 107
Torsional buckling about an eccentric axis (Annex G) ....................................................................... 107
Lateral buckling due axial compression.............................................................................................. 107
Combined axial and bending buckling unity check/utilisation ............................................................ 107
Torsion effects ..................................................................................................................................... 108
SIA263......................................................................................................................... 109
SIA263 Code check......................................................................................................................................... 109
Consulted articles....................................................................................................................................... 109
Section classification ........................................................................................................................... 110
Slender cross-section .......................................................................................................................... 111

Sections properties .............................................................................................................................. 111
Shear buckling ..................................................................................................................................... 111
Stability check...................................................................................................................................... 112
Torsion check....................................................................................................................................... 112
Built-in beams ...................................................................................................................................... 112
SIA263 - Fire Resistance................................................................................................................................ 112
Fire actions effect Efi .................................................................................................................................. 112
Temperature analysis - Thermal actions ................................................................................................... 113
Nominal temperature-time curve ............................................................................................................... 113
Net heat flux................................................................................................................................................ 113
Steel Temperature...................................................................................................................................... 113
Calculation model ....................................................................................................................................... 114
Code Check................................................................................................................................................ 115
References....................................................................................................................................................... 116
GBJ 17-88 ................................................................................................................... 117
The GBJ 17-88 code check............................................................................................................................ 117
Buckling curves.................................................................................................................................... 119
Buckling length..................................................................................................................................... 120
Local stability of compressed members.............................................................................................. 120
References....................................................................................................................................................... 121
Korean steel code check ........................................................................................... 122
The Korean steel code check........................................................................................................................ 122
Section classification ........................................................................................................................... 123
Buckling length..................................................................................................................................... 124
Combined stresses .............................................................................................................................. 125
References....................................................................................................................................................... 127
BSK 99........................................................................................................................ 128
BSK 99 Code check ........................................................................................................................................ 128
Effective cross-section properties for class 3 cross-section .............................................................. 131
Section check....................................................................................................................................... 131
Compression members ....................................................................................................................... 131

Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling................................................. 132
Lateral-torsional buckling .................................................................................................................... 133
Shear force ( shear buckling) .............................................................................................................. 134
References....................................................................................................................................................... 136
IS 800.......................................................................................................................... 137
IS:800 Code check .......................................................................................................................................... 137
Section check....................................................................................................................................... 139
Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling................................................. 139
References....................................................................................................................................................... 142
EAE code check......................................................................................................... 143
Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section .............................................................. 146
Torsion check....................................................................................................................................... 147
Built-in beams ...................................................................................................................................... 147
Combined bending and axial compression......................................................................................... 148
References....................................................................................................................................................... 149
Calculation of buckling ratio...................................................................................... 151
Introduction to the calculation of buckling ratio........................................................................................ 151
Calculation buckling ratio general formula.............................................................................................. 151
Calculation buckling ratios for crossing diagonals................................................................................... 153
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous tension diagonal ...................................... 154
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned tension diagonal ............................................. 155
Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous tension diagonal ............................................. 156
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous compression diagonal ............................. 157
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned compression diagonal .................................... 158
Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous compression diagonal .................................... 159
Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements .............................................................................. 159
Definitions ................................................................................................................................................... 159
Calculation of the critical Euler force ......................................................................................................... 159
Calculation buckling ratio for lattice tower members................................................................................ 162
Leg with symmetrical bracing..................................................................................................................... 163
Leg with intermediate transverse support ................................................................................................. 163

Leg with staggered bracing........................................................................................................................ 164
Single Bracing ............................................................................................................................................ 164
Single Bracing with SBS (Secondary Bracing System) ............................................................................ 165
Cross bracing ............................................................................................................................................. 165
Cross bracing with SBS ............................................................................................................................. 167
K Bracing .................................................................................................................................................... 167
Horizontal Bracing ...................................................................................................................................... 168
Horizontal Bracing with SBS...................................................................................................................... 168
Discontinuous Cross bracing with horizontal member .............................................................................. 170
References....................................................................................................................................................... 170
Calculation of moment factors for LTB..................................................................... 172
Introduction to the calculation of moment factors .................................................................................... 172
Calculation moment factors .......................................................................................................................... 172
Moment distribution generated by q load .................................................................................................. 172
Moment distribution generated by F load .................................................................................................. 174
Moment line with maximum at the start or at the end of the beam........................................................... 175
References....................................................................................................................................................... 175
LTBII: Lateral Torsional Buckling 2nd Order Analysis............................................. 176
Introduction to LTBII ...................................................................................................................................... 176
Eigenvalue solution Mcr ................................................................................................................................ 176
2
nd
Order analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 177
Supported National Codes ............................................................................................................................ 178
Supported Sections........................................................................................................................................ 179
Loadings .......................................................................................................................................................... 181
Imperfections................................................................................................................................................... 181
Initial bow imperfection v0 for DIN and ONORM....................................................................................... 182
Initial bow imperfection v0 for EC-EN and EAE ........................................................................................ 182
Initial bow imperfections v0 and w0 for other supported codes................................................................ 183
LTB Restraints................................................................................................................................................. 184
Diaphragms ..................................................................................................................................................... 185
Linked Beams.................................................................................................................................................. 186
Limitations and Warnings.............................................................................................................................. 186
References....................................................................................................................................................... 187
Profile conditions for code check ............................................................................. 189
Introduction to profile characteristics ......................................................................................................... 189
Data for general section stability check ...................................................................................................... 189
I section....................................................................................................................................................... 190
RHS............................................................................................................................................................. 190
CHS............................................................................................................................................................. 191
Angle section .............................................................................................................................................. 192
Channel section.......................................................................................................................................... 193
T section ..................................................................................................................................................... 194
Full rectangular section .............................................................................................................................. 195
Full circular section..................................................................................................................................... 196
Asymmetric I section .................................................................................................................................. 197
Z section ..................................................................................................................................................... 198
General cold formed section...................................................................................................................... 199
Cold formed angle section ......................................................................................................................... 202

Cold formed channel section ..................................................................................................................... 203
Cold formed Z section ................................................................................................................................ 204
Cold formed C section................................................................................................................................ 204
Cold formed Omega section ...................................................................................................................... 205
Rail type KA................................................................................................................................................ 206
Rail type KF................................................................................................................................................ 207
Rail type KQ................................................................................................................................................ 209
Warping check............................................................................................................ 210
Stress check.................................................................................................................................................... 210
Calculation of the direct stress due to warping ......................................................................................... 211
I sections..................................................................................................................................................... 211
U sections ................................................................................................................................................... 212
sections....................................................................................................................................................... 212
Calculation of the shear stress due to warping.......................................................................................... 213
I sections..................................................................................................................................................... 213
U sections, E sections ............................................................................................................................... 214
Plastic Check................................................................................................................................................... 215
Standard diagrams for warping torque, bimoment and the St.Venant torsion...................................... 219
Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, local torsional loading Mt ............................................................ 219
Torsion fixed ends, warping fixed ends, local torsional loading Mt .......................................................... 221
Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, distributed torsional loading mt .................................................. 223
Torsion fixed ends, warping fixed ends, distributed torsional loading mt ................................................. 224
One end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, local torsional loading Mt ........................................ 225
One end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, distributed torsional loading mt............................... 226
Decomposition of arbitrary torsion line....................................................................................................... 227
Decomposition for situation 1 and situation 3 ........................................................................................... 227
Decomposition for situation 2..................................................................................................................... 228
References....................................................................................................................................................... 228
Check of numerical sections..................................................................................... 230
Stress check.................................................................................................................................................... 230
Use of diaphragms..................................................................................................... 231
Adaptation of torsional constant .................................................................................................................. 231
References....................................................................................................................................................... 232
Section check for built-in beams (IFB, SFB, THQ sections)..................................... 234
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 234
Reduction of plastic moment capacity due to plate bending................................................................... 234
Plastic interaction formula for single bending and shear force............................................................... 236
Plastic check for plate in bending................................................................................................................ 237
Stress check for slim floor beams................................................................................................................ 238
Normal stress check................................................................................................................................... 238
Shear stress check in plate........................................................................................................................ 239
Torsion check due to unbalanced loading................................................................................................. 239
References....................................................................................................................................................... 241
Effective cross-section properties for lattice tower angle members....................... 242
Effective cross-section properties for compressed lattice tower angle members................................ 242
References....................................................................................................................................................... 243

SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
SCIA
1
SCIA
2
EC 3 ENV 1993
EC3 code check
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in
Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the yield strength fy and tensile strength fu are defined according to the thickness of
the element (see Ref. |1|, art.3.2.2.1.)
(fy, fu in N/mm, t in mm)
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100 100<t<=250 100<t<=250
fy fu fy fu fy fy
S235
S 235
235 360 215 340 175 320
S275
S 275
275 430 255 410 205 380
S355
S 355
355 510 335 490 275 450
S420
S 420
420 520 390 520
S460
S 460
460 550 430 550
Remark : For cold formed section, the values for fy and fu are not influenced by the previous table
Remark : For cold formed sections, the average yield strength fya can be used (by setting the proper data flag in
the Cross Section input dialog).
The average yield strength is determined as follows :
( ) ( )
yb u yb u
g
yb ya
f 2 . 1 , f min f f
A
knt
f f s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
with fyb the tensile yield strength = fy
SCIA
3
fu the tensile ultimate strength
t the material thickness
Ag the gross cross-sectional area
k is a coefficient depending on the type of forming :
k = 0.7 for cold rolling
k = 0.5 for other methods of forming
n the number of 90 bends in the section
Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to Table 5.3.1. (class 1,2,3 or 4). The section is checked for tension (art.
5.4.3.), compression (art. 5.4.4.), shear (art. 5.4.6.) and the combination of bending, shear and axial force (art.
5.4.9.).
For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to art.5.5.. The following criteria are considered :
- for compression : art. 5.5.1.
- for lateral torsional buckling : art. 5.5.2.
- for bending and axial compression : art. 5.5.4.
The shear buckling resistance is checked using the simple post-critical method from art. 5.6.3.
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for part 5.3., 5.4., 5.5. and 5.6. in the following table. The
chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation the
following chapters.
5.3. Classification of cross sections
5.3.1. Basis x
5.3.2. Classification x
5.3.3. Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
5.3.4. Cross-section requirements when elastic global analysis is used
5.3.5. Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section x (*)
5.3.6. Effects of transverse forces on webs
5.4. Resistance of cross-sections
5.4.1. General x
5.4.2. Section properties (*)
5.4.3. Tension x
5.4.4. Compression x
5.4.5. Bending moment x (*)
SCIA
4
5.4.6. Shear x
5.4.7. Bending and shear x
5.4.8. Bending and axial force x
5.4.9. Bending, shear and axial force x (*)
5.4.10. Transverse forces on webs
5.5. Buckling resistance of members
5.5.1. Compression members x (*)
5.5.2. Lateral-torsional buckling x (*)
5.5.3. Bending and axial tension
5.5.4. Bending and axial compression x (*)
5.6. Shear buckling resistance
5.6.1. Basis x
5.6.2. Design methods
5.6.3. Simple post-critical method x
5.6.4. Tension field method
5.6.5. Intermediate transverse stiffeners
5.6.6. Welds
5.6.7. Interaction between shear force, bending moment and axial force x
5.9. Built-up compression members
5.9.3. Battened compression members
5.9.3.1. Application x(*)
5.9.3.2. Constructional details
5.9.3.3. Second moment of inertia x
5.9.3.4. Chord forces ar mid-length x
5.9.3.5. Buckling resistance of chords x
5.9.3.6. Moments and shear due to battening x
Classification of sections
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section check is performed. The
classification can change for each intermediary point.
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is used to perform the
stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for each load case/combination.
However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section classification is determined for each intermediary
section.
SCIA
5
Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section
The calculation of the effective area is performed with the direct method (sigma_d = fy,k).
For each intermediary section, the classification (and if necessary, the effective area ) is determined and the
proper section check is performed. The classification (and effective area) can change for each intermediary
point. The most critical check is displayed on the screen.
For each load case and combination, the most critical effective area properties are saved :
Aeff is the effective area of the cross section when subject to uniform compression. Weff is the effective section
modulus of the cross-section when subject only to moment about the relevant axis. eN is the shift of the relevant
centroidal axis when the cross section is subject to uniform compression.
With these critical properties, the stability check is performed.
For non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each intermediary section, also for
the stability check.
For angle sections, see chapter 'Effective cross-section properties for compressed lattice tower angle members'.
Section properties
5.4.2.2 : The net area properties are only taken into account in the Tension Check in case of lattice tower angle
sections with bolted diagonal connections if the LTA functionality has been activated. For more information,
reference is made to the Theoretical Background Bolted Diagonal Connections. In all other cases the net area
properties are not taken into account.
5.4.2.3 : The shear lag effects are neglected .
Bending moment
5.4.5.3 : The holes for fasteners are neglected.
Bending, shear and axial force
The reduced design plastic resistance moment for the interaction of bending, shear and axial force, is taken from
Table 5.17. Ref. |2|
Torsion check
For the cross section check inclusive torsion and warping, we refer to Chapter 'Warping check'.
SCIA
6
Built-in beams
For built-in beam sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are performed, taking into account
the local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for built-in beams (IFB, SFB, THQ sections)
Compression members
5.5.1.5 For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling ratio"
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler force for this member (see
chapter Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).
The buckling curves for steel grade S420 and S460 are taken from Ref.[5], Annex D.
Lateral-torsional buckling
For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular
Hollow Section) sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by the general formula F.2. Annex F
Ref. |1|. For the calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for
LTB".
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by
z
2
t
z
2
z
2
EI
LGI
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
with E the modulus of elasticity
G the shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral restraint (= lLTB)
Iw the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis
See also Ref. |3|, part 7 and in particular part 7.7. for channel sections.
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail,
I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
For advanced Lateral-torsional buckling analysis, see chapter LTBII: Lateral Torsional Buckling 2nd Order
Analysis.
Use of diaphragms
SCIA
7
See Chapter 'Adaptation of torsional constant'.
Shear buckling check
Composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are considered as
equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Shear buckling check for cold formed sections
See Ref.[4] 5.8 :
The shear resistance of the web Vw,Rd shall be taken as the lesser of the shear buckling resistance Vb,Rd and the
plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd.
The shear resistance of the web should be checked if:
E
f
t
s
346 . 0
f
f
83 . 0
yb
w
w
_
1 M
0 M
y
yb
w
_
=
s
The shear buckling resistance Vb,Rd is given by
1 M
bv w
Rd , b
f t s
V

=
The plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd is given by
3
f t s
V
0 M
y w
Rd , pl

=
with
w
the relative web slenderness
fyb the basic yield strength
fy the average yield strength
sw the web length
t the web thickness
E the modulus of elasticity
fbv the shear buckling strength
SCIA
8
M0
the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections where failure is caused
by yielding (=1.1)
M1
the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections where failure is caused
by buckling (=1.1)
The value for fbv is given by :
w
_
fbv
<
1.
4
0
f
48 . 0
>
1.
4
0
f
67 . 0
w
_
yb
Remarks :
For an arbitrary composed section, the total Vb,Rd and Vpl,Rd is taken as the sum of resistance of each web,
where the angle u (teta) is larger than 45 (see figure)
The basic yield strength is taken equal to the average yield strength.
Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling
See Ref.[4] 6.2.3.
The design buckling resistance Nb,Rd for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be obtained using buckling
curve b, and with relative slenderness given by :
SCIA
9
( ) ( ) | |
i
y
1
i
l
E
4
2
1
y i i i
l
EC
GI
i A
1
) , min(
f
0
0
y
y
y , cr
T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr TF , cr
2
0
2
z
2
y
2
0
2
T
m
t
2
0 g
T , cr
TF , cr T , cr cr
A
cr
yb
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
= o
o |o o + o o + o
|
= o
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
| t
+ = o
o o = o
|
o
=
with |A
the ratio Aeff/A (see Ref.[1] 5.5)
fyb the basic yield strength
ocr
the critical stress
ocr,T
the elastic critical stress for torsional buckling
ocr,TF
the elastic critical stress for torsional-flexural buckling
G the shear modulus
IT the torsion constant of the gross section
CM the warping constant
iy the radius of gyration about yy-axis
iz the radius of gyration about zz-axis
lT the buckling length of the member for torsional buckling
y0 the position of the shear center
ly the buckling length for flexural buckling about the yy-axis
SCIA
10
SCIA
11
Bending and axial compression
When the torsional buckling and/or the torsional-flexural buckling is governing, the formula (6.12) from Ref.[4],
article 6.5.2. is applied.
Battened compression members
The following section pairs are supported as battened compression member :
(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc
Two links (battens) are used.
The following additional checks are performed :
- buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with Nf,Sd
- section check of single chord, using internal forces :
4
a V
M
2
V
V
N N
s
G
s
G
SD f, G
=
=
=
- section check of single batten, using the internal forces :
4
a V
M
2 h
a V
T
s
0
s
=
=
SCIA
12
For the calculation of Vs, the value of Ms is increased with the value of the internal force Mzz.
l
a
ho
EC3 - Fire Resistance
Fire actions effect E
fi
The design effects of actions for the fire situation Efi,d,t are taken from the results of the analysis. It is
recommended to use the accidental combination rules, for calculating the internal forces used in the fire
resistance check.
The accidental combination is given by
) f ( A Q Q G
d j , k j , 2 1 , k 1 , 1 k GA
E + E + + E
with Gk characteristic values of permanent actions
Qk,1 characteristic value of the (main) variable action
SCIA
13
Qk,j characteristic values of the other variable actions
Af(d) design values of actions from fire exposure
GA
partial safety factor for permanent actions in the accidental situation
=[1.0]
1,1 2,j
combination coefficients
Material properties
The material properties are depending on the steel temperature.
Strength and deformation properties :
a
, a
, E
y
, p
, p
y
, y
, y
E
E
k
f
f
k
f
f
k
u
u
u
u
u
u
=
=
=
The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength ky,u, proportional limit kp,u and
modulus of elasticity kE,u is given by tables in Ref.[6], table 3.1.
For cold formed members ky,u is taken from Ref.[7], table III.2.5.
In the simplified calculation method, the following default properties are considered to be constant during the
analysis :
unit mass a
7850 kg/m
thermal elongation Al/l 14 x 10
-6
(ua-20)
thermal conductivity a
45 W/mK
Temperature analysis - Thermal actions
In this part, the nominal temperature-time curves and the related net heat flux are described. See Ref.[8],
Section 4, and Ref.[7], II.2.2.
Nominal temperature-time curve
The following temperature-time curves can be selected :
SCIA
14
with t time in [min]
ug
gas temperature in [C]
oc
the coefficient of heat transfer by convection
- ISO 834 curve
| | K m / W 25
) 1 t 8 ( log 345 20
c
10 g
= o
+ + = u
- external fire curve
( )
| | K m / W 25
20 e 313 . 0 e 687 . 0 1 660
c
t 8 . 3 t 32 . 0
g
= o
+ = u

- hydrocarbon curve
( )
| | K m / W 50
20 e 675 . 0 e 325 . 0 1 1080
c
t 5 . 2 t 167 . 0
g
= o
+ = u

- smoldering fire curve
20 t 154
4
g
+ = u
during 20 minutes, followed by the standard ISO 834 curve
Net heat flux
r , net r , n c , net c , n d , net
h h h + =
with hnet,d the net heat flux
hnet,c the convective heat flux
hnet,r the radiative heat flux
SCIA
15
n,c
factor depending on NAD [1.0]
n,r
factor depending on NAD [1.0]
( )
m g c c , net
h u u o =
( ) ( ) ( )
4
m
4
r
8
res r , net
273 273 10 67 . 5 h + u + u c u =

with u configuration factor [1.0]
cres
resultant emissivity
= cf cm
cf
emissivity related to fire compartment
= [0.800]
cm
emissivity related to surface material
= [0.625]
ur = ug
um
surface temperature of member in [C]
oc
coefficient of heat transfer by convection
Steel Temperature
The increase of temperature Aua,t in an unprotected steel member during a time interval At
t h
c
V / A
d , net
a a
m
t , a
A
= u A
with Am the exposed surface area per unit length [m/m]
V the volume of the member per unit length [m/m]
The factor Am/V should not be taken as less than 10m
-1
ca the specific heat of steel [J/kgK]
hnet,d the net heat flux per unit area [W/m]
At the time interval [seconds]
The value should not be taken as more than 5 seconds
a
the unit mass of steel [kg/m]
The increase of temperature Aua,t in an insulated steel member during a time interval At
SCIA
16
( )
( )
V / A d
c
c
1 e t
3
1
c d
V / A
p p
a a
p p
t , g
10 / t , a t , g
a a p
p p
t , a
= |
A A
|
.
|
\
| |
+
u u
= u A
|
with Ap the area of fire protection material per unit length [m/m]
cp the specific heat of fire protection material [J/kgK]
dp the thickness of the fire protection material [m]
a
p
the unit mass of fire protection [kg/m]
ua,t
the steel temperature at time t
ug,t
the ambient gas temperature at time t
Aug,t
the increase of the ambient gas temperature during the time interval
p
the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material [W/mK]
The value Aua,t > 0.0
For the increase of temperature Aua,t in an insulated steel member with intumescent coating, we refer to the NEN
specifications, Chapter 'Steel Temperature'.
Calculation model
The calculation can be performed in 2 domains :
- strength domain
- temperature/time domain
In the strength domain, the strength Rfi,d,t(unity check) is calculated after a given time t (e.g. strength after 45
min). In the temperature/time domain, the critical steel temperature ucr,d is computed. From this critical
temperature, the fire resistance time tfi,d is calculated (the time domain).
Code Check
The section and stability checks (buckling, lateral torsional buckling) are performed according to the regulations
given in 'ENV 1993-1-2:1995' and/or 'Model Code on Fire Engineering - ECCS N 111'. The checks are
performed in the resistance domain or in the temperature/time domain..
Torsional buckling and shear buckling are not considered.
SCIA
17
For each member, the classification of the cross section, the section check and the stability check are performed.
The following checks are executed :
EC3-1-2 :
- classification of cross section : art. 4.2.2.
- resistance for tension members : art. 4.2.3.1
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. 4.2.3.2.
- resistance for beams (class 1,2) : art. 4.2.3.3.
- resistance for beams (class 3) : art.4.2.3.4.
- resistance for members (class 1,2,3) subject to bending and compression : art. 4.2.3.5.
- critical temperature : art. 4.2.4.
ECCS Model Code on Fire Engineering
- resistance for tension members : art. III.5.2.
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. III.5.3.
- resistance for beams (class 1,2) : art. III.5.4.
- resistance for beams (class 3) : art. III.5.5.
- resistance for members (class 1,2,3) subject to bending and compression : art. III.5.6.
- resistance for members (class 4) : art. III.5.7.
- critical temperature : art. III.5.8.
Supported sections
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section
CHS Circular Hollow Section
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
Z Z section
RS Rectangular section
E Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in chapter "Profile conditions for code check
".
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
I RHS CHS L U T PPL RS Z E O COM NUM
SCIA
18
Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)
Section check class 1 x x x
Section check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check class 4 x x x x x x
Stability check class
1
x x x
2
x x x
3
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
4
x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x x
(1) sections are classified as class 3 cross section by default.
References
|1| Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992

|2| Essentials of Eurocode 3
Design Manual for Steel Structures in Building
ECCS - N 65, 1991

|3| R. Maquoi
ELEMENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
Ulg , Facult des Sciences Appliques, 1988

[4] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-3 : General rules
Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting
CEN 1996

[5] Eurocode 3
Part 1 - 1/ A1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
[6] Eurocode 3
Part 1 - 2 : General rules - Structural fire design
ENV 1993-1-2:1995, 1995
[7] Model Code on Fire Engineering
SCIA
19
ECCS - N 111
May 2001
[8] Eurocode 1
Basis of design and actions on structures
Part 2-2 : Actions on structures - Actions on structures exposed to fire
ENV 1991-2-2:1995
SCIA
20
EC 3 EN 1993
EC3 code check
Eurocode 3
EN 1993-1-1:2005
Material properties
the element (see Ref. |1|, table 3.1.)
Steel Grade fy
(N/mm)
fu
(N/mm)
S 235 235 360
S 275 275 430
S 355 355 510
S 275 N/NL 275 390
S 355 N/NL 355 490
S 420 N/NL 420 540
S 460 N/NL 460 570
S 275 M/ML 275 380
S 355 M/ML 355 470
S 420 M/ML 420 520
S 460 M/ML 460 550
S 460 Q/QL/QL1 460 570
S 235 W 235 360
S 355 W 355 510
S 235 H 235 360
S 275 H 275 430
S 355 H 355 510
S 275 NH/NLH 275 370
S 355 NH/NLH 355 470
S 460 NH/NLH 460 550
S 275 MH/MLH 275 360
S 355 MH/MLH 355 470
S 420 MH/MLH 420 500
SCIA
21
S 460 MH/MLH 460 530
Table 1
The name of the steel grade (e.g. 'S 355 W') is used to identify the steel grade.
the Cross Section input dialog).
( ) ( )
yb u yb u
g
yb ya
f 2 . 1 , f min f f
A
knt
f f s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
SCIA
22
Consulted articles
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in "Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures -
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings - EN 1993-1-1:2005".
The cross-sections are classified according to Table 5.2. All classes of cross-sections are included. For class 4
sections (slender sections) the effective section is calculated in each intermediary point, according to prEN 1993-
1-5:2003, Chapter 4.4 .
The stress check is taken from art. 6.2.: the section is checked for tension (art. 6.2.3.), compression (art. 6.2.4.),
bending (art. 6.2.5.), shear (art. 6.2.6.), torsion (art.6.2.7.) and combined bending, shear and axial force (art.
6.2.8., art.6.2.9. and art.6.2.10.).
The stability check is taken from art. 6.3.: the beam element is checked for buckling (art. 6.3.1.), lateral torsional
buckling (art. 6.3.2.), and combined bending and axial compression (art. 6.3.3.).
The shear buckling is checked according to prEN 1993-1-5:2003, Chapter 5.
For I sections, U sections and cold formed sections warping can be considered.
A check for critical slenderness and torsion moment is also included.
For integrated beams, the local plate bending is taken into account for the plastic moment capacity and the
bending stresses in the section. The out-of-balance loading is checked.
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table. The chapters marked with x are
consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation the following chapters.
EN 1993-1-1
5.5 Classification of cross section
(
*
)
5.5.1. Basis
x
5.5.2. Classification
x
6. Ultimate limit states
6.1. General
x
6.2. Resistance of cross-sections
6.2.1 General
x
6.2.2 Section properties
x
(
*
)
6.2.3 Tension
x
6.2.4 Compression
x
6.2.5 Bending moment
x
6.2.6 Shear
x
6.2.7 Torsion
x
(
*
)
6.2.8 Bending and shear
x
6.2.9 Bending and axial force
x
SCIA
23
6.2.10 Bending, shear and axial force
x
6.3. Buckling resistance of members
6.3.1 Uniform members in compression
x
(
*
)
6.3.2 Uniform members in bending
x
6.3.3 Uniform members in bending and axial compression
x
(
*
)
Annex A:Method 1:Interaction factors kij for interaction formula in 6.3.3.(4)
x
Annex B:Method 2:Interaction factors kij for interaction formula in 6.3.3.(4)
x
prEN 1993-1-3
6.1.2. Axial tension
6.1.3. Axial compression
6.1.5. Shear force
6.1.6. Torsional moment
prEN 1993-1-5
4.4. Plate elements without longitudinal stiffeners
5. Resistance to shear
5.1. Basis
5.2. Design resistance
5.3. Contribution from webs
5.4. Contribution from flanges
5.5. Verification
7.1. Interaction between shear force, bending moment and axial force
section.
SCIA
24
Section properties
The net area properties are not taken into account .
The shear lag effects are neglected .
Torsion check
Built-in beams
Compression members
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling ratio"
SCIA
25
LTB".
z
2
t
z
2
z
2
EI
LGI
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
G the shear modulus
Analysis.
Use of diaphragms
Combined bending and axial compression
For prismatic members the value My,Ed is the maximum value of the bending moment around the strong axis in
the member. The value Mz,Ed is the maximum value of the bending moment around the weak axis in the member.
For non-prismatic sections, the values My,Ed and Mz,Ed are the concurrent bending moments for each intermediary
section.
Interaction Method 1 Annex A
By default for Czz the formula given in Ref.[1] is used:
In this formula however the position of the factor eLT is incorrect. For exact analysis the formula according to
Ref.[9] can be used:
SCIA
26
Interaction Method 2 Annex B
Rectangular hollow sections may be classified as non-susceptible to torsional deformations if the following
condition is fulfilled (Ref.[9] pp.119).
With: h Height of RHS section
b Width of RHS section
Relative slenderness for weak axis
EC3 EN Fire Resistance
fi
resistance check.
The accidental combination is given by (see EN 1990 Ref[5])
Eq.
6.11b
EGk,j + P + Ad+ (1,l or 2,l)Qk,l+ E2,iQk,i
The choice between 1,l or 2,l is done by the user. Default is 1,l.
with Gk,j characteristic value of permanent action j
P relevant representative value of prestressing action
Qk,l characteristic value of leading variable action l
Qk,i characteristic value of accompanying variable action i
Ad design value of the accidental action
1,l 2,l
SCIA
27
Material properties
a
, a
, E
y
, p
, p
y
, y
, y
E
E
k
f
f
k
f
f
k
u
u
u
u
u
u
=
=
=
The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength ky,u, proportional limit kp,u and
modulus of elasticity kE,u is given by tables in ref.[6], table 3.1.
For cold formed members ky,u is taken from Ref.[7]; table III.2.5.
analysis :
unit mass
a
7850 kg/m
thermal elongation A
l/
l
14 x 10
-6
(ua-20)
thermal conductivity
a
45 W/mK
In this part, the nominal temperature-time curves and the related net heat flux are described. See Ref.[8],
Section 3, and Ref.[7], II.2.2.
The following temperature-time curves can be selected :
ug
oc
the coefficient of heat transfer by convection
SCIA
28
ISO 834 curve
K m W
t
c
g
/ 25
) 1 8 ( log 345 20
10
=
+ + =
o
u
external fire curve
( )
K m W
e e
c
t t
g
/ 25
20 313 . 0 687 . 0 1 660
8 . 3 32 . 0
=
+ =

o
u
hydrocarbon curve
( )
K m W
e e
c
t t
g
/ 50
20 675 . 0 325 . 0 1 1080
5 . 2 167 . 0
=
+ =

o
u
smoldering fire curve
20 t 154
4
g
+ = u
during 20 minutes, followed by the standard ISO 834 curve
user defined temperature-time curve
Net heat flux
r net c net d net
h h h
, , ,
+ =
with hnet,d the net heat flux
hnet,c the convective heat flux
SCIA
29
hnet,r the radiative heat flux
( )
m g c c , net
h u u o =
( ) ( ) ( )
4
m
4
r
8
res r , net
273 273 10 67 . 5 h + u + u c u =

with u configuration factor [1.0]
cres
= cf cm
cf
emissivity related to fire compartment
= [0.800]
cm
emissivity related to surface material
= [0.625]
ur = ug
um
surface temperature of member in [C]
oc
Steel Temperature
t h
c
V A
k
d net
a a
m
sh t a
A = A
, ,
/
u
-1
a
ksh correction factor for the shadow effect [1.0]
The correction factor is calculated for I sections only
SCIA
30
( )
( )
V / A d
c
c
1 e t
3
1
c d
V / A
p p
a a
p p
t , g
10 / t , a t , g
a a p
p p
t , a
= |
A A
|
.
|
\
| |
+
u u
= u A
|
a
p
ua,t
ug,t
Aug,t
p
SCIA
31
Calculation model
- strength domain
Code Check
given in 'EN 1993-1-2:2005'. The checks are performed in the resistance domain or in the temperature/time
domain..
Torsional buckling and shear buckling are not considered.
- classification of cross section : art. 4.2.2.
- resistance for tension members : art. 4.2.3.1
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. 4.2.3.2.
- resistance for beams (class 1,2) : art. 4.2.3.3.
- resistance for beams (class 3) : art.4.2.3.4.
- resistance for members (class 1,2,3) subject to bending and compression : art. 4.2.3.5.
- check for class 4 sections : Annex E
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
O Solid tube
SCIA
32
".
1
x x x
2
x x x
3
4
x x x x x x
References
|1| Eurocode 3
EN 1993-1-1:2005

[2] Eurocode 3
Part 1-3: General rules
Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting
EN 1993-1-3:20XX, 2003
|3| Eurocode 3
Part 1.5 : Plated structural elements
prEN 1993-1-5 : 2003

|4| R. Maquoi

[5] EN 1990
Eurocode Basis of structural design
EN 1990:2002 E
[6] Eurocode 3
SCIA
33
EN 1993-1-2:2005
ECCS - N 111
May 2001
[8] Eurocode 1
Actions on structures
Part 1-2 : General Actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire
prEN 1991-1-2:2002
[9] Rules for Member Stability in EN 1993-1-1
Background documentation and design guidelines
ECCS - N 119
2006
[10] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
SCIA
34
DIN18800
DIN18800 Code check
DIN 18800 Teil 1
Stahlbauten
Bemessung und Konstruktion
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990

DIN 18800 Teil 2
Stahlbauten
Stabilittsflle, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990
DIN 18800 Teil 3
Stahlbauten
Stabilittsflle, Plattenbeulen
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990
Material properties
the element (see Ref. |1|, Tab.1)
The standard steel grades are :
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=80 40<t<=80
fy fu fy fu
S235
S 235
St 37-2
240 360 215 360
S275
S 275
280 430 255 430
S355
S 355
St 52-3
360 510 325 510
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100
SCIA
35
fy fu fy fu
S420
S 420
420 520 390 520
S460
S 460
460 550 430 550
Consulted articles
For the section check, the cross section is classified according to DIN18800 Teil I, Table 12,13,14,15 and 18..
Depending on this classification, the section is checked as slender section, EL/EL (elastic/elastic), as EL/PL
(elastic/plastic) or as PL/PL (plastic/plastic).
For the EL/EL check, DIN18800 Teil I, Element (746), (747), (748), (749), (750) are used.
The EL/PL check takes the rules from DIN18800 Teil I, Element (756), (757) and Table (16) ,(17). The PL/PL check
is done according to DIN18800 Teil I, Element (758), Table (16),(17).
The slender cross section is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2, Element (715).
For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2 for buckling, lateral torsional
buckling and bending and compression. The following criteria are used :
- compression : Element (304),(306)
- lateral torsional buckling : Element (311),(309)
- bending and axial compression : Element (313),(321),(322)
- bending (LTB) and compression : Element (320),(323)
For slender sections, the following criteria are used :
- calculation of effective area : Element (705),(706),(708),(709),(712),(713)
- buckling check : Element (715),(716),(718),(719)
- LTB check : Element (725),(726),(728),(729)
For the shear buckling check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 3. The following criteria are
used : Element (113), (504), (602),(603)
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for the relevant parts following table. The chapters marked
with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation the following chapters.
Teil 1
7.5. Verfahren beim Tragsicherheitsnachweis Nachweise (*)
7.5.1. Abgrenzungskriterien und Detailregelungen (*)
7.5.2. Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch
(745)
(746)
(747)
(748)
(749)
(750)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
SCIA
36
Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Elastisch-Plastisch
(753)
(756)
(757)
x
x
x
x
Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Plastisch-Plastisch
(758)
x
x
Teil 2
3.2. Planmssig mittiger Druck
3.2.1. Biegeknicken
(304)
x
x
x (*)
3.2.2. Biegedrillknicken
(306)
x
x (*)
3.3. Einachsige Biegung ohne Normalkraft
3.3.1. Allgemeines
(307)
x
x
x
3.3.2. Behinderung der Verformung
(309)
x
x (*)
3.3.3. Nachweis des Druckgurtes als Druckstab
(311)
x
x (*)
3.4. Einachsige Biegung mit Normalkraft
3.4.1. Stbe mit geringer Normalkraft
(312)
x
x
x
3.4.2. Biegeknicken
(314)
x
x
(320)
x
x
3.5. Zweiachsige Biegung mit oder ohne Normalkraft
3.5.1. Biegeknicken
(321)
(322)
x
x
x
x(*)
(323)
x
x
4. Mehrteilige, einfeldrige Stbes
4.1. Allgemeines
4.2. Hufig verwendete Formelzeichnen
(404)
4.3. Ausweichen rechtwinklig zur stofffreien Achse
(405)
(406).
(408).
(409).
x(*)
x
x
x
x
x
7. Planmssig gerade Stbe mit ebenen dnnwandigen Quenschnittsteilen
7.1. Allgemeines
(701)
(702)
(704)
x
x
x
x
x
SCIA
37
7.2. Berechnungsgrundlage
(705)
(706)
(707)
(708)
(709)
x
x
x
x
x
x
7.3. Wirksame Breite beim Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch
(711)
(712)
(713)
x
x
x (*)
x
7.4. Wirksame Breite beim Verfahren Elastisch-Plastisch
7.5. Biegeknicken
7.5.1. Spannungsnachweis beim Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch
(715)
x
x
x
7.5.2. Vereinfachte Nachweise
(716)
(718)
(719)
(721)
x
x
x
x
x
7.6. Biegedrillknicken
(722)
(723)
(725)
(726)
(728)
(729)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Teil 3
5. Nachweise
(504)
(*)
x
6. Abminderungsfaktoren
(601)
(602)
x
x
x
section.
Net area properties
The holes for fasteners are neglected.
SCIA
38
Plastic interaction formula for RHS section
b
s/2
h
AG
AS/2
For RHS section, classified as Plastic-Plastic or Elastic-Plastic, the plastic interaction formula according to
Ref.[13], can be selected.
- Used variable :
A sectional area
AS = s h
AG = (A-AS)/2.0
Wel,y elastic section modulus around y axis
Wel,z elastic section modulus around z axis
fy,d yield strength
ty,d
shear strength
SCIA
39
Vz,pl,Rd = AS ty,d
Vy,pl,Rd = 2AG ty,d
NSd normal force
My,Sd bending moment around y axis
Mz,Sd bending moment around z axis
Vy,Sd shear force in y direction
Vz,Sd shear force in z direction
MT,Sd torsional moment
2
Rd , pl , z
Sd , T
Sd , z
z
z
Rd , pl , z
Sd , T
Sd , z
V
b
M
V
1 else
0 . 1
4
1
V
b
M
V
if
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= q
= q s
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
Rd , pl , y
Sd , T
Sd , y
y
y
Rd , pl , y
Sd , T
Sd , y
V
h
M
V
1 else
0 . 1
4
1
V
h
M
V
if
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= q
= q s
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
Ar= qzAS + 2qyAG
r
S
z
A
A
q = o
Npl,Rd = Ar fy,d
|
.
|
\
|
o
=
yd y , el Rd , pl Rd , pl , y
f W 25 . 1 , hN
4
2
min M
|
.
|
\
|
o +
=
yd z , el Rd , pl Rd , pl , z
f W 25 . 1 , bN
4
1
min M
SCIA
40
Rd , pl
Sd
N
N
n =
Rd , pl , y
Sd , y
y
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , z
Sd , z
z
M
M
m =
- The following interaction formula are checked :
Plastic interaction formula for CHS section
For CHS section, classified as Plastic-Plastic or Elastic-Plastic, the plastic interaction formula according to
Ref.[14], Tafel 6.74, is used :
SCIA
41
|
.
|
\
|
|
t
=
| =
qt =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= q >
= q s
|
=
+ =
+ =
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
s el Q , pl Q , pl
s r Q , pl
r
2
pl
v
pl
v
pl
v
s
pl
2
z
2
y v
2
z
2
y v
plQ
v
Q , pl
v
W 25 . 1 , N
d
min M
A N
dt A
Q
Q
1 :
4
1
Q
Q
1 :
4
1
Q
Q
3
dt 2
Q
M M M
Q Q Q
1
2 N
N
cos
1
M
M
with Qy,Qz internal shear force
Nv internal normal force
My,Mz internal bending moments
|s
yield strength
d,t dimensions from CHS
Wel elastic section modulus
t
d
SCIA
42
Torsion check
The stability check (DIN 18800 T2, formula 28 & 30) for doubly symmetric I section becomes (Ref.[9], pp. 259) :
) 30 ( 0 . 1 k
M
M M
k
M
M
N
N
) 28 ( 0 . 1 k
M
M M
k
M
M
N
N
z
d , z , pl
w , z z
y
d , y , pl M
y
d , pl z
z
d , z , pl
w , z z
y
d , y , pl
y
d , pl
s
+
+
k
+
k
s
+
+ +
k
with Mz,w
h
M 2
w
=
Mw bimoment (see chapter 'Standard diagrams for warping torque, bimoment and
the St.Venant torsion')
kz = 1.50 In case there is no compression force kz is taken as 1.00 (Ref.[9], pp.
270).
Built-in beams
Calculation of the buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling ratio".
Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).
Torsional buckling
The slenderness for torsional buckling vi is given by (see Ref.|6| , 7.5):
SCIA
43
( )

+
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
=
2
2 2
2
2
0
2
2 2
2
2 2
1 093 . 0 4
1 1
2
M
M
z
p
M
z
z z
vi
i c
z i c
c
i c
i
l
|
|
|
with l0 the torsional buckling length, refers to the input value for the system length
lyz
lz the system length for buckling around zz-axis
Remark : the z-axis refers to the axis which goes through the shear force
centre.
|z
refers to the buckling ratio around the zz-axis
Remark : the z-axis refers to the axis which goes through the shear force
centre.
|0
refers to end warping and is input by the value kxy
zM the shear center
iy the radius of gyration around major axis
iz the radius of gyration around minor axis
ip = iy + iz
iM = ip + zM
Iz the moment of inertia around minor axis
( ) ( ) ( )
z
t z z z z w
I
I l l l I
c
2 2
0 0
2
2
039 . 0 / | | | +
=
With this slenderness vi and the buckling curve c, the reduction factor k is calculated.
Use of diaphragms
(see also Ref.|7|,3.5 and Ref.|8|,3.3.4.)
The shear stiffness S for diaphragm is calculated as follows:
L
K
+
K
10
a.
= S
s
2
1
4
SCIA
44
with a the frame distance
Ls the length of diaphragm
K1 factor K1
K2 factor K2
The torsional constant It is adapted with the stiffness of the diaphragms:
G
l
vorhC I I
2
2
t id , t
t
+ =
0
with l the LTB length
G the shear modulus
vorh
Cu
the actual rotational stiffness of diaphragm
LTB Check
For aysmmetric I sections, RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section)
sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. |4|. For the
calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
Depending on the input of the basic data, Mcr for symmetric I sections is given by the general formula F.2. Annex
F Ref. |4|, by the DIN formula (19), or by formula according to Ref.[11] "Roik, Carl, Lindner,
Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe, Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1972".
DIN formula (19) :
|
.
|
\
|
+ + , =
p
2
p
2
i k
z 5 . 0 z 25 . 0 c N Mcr
( ) ( ) ( )
z
t
2
z
2
0 0
2
z w 2
I
I l 039 . 0 l / l I
c
| + | |
=
with l,l0 the LTB length
|z
refers to rotational end-restraint in plan (about the z-z local axis).
|0
refers to end warping
zp the point of load application
SCIA
45
Iz the moment of inertia around minor axis
A the sectional area
vi
the slenderness for torsional buckling ( see above)
, the moment factor ( equivalent for factor C1)
( )
2
z
z
2
i k
l
EI
N
|
t
=
Roik, Carl & Lindner
z
t w
p
2
p
z
cr y , ki
I
I l 039 . 0 I
c
z 5
c
z 5
l
EI
M M
+
=
(
(
t
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
t
, = =
wit
h
moment factor according to Roik, Carl, Lindner
modulus of elasticity
moment of inertia around weak axis zz
system length for LTB
application point for loading, negative value is on top and has negative influence
warping constant
torsional constant
The factor , is supported for the following cases (described in Ref.[11], tables 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20,
5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30, 5.33) :
linear moment distribution :
SCIA
46
moment line according to distributed loading
moment line according to concentrated loading
SCIA
47
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
G the shear modulus
Analysis.
SCIA
48
Combined flexion for check method 2
The value My is the maximum value of the bending moment around the strong axis in the member. The value Mz
is the maximum value of the bending moment around the weak axis in the member.
For non-prismatic sections, the values My and Mz are the concurrent bending moments for each intermediary
section.
(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc
- buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with NG
- section check of single chord, using internal forces (Ref.[7], pp.88-95) :
4
a maxV
M
2
maxV
V
W
A
)
l
a
sin( M max
2
N
N
y
G
y
G
*
z
G
z G
=
=
t + =
- section check of single batten, using the internal forces (Ref.[7], pp.88-95) :
2
Te
M
2 h
a maxV
T
y
y
=
=
SCIA
49
For the calculation of maxVy, the value of Mz is increased with the value of the internal force Mzz.
l
a
hy
e
Effective area properties
The calculation of the effective area is performed with the direct method (sigma_d = fy,k) according to the El-El
procedure (DIN18800 T2, 7.3.).
For each load case and combination, the most critical effective area properties are saved. The most critical
effective area properties are the effective area properties on the position where the appropriate moment of inertia
is the minimum.
SCIA
50
Shear buckling check with buckling influence
The influence of the buckling effect into the shear buckling control, is neglected when there is a bending moment
present.
It means that kk=1 if <0.9. See also Ref.[3], Element 503.
Cold formed thin gauge members
The following table includes a list of DASt-Richtlinie 016 (Ref.[12]) elements which are implemented in EPW by
using the related DIN18800 T2 (Ref.[2]) element.
Supported elements from
DASt - Richtlinie 016
Covered by DIN 18800 T2
elements
Remarks
3.7.1. Grenzzustand der Tragfhigkeit
328 Tab.26
329 712
330 712
333 Tab.27
335 706
4.3.1. Biegemomententragfhigkeit
404 715
4.4. Biegedrillknicken biegebeanspruchter Bauteile
4.4.3. Allgemeiner Nachweis
421 311
422 311
423 725, 726
4.5. Druckbeanspruchte einteilige Stbe
4.5.1. Allgemeines
429 708-710
430 708-710
431 708-710
432 708-710
433 708-710
434 708-710
4.5.2. Planm|ig mittiger Druck
SCIA
51
435 716 A
D
ef is not used
436 manual input / input in profile
library for KSL
437 723
438 723
4.5.3. Einachsige Biegung mit Druck
440 707
441 718
442 728
4.5.3. Zweiachsige Biegung mit Druck
443 707
444 721 A
D
ef is not used
445 729
Supported sections
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
".
I RHS CHS L U T PPL RS E O COM NUM
Classification x x x x x x x x x (1) (1) (1)
Section check PL-PL x x
Section check EL-PL x x
Section check EL-EL x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check slender
section
x x x x x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check slender x x x x x x
SCIA
52
section
(1) sections are classified as EL-EL cross section by default.
References
|1| DIN 18800 Teil 1
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990

|2| DIN 18800 Teil 2
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990

|3| DIN 18800 Teil 3
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990

[4] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992

[5] R. Maquoi

[6] G. Hnersen, E. Fritzsche
Stahlbau in Beispielen
Berechnungspraxis nach DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 3 (11.90)
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf 1991

[7] E. Kahlmeyer
Stahlbau nach DIN 18 800 (11.90)
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf

[8] Beuth-Kommentare
Stahlbauten
Erluterungen zu DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 4, 1.Auflage
Beuth Verlag, Berlin-Kln 1993

SCIA
53
[9] Stahlbau Kalender 1999
DSTV
Ernst & Sohn, 1999
[10] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
[11] Roik, Carl, Lindner
Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe
Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn
1972
[12] DASt-Richtlinie 016
Bemessung und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus dnnwandigen kaltgeformted
Bauteilen
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft - 1992
[13] H. Rubin,
Interaktionsbeziehungen fr doppeltsymmetrische I- und Kasten-Querschnitte bei zweiachsiger
Biegung und Normalkraft
Der Stahlbau 5/1978, 6/1978
[14] Stahl im Hochbau
14. Auflage, Band I / Teil 2
1986, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf
SCIA
54
ONORM B 4300
ONORM B 4300 Code check
NORM B 4300-1
Stahlbau
Berechnung und Konstruktion der Tragwerke
Bemessung nach Grenzzustnden
DK 624.014.2.046, Mrz 1994

NORM B 4300-2
Stahlbau
Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
Bedingungen fr die gemeinsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 2 und NORM B 4300-1
DK 624.014.2.075.2, April 1994

NORM B 4300-3
Plattenbeulen
DK 624.014.2.075.4, April 1994

DIN 18800 Teil 1
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990

DIN 18800 Teil 2
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990

DIN 18800 Teil 3
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990

Material properties
the element (see Ref. |1|, 2.1. and Ref. |4|, Tab.1)
SCIA
55
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=80 40<t<=80
fy fu fy fu
St 360
S235
S 235
240 360 215 360
St 430
S275
S 275
280 430 255 430
St 510
S355
S 355
360 510 325 510
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100
fy fu fy fu
S420
S 420
420 520 390 520
S460
S 460
460 550 430 550
Consulted articles
For the section check, the cross section is classified according to ONORM B 4300-1 Tab.3,4,5 and to DIN18800
Teil I, Table 15,18. Depending on this classification, the section is checked as slender section, EL/EL
(elastic/elastic), as EL/PL (elastic/plastic) or as PL/PL (plastic/plastic).
For the EL/EL check, ONORM B 4300-1 Art. 5.2. is used. (The 7% increase of the moment of inertia is taken
into account for rolled I section - see Ref. |1|, Art. 5.2.5.4.).
The EL/PL check takes the rules from DIN18800 Teil I, Element (756), (757) and Table (16) ,(17). The PL/PL check
is done according to DIN18800 Teil I, Element (758), Table (16),(17).
The slender cross section is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2, Element (715).
For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2 for buckling, lateral torsional
buckling and bending and compression. The following criteria are used :
- compression : Element (304),(306)
- lateral torsional buckling : Element (311),(309)
- bending and axial compression : Element (313),(321),(322)
- bending (LTB) and compression : Element (320),(323)
For slender sections, the following criteria are used :
- calculation of effective area : Element (705),(706),(708),(709),(712),(713)
- buckling check : Element (715),(716),(718),(719)
- LTB check : Element (725),(726),(728),(729)
SCIA
56
For the shear buckling check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 3. The following criteria are
used : Element (113), (504), (602),(603)
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given in "DIN18800 Code check".
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical sections
".
Section check PL-PL x
Section check EL-PL x
Section check EL-EL x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check slender
section
x x x x x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check slender
section
x x x x x x
(1) sections are classified as EL-EL cross section by default.
References
|1| NORM B 4300-1
Stahlbau
Berechnung und Konstruktion der Tragwerke
SCIA
57
Bemessung nach Grenzzustnden
DK 624.014.2.046, Mrz 1994

|2| NORM B 4300-2
Stahlbau
Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
DK 624.014.2.075.2, April 1994

|3| NORM B 4300-3
Plattenbeulen
DK 624.014.2.075.4, April 1994

[4] DIN 18800 Teil 1
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990

[5] DIN 18800 Teil 2
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990

[6] DIN 18800 Teil 3
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990

SCIA
58
NEN
NEN6770/6771 Code check
Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Basiseisen en basisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste constructies
NEN 6770, december 1991
Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, december 1991-januari 2000
Material properties
the element (see Ref. |1|, art.9.1.2.1.1.)
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100 100<t<=250 100<t<=250
fy fu fy fu fy fy
S235
S 235
235 360 215 340 175 320
S275
S 275
275 430 255 410 205 380
S355
S 355
355 510 335 490 275 450
S420
S 420
420 520 390 520
S460
S 460
460 550 430 550
Remark : For cold formed section, the values for fy and fu are not influenced by the previous table.
Consulted articles
SCIA
59
The cross section is classified according to NEN 6771 Table 1. (class 1,2,3 or 4).
The section is checked on following criteria :
- tension : NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.1., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.1.
- compression : NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.2., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.2.
- shear : NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.4., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.4.
- bending, shear and axial force : NEN 6770 Art. 11.3., NEN 6771 Art. 11.3.
For the stability check, the element is checked on following criteria :
- compression : NEN 6771 Art.12.1.1.1/ 12.1.2./12.1.3.
- lateral torsional buckling : NEN 6771 Art.12.2.
- bending and axial compression: NEN 6771 Art.12.3.
- shear buckling : NEN 6771 Art.13.8. / 13.9.
SCIA
60
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for NEN6770 part 11,12 and NEN6771 part 10,11,12,13.
The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation the
following chapters.
NEN6770
11.Toetsing van de doorsnede
11.1. Algemeen
x
x
11.2. Enkelvoudige krachten en momenten
11.2.1. Axiale trek
x
x
11.2.2. Axiale druk x
11.2.3. Buiging
11.2.4. Afschuiving x
11.2.5. Torsie x
11.3. Combinaties van krachten en momenten
11.3.1. Enkele buiging met normaalkracht en afschuiving
x
x
11.3.2. Dubbele buiging met normaalkracht en afschuiving x
11.4. Vloeicriterium x
11.5. De invloed van de boutgaten (*)
NEN6771
10.2.4. Doorsneden x (*)
11.Toetsing van de doorsnede
11.1. Algemeen
x
x
11.2. Enkelvoudige krachten en momenten
11.2.1. Axiale trek
x
x
11.2.2. Axiale druk x
11.2.3. Buiging
11.2.4. Afschuiving x
11.2.5. Torsie
11.3. Combinaties van krachten en momenten x
12. Toetsing van de stabiliteit
12.1. Op druk belaste staven
12.1.1. Knikstabiliteit
x
x
x (*)
12.1.2. Torsiestabiliteit x
12.1.3. Torsieknikstabiliteit x
12.1.4. Verend gesteunde staven
12.1.5. Staven in vakwerken
12.1.6. Samengestelde staven
12.1.6.1 Algemeen
12.1.6.2. Benodigde grootheden
12.1.6.3. Toetsing van het middenveld van de samengestelde staaf
12.1.6.4. Toetsing van de eindvelden van de samengestelde staaf
12.1.6.4.2 Staven met raamwerkverband
x(*)
x
x
x
x
x
SCIA
61
12.2. Op buiging belaste staven(kipstabiliteit)
12.2.1. Toepassingsgebied
xx
x
12.2.2. Toetsingsregel x
12.2.3. Ongesteunde lengte
12.2.4. Opleggingen en zijdelingse steunen
12.2.5. Het theoretisch elastische kipmoment x (*)
12.3. Op druk en buiging belaste staven
12.3.1. Knikstabiliteit
x
x
12.3.2. Torsiestabilteit x
12.3.3. Torsieknikstabiliteit x
12.4. Op trek en buiging belaste staven
13. Toetsing van de plooistabiliteit
13.1. Algemeen
x
x
13.2. Geometrie van het verstijfde en onverstijfde plaatveld x
13.3. Geometrie van de verstijvingen
13.4. Belasting in het vlak van het plaatveld
13.4.1. Normaalspanning in langsrichting
x
x
13.4.2. Schuifspanningen x
13.4.3. Normaalspanningen in dwarsrichting
13.4.4. Platen in en loodrecht op hun vlak belast
13.5. Belasting op verstijvingen
13.6. Idele kritieke plooispanning van een onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.7. De plooispanning van een onverstijfd plaatveld
13.7.1. Bepaling van de relatieve slankheid van het plaatveld
x
x
13.7.2. De plooispanning voor een onverstijfd plaatveld met als opleggingen
dwarsverstijving(en) en/of randen
x
13.7.3. De plooispanning voor een onverstijfd plaatveld met ten minste een langsverstijving
als oplegging
13.8. Eisen waaraan plaatvelden en verstijvingen moeten voldoen
13.8.1. Onverstijfd plaatveld
x
x
13.8.2. Dwarsverstijvingen
13.8.3. Langsverstijvingen
13.8.4. Stijfheidseisen te stellen aan langs- en dwarsverstijvingen
13.8.5. Doorsnedecontrole voor langs- en dwarsverstijvingen
13.9. Interactie tussen plooi en knik
13.9.1. Algemeen
x (*)
x
13.9.2. Constructies opgebouwd uit plaatvelden al of niet verstijfd met dwarsverstijvingen
x
13.9.3. Constructies opgebouwd uit plaatvelden verstijfd met langsverstijvingen en/of niet
verstijfd met dwarsverstijvingen
13.9.4. Berekeningen van de dwarsverstijvingen
Section properties
The influence of the bore hole is neglected.
SCIA
62
section.
For angle sections, see chapter 'Effective cross-section properties for compressed lattice tower angle members'.
Torsion check
Built-in beams
Buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer tochapter "Calculation of buckling ratio".
SCIA
63
For symmetric I sections and RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr
is given by the formula of Ref |2|, part 12.2.5.. When the factor o > 5000, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr
is given by the general formula in EC3, Annex F, F.2. Ref |3|. For asymmetric I sections, the elastic critical
moment for LTB Mcr is given by the general formula in EC3, Annex F, F.2. Ref |3|.
For the calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to Ref.[7], tables 9 (case 1), 10 and 11.
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
G the shear modulus
Analysis.
Use of diaphragms
(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc
SCIA
64
- buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with Nf,s;d
- section check of single chord, using internal forces :
4
a Q
M
2
Q
V
N N
f;s;d
G
f;s;d
G
f;s;d G
=
=
=
- section check of single batten, using the internal forces :
4
a Q
M
2 h
a Q
V
d s; f;
d s; k;
0
d s; f;
d s; k;
=
=
For the calculation of Qf;s;d, the value of My;s;d is increased with the value of the internal force Mzz.
SCIA
65
l
a
ho
Shear buckling check with buckling influence
The influence of the buckling effect into the shear buckling control, is neglected when there is a bending moment
present, i.e. if <0.9.
NEN6072 - Fire Resistance
For more info, we refer to Ref.[8], Ref.[9].
SCIA
66
Fire actions effect
The design effects of actions for the fire situation are taken from the results of the analysis. It is recommended to
use the special combination rules according to Ref.[10], NEN6702 6.2.2., for calculating the internal forces used
in the fire resistance check.
This special combination is given by
rep ; a a ; f rep ; i i q ; f rep g ; f
F Q G + E +
with Grep characteristic values of permanent actions
Qi characteristic value of the variable action
Fa;rep design values of special action (from fire exposure)
f;g
partial safety factor for permanent actions in the special combination
=1.0
f;q
partial safety factor for variable actions in the special combination
=1.0
f;a
partial safety factor for special actions in the special combination
=1.0
I
the 'momentaaan' factor for the variable action
Material properties
The yield strength is depending on the steel temperature :
d ; y d ; ; y
f f =
u
The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength is given by :
- =1.0 when ua s 400 C
-
( )
26 . 0
1 e
03 . 1
+
=
|
when 400C < ua s 1200 C
with |
2 . 39
482
a
u
=
ua
steeltemperature in C
fy;d design value for yield strength at room temperature
fy;u;d
design value for yield strength at increased temperature
SCIA
67
The following default properties are considered to be constant during the analysis :
unit mass a
7850 kg/m
-6
(ua-20)
45 W/mK
The standard temperature-time (ISO 834) curve is used :
) 1 t 8 ( log 345 20
10 g
+ + = u
ug
Steel Temperature
The increase of temperature Aua in an unprotected steel member during a time interval At
( )
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ u
|
.
|
\
|
+ u
u u
c
= o
o + o = o
A u u
o
= u A
4
a
4
t
a t
r
r
r c
a t
a a
a
100
273
100
273 67 . 5
t P
c
P = Am/V
ut
ua
steel temperature [C]
a
cr
= 0.5
oc
= 25 W/(mK)
SCIA
68
The increase of temperature Aua in an insulated (non intumescent coating) steel member during a time interval At
( ) ( )
i i
a a
i i
M
i
ef ; d ; i
ef
t
5 /
a t M i
a a
ef
a
P d
c 2
c
3
2
1
1
d
K
1 e t P
c
K
=
+
= k
=
u A A u u k
= u A

Pi = Ap/V
ci the specific heat of fire protection material [J/kgK]
di the thickness of the fire protection material [m]
a
i
ua
ut
Aut
i;d;ef
The increase of temperature Aua in an insulated (intumescent coating) steel member during a time interval At
( ) t P
c
K
a t i
a a
ef ; d
a
A u u
= u A
Pi = Ap/V
Kd;ef coefficient of heat transfer of the intumescent coating
SCIA
69
a
ua
ut
i;d;ef
SCIA
70
Calculation model
- strength domain
In the strength domain, the strength (unity check) is calculated after a given time t (e.g. strength after 45 min). In
the temperature/time domain, the critical steel temperature ua,cr is computed. From this critical temperature, the
fire resistance time is calculated (the time domain).
The critical steel temperature ua,cr is given by :
( )
482 1
8925 . 0
1
ln 2 . 39
846 . 3 cr , a
+
(
kq
= u
with q degree of utilization at time t=0
k correction factor
= 1.00 for tension elements
= 1.00 for beams, statically determined, 4 side exposure
= 0.70 for beams, statically determined, 3 side exposure
= 0.85 for beams, statically undetermined, 4 side exposure
= 0.60 for beams, statically undetermined, 3 side exposure
= 1.20 for compression elements (inclusive the buckling check)
= 1.20 for compression and bending elements (inclusive the buckling and LTB
check)
Code Check
given in NEN6770/6771, adapted with the yield strength for the increased temperature and the correction factor.
The checks are performed in the resistance domain or in the temperature/time domain. Shear buckling is not
considered.
Supported sections
L Angle section
SCIA
71
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
O Solid tube
". The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
1
x x x
2
x x x
3
4
x x x x x x
SCIA
72
References
|1| Staalconstructies TGB 1990

|2| Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Stabiliteit

|3| Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992

[4] R. Maquoi

[5] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
[6] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
CEN 1996
[7] Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, januari 2000
[8] NEN 6072
Rekenkundige bepaling van de brandwerendheid van bouwdelen
Staalconstructies
December 1991
[9] NEN 6072/A2 - Wijzigingsblad
Rekenkundige bepaling van de brandwerendheid van bouwdelen
Staalconstructies
December 2001
[10] NEN 6702
Belastingen en vervormingen TGB 1990
December 1991
SCIA
73
AISC ASD : 1989
AISC - ASD Code check
Manual of Steel Construction
Allowable Stress Design
Part 5 : Specification and Codes
AISC, Ninth Edition, 1989
The cross section is classified according to Table B5.1. (compact, noncompact, or slender section).
The member is checked on following criteria :
- tension : D1
- compression : E2, E3
- flexural members : F1,F2,F3,F4
- plate girders : G2
- combined forces : H1,H2
A more detailed overview for the used articles of the relevant parts is given in the following table. The chapters
marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation the following
chapters.
B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B1. Gross Area x
B2. Net Area (*)
B3. Effective Area
B4. Stability
B5. Local Buckling
1.Classification of Steel Sections
2.Slender Compression Elements
(*)
x
x
B6. Rotational Restraint at Points of Support
B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios x
B8. Simple Spans
B9. End Restraint
B10. Proportions of Beams and Girders
B11. Proportioning of Crane Girders
D. TENSION MEMBERS
D1. Allowable Stress x (*)
SCIA
74
D2. Built-up members
D3. Pin-Connected Members
E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Ratio x (*)
E2. Allowable Stress x
E3. Flexural-torsional Buckling x (*)
E4. Built-up Members
E5. Pin-Connected Compression Members
E6. Column Web Shear
F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS (*)
F1. Allowable Stress : Strong Axis Bending of I-Shaped Members and Channels
1.Members with Compact Sections
2.Members with Non-Compact Sections
3.Members with Compact or Non-Compact Sections with Unbraded Length Greater then Lc
x
x
x
x
F2. Allowable Stress : Weak Axis Bending of I-Shaped Members, Solid Bars and Rectangular
Plates
x
x
x
F3. Allowable Stress : Bending of Box Members, Rectangular Tubes and Circular Tubes
x
x
x
F4. Allowable Shear Stress x
F5. Transverse Stiffeners
F6. Built-up Members
F7. Web-tapered Members
G. PLATE GIRDERS
G1. Web Slenderness Limitations
G2. Allowable Bending Stress x
G3. Allowable Shear Stress with Tension Field Action
G4. Transverse Stiffeners
G5. Combined Shear and Tension Stress
H. COMBINED STRESSES
H1. Axial Compression and Bending x
H2. Axial Tension and Bending x
APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B5. Local Buckling x
SCIA
75
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined..
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is used to perform the code
check. However, for non-prismatic sections, the section classification is determined for each intermediary
section.
Section properties
The influence of the bore hole is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used.
Buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio".
Flexural Torsional Buckling
The slenderness ratio for flexural torsional buckling (KL/r)e is given by
Fe
E
r
KL
e
t = |
.
|
\
|
See Ref. |1|, Commentary Chapter E1.
The calculation of Fe is given in Ref. |2|, Appendix E.
For I sections and channel sections, the allowable LTB stress is given in F1.
For RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) , the allowable LTB stress is
given in F3.
For angle sections with symmetrical legs, the allowable LTB stress is given in Ref. |1|, pp.309-314, Specification
for allowable stress - Design of single-angle members.
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
G the shear modulus
SCIA
76
See also Ref. |4|, part 7.
With this moment Mcr, the critical LTB stress oLTB is calculated :
y
cr
LTB
I
M
= o
with Iy the moment of inertia about the major axis
The slenderness ratio for LTB LTB, is given by
LTB
LTB
E
o
t =
The allowable LTB stress is calculated using the slenderness LTB with the formulas given in Ref.|1|, E2.
See also Ref. |5|, Bijlage E.
SCIA
77
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
I RH
S
CH
S
L U T PP
L
R
S
O COM NUM
Classification x x x x x x x x (1
)
(1) (1)
Compact section x x x x x
Non-compact
section
x x x x x x x x x x x
Slender section x x x x x x
Shear buckling
check
x x x
(1) sections are classified as non-compact section by default.
References
|1| Manual of Steel Construction
Allowable Stress Design
AISC, Ninth Edition, 1989

Load & Resistance Factor Design
AISC, First Edition, 1986

Load & Resistance Factor Design
AISC, Volume I, Second Edition, 1995

SCIA
78
[4] R. Maquoi

[5] NBN B 51-001
Stalen Bouwconstructies
BIN, 5e uitg. April 1977

SCIA
79
AISC LRFD : 2001
AISC - LRFD Code check
AISC Manual of steel construction
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Part 16 Specifications and Codes
Third Edition
2001
- tension : D1
- compression : E2, E3, Appendix E3
- flexural members : F1,Appendix F1, Appendix F2
- plate girders : Appendix G2, Appendix G3, Appendix G5
- combined forces : H1,H2
chapters.
B1. Gross Area x
B2. Net Area (*)
B3. Effective Area for Tension Members
B4. Stability
B5. Local Buckling
1.Classification of Steel Sections
2.Slender Compression Elements
3.Slender-Element Compression Sections
(*)
x
x
x
B6. Bracing at Support
B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios x
B8. Simple Spans
B9. End Restraint
B10. Proportions of Beams and Girders
D. TENSION MEMBERS
SCIA
80
D1. Design Tensile Strength x (*)
D2. Built-up members
D3. Pin-Connected Members and Eyebars
E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations
1.Effective Length
2.Design by Plastic Analysis
x
x (*)
E2. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling x
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling x
E4. Built-up Members
E5. Pin-Connected Compression Members
F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS (*)
F1. Design for Flexure
1.Yielding
2.Lateral-Torsional Buckling
x
x
x
F2. Design for Shear x
F4. Beams and Girders with Web Openings
G. PLATE GIRDERS x
H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
H1. Symmetric Members Subject to Bending and Axial Force x
H2. Unsymmetric Members and Members under Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure,
Shear and/or Axial Force
x
H3. Alternative Interaction Equation for Members under Combined Stress
APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B5. Local Buckling x
APPENDIX E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling x
APPENDIX F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS
F1. Design for Flexure x
F2. Design for Shear x
APPENDIX G. PLATE GIRDERS
G1. Limitations
G2. Design Flexural Strength x(*)
G3. Design Shear Strength with Tension Field Action x(*)
G4. Transverse Stiffeners
SCIA
81
G5. Flexure-Shear Interaction x(*)
section.
Section properties
Buckling length
For I sections, channel sections, RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections, T sections, rectangular sections,
and asymmetric I sections, the critical LTB moment is given in F1 and Appendix F1.
For angle sections with symmetrical legs, the critical LTB moment is given in Ref. |1|, pp.281-288, Specification
for Load and Resistance Factor Design of Single-Angle members.
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
G the shear modulus
See also Ref. |2|, part 7.
SCIA
82
Use of diaphragms
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
I RH
S
CHS L U T PP
L
RS E O COM NUM
Non-compact
section
x x x x x x x x x x x x
Shear buckling
check
x x x
SCIA
83
References
|1|
AISC Manual of steel construction
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Third Edition
2001

|2| R. Maquoi

SCIA
84
ANSI/AISC 360-05:2005
ANSI/AISC 360-05 Code check
ANSI/AISC 360-05
Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings
2005
The steel code check can be executed according to either ASD or LRFD provisions.
- tension : Chapter D
- compression : Chapter E
- flexural members :Chapter F
- shear : Chapter G
- combined forces : Chapter H
chapters.
B2. Loads and Load Combination x
B3. Design Basis
1.Required Strength
2.Limit States
3.Design for Strength using LRFD
4.Design for Strength using ASD
x
x
B4. Classification of Sections for Local Buckling x
D. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION
D1. Slenderness Limitation x
D2. Tensile Strength x
D3. Area Determination x(*)
E. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION
E1. General Provisions x
E2. Slenderness Limitations and Effective Length x(*)
E3. Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling of members without Slender Elements x
SCIA
85
E4. Compressive Strength for Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of members
without Slender Elements
x
E7. Members with Slender Elements x
F. DESIGN FOR MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE
F1. General Provisions x
F2. Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Major
Axis
x
F3. Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and Noncompact or
Slender Flanges Bent about Their Major Axis
x
F4. Other I-Shaped Members with Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent about Their Major
Axis
x
F5. Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Slender Webs Bent
about Their Major Axis
x
F6. I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Minor Axis x
F7. Square and Rectangular HSS and Box-Shaped Members x
F8. Round HSS x
F9. Tees and Double Angle Loaded in Plane of Symmetry x
F10. Single Angle x
F11. Reactangular Bars and Rounds x
F12. Unsymmetrical Shapes
G. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR
G1. General Provisions x
G2. Members with Unstiffened or Stiffened Webs x
G4. Single Angles x
G5. Rectangular HSS and Box Members x
G6. Round HSS x
G7. Weak Axis Shear in Singly and Doubly Symmetric Shapes x
H. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
H1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force x
H2. Unsymmetric and Other Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force x
H3. Members Under Torsion and Combined Torsion and Combined Stress x
section.
SCIA
86
Section properties
Buckling length
Use of diaphragms
SCIA
87
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
I RH
S
CHS L U T PP
L
RS E O COM NUM
Non-compact
section
Shear buckling
check
x x x x x x
References
|1| ANSI/AISC 360-05
Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings
2005
SCIA
88
CM66
CM66 Code check
Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier
ITBTP / CTICM
Rgles CM Decembre 1966
Editions Eyrolles 1982
Consulted articles
The cross-section is checked for tension (art. 3,1), bending (art. 3,2.) and shear (art. 3,3.).
For the stability check, the following criteria are considered :
- for compression : art. 3,4.
- for compression and bending : art. 3,5
- for lateral torsional buckling : art. 3,6.
- for double bending and axial compression : art. 3,7.
- for shear buckling : art 5,212
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for the relevant parts in the following table. The chapters
chapters.
3 Rgles gnrales concernant les calculs de rsistance et de dformation
3,0 Donnes numriques x
3,1 Pices soumises traction simple x (*)
3,2 Pices soumises flexion simple ou dvie x
3,21 Flexion simple x(*)
3,22 Flexion dvie
3,3 Effet de leffort tranchant dans les pices flchies x
3,4 Pices soumises la compression flambement simple
3,40 Gnralits x(*)
3,41 Pices comprimes a parois pleines x
SCIA
89
3,42 Pices composes a treilis
3,43 Pices composes a traverses de liaison
3,44 Conditions spciales imposes aux lments comprims a parois minces x
3,5 Pices soumises compression avec flexion dans le plan de flambement
3,50 Principe x
3,51 Coefficient damplification des contraintes de flexion x (*)
3,52 Vrfication des pices a parois pleines x
3,53 Vrification des pices composes treilis
3,54 Vrification des pices composes traverses de liaison
3,6 Dversement en flexion simple
3,60 Gnralits x
3,61 Pices symtriquement charges et appuyes
3,611 Poutres me pleine x(*)
3,612 Poutres treilis
3,62 Cas des pices soumises deux moments diffrents au droit des appuis x(*)
3,63 Cas des poutrelles en console parfaitement encastres
3,64 Coeffcients utiliss pour la dtermination de kd
3,641 Coefficient D x
3,642 Coefficient C x(*)
3,643 Coefficient B x(*)
3,7 Flexion compose
3,70 Domaine dapplication x
3,71 Notations x
3,72 Principe des vrifications x
3,73 Formules enveloppes pour les pices parois pleines x (*)
3,8 Flambement dans les systmes hyperstatiques
3,9 Dformations x
5 Rgles spciales certains lments
5,212 Poutres composes me pleine mes x
Section properties
SCIA
90
Plastic coefficient
The plastic coefficients are calculated according to the Ref.[1], 13,212 (Valeurs du coefficient dadaptation
plastique).
Compression members
Factor kf
The factor kf is calculated using the formula given in Ref[1], 3,516
3 ; 1
l M
A
1 72 . 1 25 . 0
k
2
med
M
f

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
If Mmed 0.0, the formula 3,513 is used :
3 . 1
25 . 0
k
f

+
=
LTB Check
The LTB check is performed for symmetric I sections. For other cross sections the factor kd=1.0.
For the calculation of the coefficient C, we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
The coefficient B is calculated by interpolating the table for B given in Ref[1] 3,643, and using the calculated C
value with table for C given in Ref[1] 3,642.
Use of diaphragms
Combined flexion
The values ofx is the maximum value of the bending stress in the member for the bending around the strong axis.
The value ofy is the maximum value of the bending stress in the member for the bending around the weak axis.
SCIA
91
For non-prismatic sections the values ofx and ofy are the local (i.e. in each intermediary section) bending stresses.
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
I RHS CHS L U T PPL R
S
E O COM NUM
Section check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Buckling check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Slender section buckling
check
x x x x x x x x
LTB Check x
References
|1| Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier
ITBTP / CTICM
SCIA
92
SCIA
93
CM66 - Additif 80
CM66 - Additif 80 Code check
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in Additif 80
Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to art. 5,12. (classification 'plastic' or 'elastic').
The section is checked for tension and compression (art. 4,2), bending (art 4,3), shear force (art. 4,4), the
combination of bending and axial force (art. 4,5 and art 4.6).
For the stability check, the following criteria are considered :
- for lateral torsional buckling : art. 5,2.
- for compression : art. 5,31.
- for compression and bending : art. 5,32
consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation in the following chapters.
4 Resistance des sections
4,1 Rgle gnrale (*)
4,2 Effort normale x
4,3 Moment de flexion x
4,4 Effort tranchant x
4,5 Moment de flexion et effort normal x
4,6 Momens de flexion, effort normal et effort tranchant x
5 Stabilit des lments
5,1 Conditions de non voilement local x (*)
5,2 Rsistance au dversement des poutre flchies
5,21 Rgles de contreventement latral au voisinage des sections plastifies
5,22 Moment ultime de dversement en flexion simple x (*)
5,23 Dimensionnement des entretoises
5,24 Rsistance au dversement en flexion dvie x
5,3 Rsistance au flambement
5,31 Elments simplement comprims x
5,32 Elments comprims et flchis x
5,33 Longueur de flambement (*)
SCIA
94
section.
Section check
If the sections are not according to the conditions specified in art. 5,1, the sections are checked according to the
regulations given in Ref.[2].
If a torsional moment is present, the sections are checked according to the regulations given in Ref.[2].
Compression members
For the calculation of the moment factors C1 and C2, we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB", using
the EC3 values.
Use of diaphragms
Supported sections
L Angle section
SCIA
95
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
Classification Add 80 x x
Plastic section check
Add 80
x x
Buck:ling check Add 80 x x
LTB check Add 80 x x
Compression +
bending Add 80
x x
References
[1] Additif 80
|2| Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier
ITBTP / CTICM
SCIA
96
BS5950-1:1990
BS5950-1:1990 Code Check
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in :
British Standard BS 5950
Structural use of steelwork in building
Part1. Code of practice for design in simple
and continuous construction:hot rolled section
British Standard distribution BS5950 Part1 1990 revised in 1992
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the yield strength py is defined according to the thickness of the element (see Table 6
Art.3.1.1.). The standard steel grades are :
Grade 43 : yield strength defined between 245 and 275 N/mm
(pY in N/mm, t in mm)
Steel grade Thickness limits PY
Grade 43
ts16 mm 275 N/Mm
ts40 mm 265 N/mm
ts63 mm 255 N/mm
ts100 mm 245 N/mm
Grade 50
ts16 mm 355 N/mm
ts40 mm 345 N/mm
ts63 mm 340 N/mm
ts100 mm 325 N/mm
SCIA
97
Grade 55
ts16 mm 450 N/mm
ts25 mm 430 N/mm
ts40 mm 415 N/mm
ts63 mm 400 N/mm
Remark: For cold-formed section, values for Py are not influenced by the previous table.
Remark : The reduction rules from previous table are only valid when the used material is defined as material for
the selected code.
Consulted articles
According to Art. 3.5. and table 7, cross sections are classified in 4 types:
- Plastic
- Compact
- Semi-compact
- Slender
A reduction factor is applied to the design strength of the material in use for slender sections by following the
rules described in Art. 3.6 and in Table 8. Partial safety factor of design strength is included in py value.
The section is checked for bending (Art.4.2.), tension (Art.4.6.), compression (Art.4.7.), shear (Art.4.2.3.),
combined moment and axial force (Art. 4.8.) and biaxial moments (Art.4.9.). For the stability check, the beam
element is checked for lateral torsional buckling, shear buckling, compression and bending with axial
compression. Articles used for this stability check are the following:
- for lateral torsional buckling : Art. 4.3.
- shear buckling : Art. 4.4.5.
- for compression : Art. 4.7.
- for bending and axial compression : Art. 4.8.
A more detailed overview of used articles is given in the following table.
Part. 3 Section properties
3.5. Limiting proportions of cross sections Art. 3.5.1.
Art. 3.5.2.
Art. 3.5.4.
Table 7
Fig.3
3.6. Slender cross section Art. 3.6.1.
SCIA
98
Art. 3.6.2.-3.6.3.
Art. 3.6.4.
Table 8
Part. 4 Design of structural elements
4.2. Member in bending Art. 4.2.1.3. (a) (c)
Shear capacity Art. 4.2.3.
Moment capacity with low shear Art. 4.2.5.
Moment capacity with high shear Art. 4.2.6.
4.3. Lateral torsional buckling
Member in bending Art. 4.3.7.
LTB factor
General Art. 4.3.7.1.
Equivalent uniform moment Art. 4.3.7.2.
Buckling Resistance Art. 4.3.7.3.
Bending strength pb Art. 4.3.7.4.
Equivalent slenderness LT, |, q, u, v Art. 4.3.7.5.
Appendix B.
Factors m, n Art. 4.3.7.6.
Equal flanged rolled section Art. 4.3.7.7.
Buckling resistance moment for single angle Art.4.3.8.
4.4. Plate Girders
General Art. 4.4.1.
Dimensions of webs and flanges Art. 4.4.2.2. Art. 4.4.2.3.
Moment capacity Art. 4.4.4.
Section with slender webs Art. 4.4.4.2. (a)
Shear buckling resistance of thin webs Art. 4.4.5.1.
Design without using tension field action Art. 4.4.5.3. and Appendix H.1.
4.6. Axially loaded tension members
Tension capacity Art. 4.6.1.
Effective Area of simple tension members Art. 4.6.3.1. Art. 4.6.3.3.
4.7. Compression member
Slenderness Art. 4.7.3.2.
Compression resistance Art. 4.7.4.
Compressive strength Art. 4.7.5. Appendix C
4.8. Axially loaded members with moments
SCIA
99
Tension members with moments Art. 4.8.2. + EC3 5.4.9.&Annex F
Compression members with moments Art. 4.8.3.
Local capacity check Art. 4.8.3.2.
Buckling check with exact approach Art. 4.8.3.3.2.
4.9. Members with biaxial moments See 4.8.
stability check.
So, the stability section classification can change for each load case/combination.
section.
Slender cross-section
Slender sections are particularly sensitive to local buckling. British Standard code (Art. 3.6.) defines stress
reduction factor to prevent this phenomenon. For webs subject to moments and axial load and for circular hollow
sections, the design strength py should be assumed such that the limiting proportions for semi-compact section
are met. For other sections, where a slender outstand is in compression, the design strength should be reduced
by the factor given in Table 8.
Section properties
The net area of a section is taken as its gross section neglecting the deduction due to fastener holes: Art. 3.3.
Shear area of a cross-section is calculated by using Art. 4.2.3.
Bending moment
Before any calculation of members in bending, it's necessary to determine the shear capacity. For plastic and
compact section with high shear load, moment capacity is calculated with the plastic modulus only for I and PLL
sections (Art. 4.2.6. and 4.8.). For other cross-section, with plastic or compact section classification,
characterised or not by a low shear load, we assumed that the moment capacity is calculated by using the same
approach than for semi-compact section: the elastic modulus (elastic calculation).
Bending, shear, axial force
For plastic and compact sections, BS5950 Art. 4.8.2. & 4.8.3.2. (b) prescribes a detailed approach to determine
the unity check of axially loaded members with moments. The detailed relationship allows a greater economy for
plastic and compact section . In this expression, we use a reduced moment capacity Mr respectively about the
major and the minor axis. Those values are determined by using EC3 Art.5.4.9. (see Ref.[5]). For semi-compact
and slender section, the simplified approach is applied following Art. 4.8.2.and Art. 4.8.3.2. (a).
SCIA
100
Lateral torsional buckling
For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric PPL), rectangular sections (solid and hollow), T sections, channel
sections and angle section, the critical lateral torsional buckling moment is given by the general formula Art.
4.3.7. and Annex B2&3. For other sections, we follow conservative recommendation described in Art. 4.3.7.5.
and calculation proposed in EC3 to determine the elastic critical moment Mcr EC3 Annex F1.1. Formula (F.1.)
see Ref [5].
The condition to be satisfied in all the cases is that
with
Mb=Sxpb
and
(m is an equivalent uniform moment factor)
pb is the bending strength and is related to the equivalent slenderness :
in which n is an equivalent slenderness factor.
For beam without loading point between points of lateral restraint, n=1 and m depends on the ratio of the end
moments at the points of restraint.
For beam loaded between point of lateral restraint, m=1 and n depend on the ratio of the end moments at the
points of restraint and on the ratio of the larger moment to the mid-span free moment.
There are thus two methods for dealing with lateral torsional buckling namely:
'm approach' i.e. the 'equivalent uniform moment method' with n=1
'n approach' i.e. the 'equivalent slenderness method' with m=1
In any given situation, only one method will be admissible, taking into account that it is always conservative to
use m=n=1. Since the publication of BS5950 Part 1 1990, doubt has been cast on the correctness of using n
factors less than 1 in combination with an effective length LLTB less than the length of the member L in the
calculation of LTB. However, as a interim measure, pending clarification ina future version of BS5950, it is
recommended that LTB is taken as the smaller of the two following values:
By using the settings of BS5950, the user can define which method correspond to his situation or define his
choice as the conservative method m=n=1.
SCIA
101
Use of diaphragms
Compression member
For member submitted to compression, we applied the recommendations given in BS 5950 and Appendix C to
determine the compressive strength.
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
Classification x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)
Section check class 1 x x x x x x x x
SCIA
102
Section check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x
1
x x x x x x x x
2
x x x x x x x x
3
4
x x x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x
(1)sections are classified as class 3 cross section by default
References
[1] British Standard BS5950 Part 1 : 1990+Revised text 1992
Structural use of steel work in building
Part1 Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections

[2] Plastic design to BS5950
J.M. Davies & B.A. Brown
The steel Construction institute

[3] Steelwork design
Guide to BS5950: Part 1: 1990
Volume 2 Worked examples (revised edition)

[4] Essentials of Eurocode 3
ECCS - N 65, 1991

[5] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992

[6] R. Maquoi
SCIA
103
BS5950-1:2000
BS5950-1:2000 Code Check
The steel members are checked according to the recommendations given in :
British Standard BS 5950-1:2000
Structural use of steelwork in building
Part1. Code of practice for design Rolled and welded sections
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the design strength py is defined according to the thickness of the element (see Table
9 Cl.3.1.1.). The partial safety factor on design strength is included in the py value.
Grade S275 : yield strength defined between 225 and 275 N/mm
(pY in N/mm, t in mm)
Steel grade Thickness limits PY
Grade S275
ts16 mm 275 N/Mm
ts40 mm 265 N/mm
ts63 mm 255 N/mm
ts80 mm 245 N/mm
t<100 mm 235 N/mm2
t< 150 mm 225 N/mm2
Grade S355
ts16 mm 355 N/mm
ts40 mm 345 N/mm
ts63 mm 335 N/mm
SCIA
104
ts80 mm 325 N/mm
t<100 mm 315 N/mm2
t< 150 mm 295 N/mm2
Grade S460
ts16 mm 460 N/mm
ts40 mm 440 N/mm
ts63 mm 430 N/mm
ts80 mm 410 N/mm
t< 100 mm 400 N/mm2
Note that the reduced yield/design stresses given in the above table are only applied when the steel material is
chosen from the designated grades S275, S355 or S460
Governing code clauses
According to Cl. 3.5. and tables 11 and 12, cross sections are classified in 4 types:
- Class 1 Plastic
- Class 2 Compact
- Class 3 Semi-compact
- Class 4 Slender
The section is checked for shear (Cl 4.2.5 and 4.4.4), bending (Cl.4.2.), tension (Cl.4.6.), compression (Cl.4.7.),
combined moment and axial force (Cl. 4.8.) and biaxial moments (Cl.4.9.). For the stability checks, the potential
buckling length is checked for lateral torsional buckling due to moments, lateral buckling due to compression and
combined bending with axial compression. Relevant clauses for this stability check are the following:
- for lateral torsional buckling : Cl. 4.3.
- for compression : Cl. 4.7.
- for bending and axial compression : Cl. 4.8.
Where appropriate, restrained or torsional buckling lengths are identified and checked to Annex G
More detailed clause references are given in the following table.
Part. 3 Section properties
3.5. Limiting proportions of cross sections Cl. 3.5.1.
Cl. 3.5.2.
Cl. 3.5.5.
Cl. 3.5.6
Tables 11 and 12
SCIA
105
Fig.5
3.6. Slender cross section Cl. 3.6.1.
Cl. 3.6.2.-3.6.4.
Cl. 3.6.5.
Fig. 8
Part. 4 Design of structural elements
4.2. Member in bending Cl. 4.2.1.1. (a) (d)
Shear capacity Cl. 4.2.3.
Moment capacity with low shear Cl. 4.2.5.2
Moment capacity with high shear Cl. 4.2.5.3
4.3. Lateral torsional buckling
Member in bending Cl. 4.3.6
Lateral-torsional buckling factors
General Cl. 4.3.6.1
Equivalent uniform moment Cl. 4.3.6.2
Buckling Resistance moment Cl. 4.3.6.4
Bending strength pb Cl. 4.3.6.5
Equivalent slenderness LT, |, q, u, v, W, x Cl. 4.3.6.7-9
Annex B.
Factors m Cl. 4.3.6.6.
Equal flanged rolled section Cl. 4.3.7
Buckling resistance moment for single angles Cl.4.3.8.
4.4. Plate Girders
General Cl. 4.4.1.
Dimensions of webs and flanges Cl. 4.4.3
Moment capacity Cl. 4.4.4.
Section with slender webs Cl. 4.4.4.2
Shear buckling resistance of thin webs Cl. 4.4.5.1(a).
Design without using tension field action Cl. 4.4.5.2. and Annex H.1.
4.6. Axially loaded tension members
Tension capacity Cl. 4.6.1.
Effective Area of simple tension members Cl. 4.6.3.1-3
4.7. Compression members
Segment length Cl. 4.7.1.1
Restraints Cl. 4.7.1.2
Slenderness Cl. 4.7.2
Compression resistance Cl. 4.7.4.
SCIA
106
Compressive strength Cl. 4.7.5. Annex C
4.8. Axially loaded members with moments
Tension members with moments Cl. 4.8.2.
Compression members with moments Cl. 4.8.3.
Local capacity check Cl. 4.8.3.2.
Buckling check simplified method Cl 4.8.3.3.1
Buckling check more exact approach Cl. 4.8.3.3.2.
4.9. Members with biaxial moments See 4.8.
For each intermediate section, the classification is determined and the proper section check is performed. The
classification can change for each intermediate point.
stability check.
So, the stability section classification can change for each load case/combination.
However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section classification is determined for each intermediate
section.
Slender cross-sections
Slender sections are particularly sensitive to local buckling. BS 5950-1:2000 generally allows for the resultant
reduction in strength by the method of effective section properties adapted from EC3. Refer to 3.6.2-6.
Section properties
The net area of a section is taken as its gross section neglecting the deduction due to fastener holes: Cl. 3.4.
Shear area of a cross-section is calculated by using Cl. 4.2.3.
Moment capacity
Before any calculation of members in bending, it is necessary to determine the shear capacity. For plastic and
compact sections with high shear, moment capacity is calculated with the plastic modulus only for symmetrical
sections (Cl. 4.2.5.3. and 4.8.). For other sections, with plastic or compact section classification, and high shear,
moment capacity is calculated by the same method as for semi-compact sections using the elastic modulus
(elastic calculation).
Bending, shear, axial force/capacity interaction
For plastic and compact sections, BS5950 Cl. 4.8.2. & 4.8.3.2. (b) prescribes a detailed approach to determine
the unity check (utilisation) of axially loaded members with moments. The detailed relationship allows a greater
SCIA
107
economy for plastic and compact sections . In this expression, reduced moment capacities Mr respectively about
the major and the minor axis are calculated in accordance with Annexe I2 .
For semi-compact and slender sections, the simplified approach is applied following Cl. 4.8.2.and Cl. 4.8.3.2. (a).
Lateral torsional buckling due to major axis moments
The lateral-torsional buckling resistance moment Mb is calculated in accordance with Cl 4.3.6 for each potential
buckling length between adjacent lateral restraints
The lateral-torsional bending strength pb is calculated in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.5 and Annex B 2.1. This
bending strength is dependent on the equivalent slenderness LT which is calculated in accordance with Cl
4.3.6.7-9.
The moment gradient (shape of the moment diagram between restraints) is allowed for by means of the
equivalent uniform moment factor mLT in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.6 and Table 18.
Torsional buckling about an eccentric axis (Annex G)
This form of buckling under the action of axial compression and/or major axis bending is also known as
restrained buckling and distortional buckling. The term `torsional refers to the mode of buckling and is not
related to torsion loading or torsion moment effects. Torsional buckling may occur in any member segment
between compression flange restraints which has intermediate restraints to the tension flange. It is therefore load
combination dependent. It is particularly important in portal frames rafters and columns. The program will detect
any potential buckling length and carry out a stability check in accordance with BS 5950-1:2000 Cl. 5.3.4 and
Annex G.
Lateral buckling due axial compression
The lateral buckling compression resistance Pc of any member or segment between lateral restraints is
calculated in accordance with Cl 4.7.4. The compressive strength pc allowing for buckling is calculated using Cl.
4.7.5 using the strut curves appropriate to the section type, thickness and axis of buckling (Table 23) as
expressed in the formulae of Annex C. This compressive strength is dependent on the slenderness per Cl 4.7.2
Combined axial and bending buckling unity check/utilisation
The interaction of axial and bending buckling effects is measured by the two simplified formulae given in Cl
4.8.3.3.1.
The first equation refers to flexural buckling and is applied to the member length between major axis restraints.
The second equation refers to the interaction of lateral-torsional buckling due to the moment field and lateral
buckling due to axial compression and is applied to potential buckling lengths between minor axis restraints.
Clause 4.8.3.3.2 provides a more exact method for symmetrical I-sections and Cl. 4.8.3.3.3 for CHS and RHS
sections. It is permissible to take the more favourable result. (Lower utilisation),
The moment gradient (shape of the moment diagram between restraints) is allowed for by means of the
equivalent uniform moment factor mLT in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.6 and Table 18 for lateral-torsional buckling.
For flexural (in plane) buckling the factors mx, my and myx are obtained from Table 26.
SCIA
108
Torsion effects
The current version of the BS 5950-1:2000 steel check does not deal with torsion moments. Any torsion
moments generated by the frame analysis will be ignored.
Most steel structures do not in fact rely on torsion effects to transmit loads.
Where it is found necessary for members to sustain torsion moments as part of the primary load system,
alternative checks should be made. The BS 5950-1:1990 steel check does deal with torsion.
Supported sections
I Symmetric I shapes (UB, UC, IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
RHS Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) [hot rolled or cold formed]
CHS Circular Hollow Sections (CHS) [hot rolled or cold formed]
L Angle sections and double angles
U Channel sections and double channels
T T sections
PPL Asymmetric I shapes used in haunches
RS Rectangular single plate sections
SCIA
109
SIA263
SIA263 Code check
SIA263
Construction en acier
SIA263:2003
Material properties
The most common steel grades are used in SIA263. Their mechanical properties are described in table 1
SIA263. The following table gives the yield strength for each type of grade commonly used in function of the
nominal web thickness:
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100
fy fu fy fu
S235
S 235
235 360 215 340
S275
S 275
275 430 255 410
S355
S 355
355 510 335 490
S460
S 460
460 550 430 530
Consulted articles
The classification described in SIA263 is based on the calculation method. The calculation method in SIA263
distinguish the method used respectively to determine the internal forces and to perform the section and the
stability check.
By facility, we can obviously make a parallel between the calculation method of SIA263 and the section
classification proposed in EC3.
According to SIA263 Table 5a-5b , cross sections are classified in 4 types:
- PP (plastic-plastic) or class 1
- EP (elastic-plastic) or class 2
- EE (elastic-elastic) or class 3
- EER (elastic-elastic reduced) or class 4
SCIA
110
The first letter of the classification denomination is related to the method used to calculate internal forces in the
structure. The second letter indicates if we perform the section and the stability check with a elastic or a plastic
approach. Finally, we must note that the steel code SIA263 is essentially oriented for symmetrical and
bisymmetrical profile like I profiles. In the present modulus, others profiles are calculated by using a classic
elastic approach (EE classification) and EC3 prescriptions.
The section is checked for tension, compression, shear, combination of bending and axial forces. For the stability
check, the beam element is checked for lateral torsional buckling, shear buckling, compression and bending
with axial compression. A more detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table :
4 Analyse structurale et dimensionnement
4.1 Gnralits x
4.2 Bases de l'analyse structurale et du dimensionnement
4.3 Modlisation
4.3.1 Classification des sections x
4.4 Rsistance des sections
4.4.1 Effort normal x
4.4.2 Flexion x
4.4.3 Effort tranchant x
4.4.4 Flexion et effort tranchant x
4.4.5 Flexion et effort normal x
4.4.6 Sollicitations multiaxiales x
4.5 Stabilit
4.5.1 Flambage x
4.5.2 Dversement des poutres flchies x
4.5.3 Flexion et compression x
4.5.4 Voilement des lments plans comprims x
4.5.5 Voilement des lments plans cisaills x
4.8 Situtation de projet incendie
4.8.1 PRINCIPES x
4.8.2 Proprits de l'acier en cas d'incendie x
4.8.5 Mthode de calcul simplifie x
5 Elments de construction
5.1 POUTRES ET POTEAUX DES CLASSES DE SECTION 1 ET 2 x
5.3 Elments comprims section compose
5.3.1 Barres trsillones ( travers de liaison) x
5.4 Poutres composes me pleine
5.4.1 Rsistance la flexion x
5.4.2 Rsistance l'effort tranchant x
5.4.3 Interaction entre flexion et effort tranchant x
Annexe B Moment critique de dversement lastique Mcr x
Annexe C Echauffement des lments de construction en cas d'incendie x
Section classification
classification can change for each intermediary point. For each load case/combination, the critical section
SCIA
111
classification over the member is used to perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can
change for each load case/combination. However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section classification is
determined for each intermediary section.
Slender cross-section
The design of a section that not satisfies the table 5 of SIA263 is always performed by using a reduced area.
This classification correspond to the EER method. The determination of a reduced area is based on the effective
width of each compression element in the current section (Art. 4.5.4). The using of a reduced area implies the
recalculation of the shear centre position, the inertia and the elastic modulus.
Sections properties
The holes due to fastener are neglected in the area of a section
For double symmetric I profile, we don't have to perform any lateral torsional buckling check if NEd/Npl,Rd s 0.15
and the conditions provided in Table 6 SIA263 are satisfied. For any other case, a LTB check must be perform.
Calculations described in Annex B for I,U and PPL can be applied to T sections only if the flange is subjected to
compression. Otherwise, as for section not supported by SIA263 in the LTB check, we use prescriptions given in
EC3 Annex F. Those rules allow us to determine a elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling for
symmetrical (formula F.2 EC3) and non symmetrical (formula F.1. EC3) sections around the minor axis.
In the case of I, U, PPL and, T only with compression in flange, characterised by a reduced area or not, we have
to determined before any calculation irc, defined as the radius of gyration of a section comprising the
compression flange plus 1/3 of the compression web area, taken about an axis in the plane of the web.
Analysis.
Use of diaphragms
Shear buckling
SCIA
112
Stability check
For double symmetric I profile PP or EP, SIA263 provides specific formula to perform the stability check of
member submitted to biaxial moment. For other sections, non symmetric or from EE and EER classification, a
general formula is provided to design member under mono-axial sollicitations.
Torsion check
Built-in beams
SIA263 - Fire Resistance
fi
resistance check.
EGk + Pk + Ad+ E2,iQk,i
with Gk characteristic values of permanent actions
Qk,i characteristic value of the variable action i
Ad design values of accidental action from fire exposure
2,j
Pk characteristic value of prestressing action
Material properties
SCIA
113
u u
u u
=
=
20 , a , E , a
20 , y , y , y
E k E
f k f
The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength ky,u and modulus of elasticity kE,u
is given by tables in ref.[1], Figure 15.
analysis :
-6
(ua-20)
45 W/mK
In this part, the nominal temperature-time curves and the related net heat flux are described. For more info, EC3
Chapter 'Temperature analysis - Thermal actions'
See EC3 Chapter 'Nominal temperature-time curve'.
Net heat flux
See EC3 Chapter 'Net heat flux'
Steel Temperature
See Ref.[1], Annexe C.
t h
c
V / A
d , net
a a
m
t , a
A
= u A
-1
SCIA
114
a
( )
( )
V / A d
c
c
1 e t
3
1
c d
V / A
p p
a a
p p
t , g
10 / t , a t , g
a a p
p p
t , a
= |
A A
|
.
|
\
| |
+
u u
= u A
|
a
p
ua,t
ug,t
Aug,t
p
Calculation model
- strength domain
SCIA
115
Code Check
given in Ref.[1], 4.8.5.
- classification of cross section : art. 4.8.5.2.
- resistance for tension members : art. 4.8.5.4.
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. 4.8.5.5..
- resistance for beams (class 1,2,3) : art. 4.8.5.6., art. 4.8.5.7., art. 4.8.5.8.
- resistance for members (class 4) : art. 4.8.5.9.
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
COM Composed section
O Solid tube
Section check PP x x(2) x(3)
Section check EP x x(2) x(3)
Section check EE x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check EER x x x x x x
Stability check PP x x x x x x x x x x x x x
SCIA
116
Stability check EP x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EE x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EER x x x x x x
LTB x x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4)
(2) check according to EN 1993-1-1
(3) check according to ENV 1993-1-1
(4) general formula for Mcr
References
[1] SIA263
Construction en acier
SIA263:2003
[2] SIA263/1
Construction en acier / Spcification complmentaires
SIA263/1:2003
SCIA
117
GBJ 17-88
The GBJ 17-88 code check
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in :
National standard of the Peoples Republic of China
Code for design of steel structures
GBJ 17-88
Beijing 1995
Material properties
The used steel grades are
- Grade3
- 16Mn
- 16Mnq
- 15Mn
- 15Mnq
For Steel3, the following groups are defined according to the element thickness (in mm):
Grou
p
Diameter or thickness of bars Thickness of L-, I- and U
sections
Thickness of
Plates
1 <=40 <=15 <=20
2 >40-100 >15-20 >20-40
3 >20 >40-80
The design values are (in N/mm)
Steel Group Thickness f fv fce fy
Steel3 1
2
3
215
200
190
125
115
110
320
320
320
235
235
235
16Mn
16Mnq
<=16
17-25
26-36
315
300
290
185
175
170
445
425
410
345
345
345
15Mn
15Mnq
<=16
17-25
26-36
350
335
320
205
195
185
450
435
415
390
390
390
with f the resistance design value for tension, compression, bending (N/mm)
SCIA
118
fv the resistance design value for shear (N/mm)
fce the bearing resistance (N/mm)
fy the yield strength (N/mm)
the selected code. If they are not defined as GBJ material, the following rule is used
f = 0.91 x yield strength
fv = 0.58 x yield strength
Consulted articles
The section and elements are checked according to part 4 and 5. When plastic design is allowed, part 9 is
supported.
marked with x are consulted.
4. Calculation of flexural members
4.1.Strength
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
x (*)
x
4.2.Overall stability (*)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4.
x
x
x
x
4.3.Local stability (*)
4.3.1.
4.3.2.
4.3.3.
4.3.9.
x
x
x
x
5.Calculation of axially loaded members and members subjected to combined
axial load and bending
5.1.Axially loaded members
5.1.1.
5.1.2.
x(*)
x(*)
5.2.Members subjected ot combined axial load and bending
5.2.1.
5.2.2.
5.2.5.
x(*)
x
x
5.3.Effective length and allowable slenderness ratio (*)
5.4.Local stability of compression members
5.4.1.
5.4.2.
x
x
SCIA
119
5.4.3.
5.4.4.
5.4.5.
x
x
x (*)
9.Plastic design
9.1.General requirements
9.1.3.
9.1.4.
x
x
9.2.Calculation of members (*)
9.2.1.
9.2.2.
9.2.3.
9.2.4.
x
x
x
x
9.3.Allowable slenderness and detailing requirements
Appendix 1 Overall stability factor of beams
A1.1.Simply supported beam of uniform welded I section x
A1.2.Simply supported beam of rolled I section x
A1.3.Simply supported beam of rolled channel section x
A1.4.Cantilever beams of doubly symmetric I section x
A1.5.Approximate calculation of overall stability factors x
Appendix 2 Calculation of local stability of girder web
A2.1.Web plate strengthened with transverse stiffeners x(*)
A2.2.Web strengthened with transverse and longitudinal stiffeners
A2.2.Web strengthened with transverse, longitudinal and short stiffeners
Appendix 3 Stability factor of axially loaded compression members x
Section properties
The influence of the net section is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used.
The local compressive stress oc, is considered as 0.0.
Buckling curves
For welded I and PPL sections the default value for the buckling curve about the weak axis is b. This can be
changed to c on users request.
SCIA
120
Buckling length
"Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements").
The LTB check is supported for the following sections : I section, U section, RHS section, T section, PPL section.
For the other section type, the factor b = 1.0.
Local stability of compressed members
For each intermediary section, the ratios are determined. The section classification and the effective area
properties are determined for each intermediary section for performing the section check.
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification and the effective area properties over the
member are used to perform the stability check. However, for non-prismatic sections, the section classification
and the effective area properties are determined for each intermediary section to perform the stability check.
When the web ratio ( dept /thickness) does not conform to the requirements, the web is reduced for calculating of
the section check and stability check. A width of 20 tw sqrt(235/fy) on each side of the web is taken into account.
y
w
f
235
t 20 d =
SCIA
121
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
I RHS CHS L U T PPL R
S
E O COM NUM
Plastic (single bending) x x
Compact section (with ) x x x x x x
Non-compact section x x x x x x x x x x
Normal buckling x x x x x x x x x x x x
LTB x x x x x
Shear buckling x x x
Plastic stability check (single
bending)
x x
References
[1] Chinese Steel Code
GBJ 17-88
(Chinese version)

.[2] National standard of the Peoples Republic of China
Code for design of steel structures
GBJ 17-88
Beijing 1995

SCIA
122
Korean steel code check
The Korean steel code check
Material properties
The following design values are used :
Steel fy
t<=40 mm
fy
t>40 mm
SS41
SPS41
SPSR41
240 220
SS50 280 260
SS55 380 380
with fy the yield strength (N/mm)
The following steel characteristics are valid :
modulus of elasticity 210000 N/mm
shear modulus 81000 N/mm
coefficient of linear thermal expansion 12 x 10-6
density 7850 kg/m
Consulted articles
The section and elements are checked according to part 2 and 3. The shear buckling check is perfromed using
article 7.5.2. The classiffication of sections is based on the rules of part 4.
marked with x are consulted.
TEXT
2.Allowable stress
2.1.Structural material x
2.1.1.Allowable tensile stress x
2.1.2.Allowable shear stress x
SCIA
123
2.1.3.Allowable compressive stress x
2.1.4.Allowable bending stress
a)
b)
c)
(*)
x
x
x
2.1.5.Allowable bearing stress
3.Load and stresses
3.3.Combined stresses (*)
3.3.1.Compression force and bending moment x
3.3.2.Tensile force and bending moment x (*)
3.3.3.Shear force and tensile stress
4.Width-Thickness ratio of plates (*)
4.1.1.Cantilever plate x
4.1.2.Two side fixed plate x
4.1.3.Effective area x
4.2.CHS section and thickness ratio x
5. Tensile member
6.Compressive member
6.1.Slenderness ratio x
6.2.Buckling length x(*)
7.Beam element
7.5.Stiffener
7.5.2.Buckling verification of the web
a)
x
Section classification
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification and the effective area properties over the
member are used to perform the code check. However, for non-prismatic sections, the section classification and
the effective area properties are determined for each intermediary section.
When the element properties dont satisfy the limiting values for the ratios, the section is classified as slender.
The section have to be reduced for the calculation of the stresses. For outstand compression elements, the part
that is situated on the fixed side, remains. The length of the part b is calculated by the equation in which the ratio
b/t is equal on the limiting ratio.
SCIA
124
For internal compression elements, the remaining parts are symmetrically divided to the end of the elements.
The length of the part d is calculated by the equation in which the ratio d/t is equal on the limiting ratio.
The reduced section properties are calculated for I, U, PPL, RHS and Cold formed sections-types.
The slenderness ratios (for buckling and LTB) are calculated with the full section properties.
Section properties
Buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio"
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler force for this member(see
"Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements") .
For I sections, PPL sections, U sections RHS and CHS sections, the formulas from 2.1.4 are used.
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
with L LTB length
E modulus of elasticity
SCIA
125
with L LTB length
G shear modulus
Iw warping constant
It torsion constant
Iz moment of inertia about minor axis
With this moment Mcr, the critical LTB stress oLTB is calculated :
y
cr
LTB
I
M
= o
with Iy moment of inertia about major axis
The slenderness ratio for LTB LTB, is given by
LTB
LTB
E
o
t =
The allowable LTB stress is calculated using the slenderness LTB with the formulas given in 2.1.3.
Combined stresses
For compression and bending, the following formulas are used :
1
f
t t
1
f
c
f
c
f
t
c by bx
by
by
bx
bx
c
c
s
o o + o
s
o
+
o
+
o
SCIA
126
For tension and bending, the following formulas are used :
1
f
t t
1
f
c
f
c
f
t
by bx t
by
by
bx
bx
bx
t
s
o + o + o
s
o
+
o
+
o
with oc
normal compression stress
ot
normal tension stress
cob
bending compression stress
tob
bending tension stress
cobx
bending compression stress around x axis
tobx
bending tension stress around x axis
coby
bending compression stress around y axis
toby
bending tension stress around y axis
ft allowable tension stress
fc allowable compression stress
fb allowable bending stress
fbx allowable bending stress around x axis
fby allowable bending stress around y axis
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
SCIA
127
O Solid tube
I RH
S
CHS L U T PPL RS E O COM NUM
Slender sections x x x x x
Allowable
stresses
Shear buckling x x x
References
[1] Korean Standard
(Korean Version)
1983

[2] Extracts Korean Standard
(Internal English Version)
Translated by Karam Kim - 19.03.1998

[3] Regulations of Structural Standard of
Building Architecture
(internal english document)
SCIA
128
BSK 99
BSK 99 Code check
BSK 99
StalKonstruktioner
Boverket, Byggavdelningen, 2000
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the characteristic yield strength fyk and tensile strength fuk are defined according to
the thickness of the element (see Ref. |1|, tab.2:21a and tab.2:21b)
Steel
Name Type E-modulus
(N/mm
2
)
Poisson Unit mass
(kg /m
3
)
Extensibility
(m/m K)
Ultimate
tensile
strength
(N/mm
2
)
Yield
strength
(N/mm
2
)
S235
S 235
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
340 235
S275
S 275
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
410 275
S355
S 355
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
490 355
S420
S 420
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
500 420
S460
S 460
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
530 460
S500
S 500
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
590 500
S550
S 550
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
640 550
S620
S 620
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
700 620
S690
S 690
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
770 690
(fyk, fuk in N/mm, t in mm)
SCIA
129
Steel
grade
Thickness fuk fyk
S235, S
235
0 < t <= 16 340 235
16 < t <= 40 340 225
40 < t <= 63 340 215
63 < t <= 80 340 215
80 < t <=100 340 215
S275, S
275
0 < t <= 16 410 275
16 < t <= 40 410 265
40 < t <= 63 410 255
63 < t <= 80 410 245
80 < t <=100 410 235
S355, S
355
0 < t <= 16 490 355
16 < t <= 40 490 345
40 < t <= 63 490 335
63 < t <= 80 490 325
80 < t <=100 490 315
S420, S
420
0 < t <= 16 500 420
16 < t <= 40 500 400
40 < t <= 63 500 390
S460, S
460
0 < t <= 16 530 460
16 < t <= 40 530 440
40 < t <= 63 530 430
S500, S
500
0 < t <= 50 550 500
50 < t <= 100 550 480
S550, S
550
0 < t <= 50 640 550
50 < t <= 100 640 550
S620, S
620
0 < t <= 50 700 620
50 < t <= 100 700 580
S690, S
690
0 < t <= 50 770 690
50 < t <= 100 760 650
Remark : For cold formed section, the values for fy and fu are not influenced by the previous table.
the selected code.
SCIA
130
Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to Table 6:211a . (class 1,2 or 3).
The section is checked for tension (art. 6:22), compression (6:23), bending (6:24), shear force (art. 6:26), torsion
(art. 6:27), the combination of bending and axial force (art. 6:25).
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for part 6:2 in the following table. The chapters marked
with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation in the following chapters.
6:2.Calculation of the capacity of construction elements
6:21.Limiting values of slenderness for cross section parts x
6:211.Classes of cross sections x (*)
6:212.Design methods for the different section classes x (*)
6:22.Tensile force x
6:23.Compression force x
6:231. Initial curvature, initial inclination and load eccentricity
6:232.Loss of restraint x (*)
6:233.Reduction factor for flexural buckling x
6:24.Bending moment x
6:241.Cross section classes x (*)
6:242.Shape factors in flexure x (*)
6:243.Bending moment x
6:244.Lateral torsional buckling x (*)
6:2441.Lateral bracing of beam x
6:2442.Reduction factor for LTB x
6:25. Bending and axial force
6:251.Section check x
6:252.Flexural buckling x
6:253.Flexural-torsional buckling x
6:26.Shear force and concentrated load
6:261.Shear force x(*)
6:262.Web crippling under concentrated force
6:263.Local compression
6:27.Torsional moment x
6:271.Pure torsion x
6:272.Warping
6:273.Torsional moment, shear force and bending moment x
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section check is performed using
the actual internal forces. The classification can change for each intermediary point.
SCIA
131
The calculation of the effective area properties is performed according to the rules given in [5], part :23 and :24.
modulus of the cross-section when subject only to moment about the relevant axis. With these properties, the
section and stability check is performed.
Section properties
6:22 ; 6:243 ; 6:251 ; 6:261 : The net area properties are not taken into account .
Section check
- Double symmetric I sections (I) use the formula (6:251a) and (6:251b)
- Solid sections (O, RS) and hollow sections (RHS, CHS) use the formula (6:251c)
- For single bending, the sections U, PPL, T use formula (6:251a). For double bending the biaxial state of stress is
consulted.
- All other cases use the biaxial state of stress.
The (bi)axial stress check is given by formula (3:412a) and (3:412c):
yd
2 2
x
yd x
f 3
f
o s t + o
s o
with o=1.1
Compression members
6:232 : For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio". The buckling
properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler force for this member (see "Calculation
of critical Euler force for VARH elements") .
For class 3 sections, the rules given in [5], part :34 are used, including the calculating of Idef.
SCIA
132
See [5], part :37.
The design buckling resistance for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be obtained using the following
reduction factor ec and slenderness c :
( ) ( ) | |
2
c
c
0
0
y
y
y , cr
T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr TF , cr
2
0
2
z
2
y
2
0
2
T
m
t 2
0 g
T , cr
TF , cr T , cr cr
cr cr
cr
yk eff
c
1
16 . 1
i
y
1
i
l
E
4
2
1
y i i i
l
EC
GI
i A
1
) , min(
A N
N
f A
+
= e
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
= o
o |o o + o o + o
|
= o
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
| t
+ = o
o o = o
o =
=
with fyk the basic yield strength
ocr
the critical stress
ocr,T
ocr,TF
G the shear modulus
SCIA
133
The calculation of ocr based on [6], part 6.2.3.(5).
Alternatively to the regulations given in 6:2442. for bisymmetric sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr
for I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular
Hollow Section) sections, can be calculated using the formula given by the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref.
|3|.
For the calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
z
2
t
z
2
z
2
EI
LGI
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
G the shear modulus
SCIA
134
For class 3 section, Izdef according to [5], part :44 is used.
Use of diaphragms
Shear force ( shear buckling)
The shear buckling check is using the values for ev from table 6:261 in column 2.
The value for w is (according to [5], part :26, (18:26d)) taken as below :
2
w
w
2
w
w
k
yk
w
w
w
a
b
34 . 5 00 . 4 k 1
b
a
if
a
b
00 . 4 34 . 5 k 1
b
a
if
E
f
t
b
k
81 . 0
|
.
|
\
|
+ = <
|
.
|
\
|
+ = >
=
t
t
t
with Ek the modulus of elasticity
fyk the yield strength
a the field length
bw the field height
tw the web thickness
SCIA
135
a
bw
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
O Solid tube
Section check
double bending
Class 3 support x x x x x x
Buck:ling check x x x x x x x x x x x x
LTB check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Compression +
bending
double bending
x
Compression +
bending
x x x x x x x x
SCIA
136
single bending
Compression + LTB
double bending
x
Shear buckling x x x x
Torsional check x
References
[1] BSK 99
StalKonstruktioner
Boverket, Byggavdelningen, 2000
[2] Swedish Regulations for Steel Structures
BSK
SBI Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, Publication 118, 1989
[3] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
|4| R. Maquoi

[5] Torsten Hglund
K18, Dimensionering av Stalkonstruktioner
Utdrag ur Handboken Bygg, kapitel K18 och K19
C E Fritzes AB, Stockholm
[6] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
CEN 1996

SCIA
137
IS 800
IS:800 Code check
IS 800 Draft version (for 3
rd
Revision)
Material properties
The following steel grades are supported :
Grade/ Classification Yield stress(Mpa)
Ultimate tensile
stress(Mpa)
A/Fe410WA 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
B/Fe410WB 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
C/Fe410WC 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
Fe440 300(<16mm), 290(16mm to 40mm), 280(>41mm to 63mm) 440
Fe440B 300(<16mm), 290(16mm to 40mm), 280(>41mm to 63mm) 440
The string in the column Grade/Classification is used to determine the proper yield stress reduction.
Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to Table 3.1.
The section is checked for tension (Section 6), compression (Section 7), bending (Section 8) and the combination
of forces (Section 9).
consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation in the following chapters.
3.7. Classification of Cross Section x(*)
6.1. Tension members x
6.2. Design strength due to Yielding of Gross section
SCIA
138
7.1. Design Strength x
8.2. Design strength in bending x
8.2.1. Laterally supported beam
8.2.1.1. Section with slender webs x
8.2.1.2. When factored shear force < 0.6 Vd x
8.2.1.3. When factored shear force > 0.6 Vd x
8.2.2. Laterally unsupported beam x
8.2.2.1. Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling moment x
8.4. Shear x
8.4.1. The nominal plastic shear resistance x
8.4.2. Resistance to shear buckling x
9.1. General x
9.2. Combined Shear and bending x
9.3. Combined Axial Force and Bending Moment x
Appendix F x
Remarks
- the design of slender compression elements is outside the scope of this implementation
- the shear buckling check is only using the Simple Post Critical Method
section
The cross sections are classified as
- class 1 : plastic
- class 2 : compact
- class 3 : semi-compact
- class 4 : slender section
The class 4 (slender) section check is not supported. For this sections a class 3 (semi-compact) section check is
performed.
Section properties
SCIA
139
Section check
In the case of high shear for class 3 section, the allowable normal stress is reduced with a factor (1-). When
torsional shear stress is present, the VonMisis criterium is checked.
Compression members
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio". The buckling properties for a
VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler force for this member (see "Calculation of critical Euler
force for VARH elements") .
The design buckling resistance Nb,Rd for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be obtained using buckling
for buckling around the weak axis, and with relative slenderness given by :
( ) ( ) | |
1
4
2
1
1
) , min(
0
0
,
, , , , , , ,
2
0
2 2 2
0
2 2
0
,
, ,
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ + =
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
=
=
i
y
i
l
E
y i i i
l
EC
GI
i A
f
y
y
y cr
T cr y cr T cr y cr T cr y cr TF cr
z y
T
m
t
g
T cr
TF cr T cr cr
A cr
yb
|
t
o
o |o o o o o
|
o
t
o
o o o
o
with fyb the basic yield strength

ocr
the critical stress
ocr,T
ocr,TF
G the shear modulus
SCIA
140
The elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr for I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS (Rectangular Hollow
Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) sections, can be calculated using the formula given by
Annex F.
For the calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
z
2
t
z
2
z
2
EI
LGI
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
SCIA
141
G the shear modulus
Analysis.
Use of diaphragms
Supported sections
The following standard sections are defined :
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
COM Composed section ( sheet welded, section pairs, )
O Solid tube
In the following matrix is shown which sections are supported for the different analysis parts in the Indian steel
Code check :
SCIA
142
Section Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)
Section check class 4
Stability check class 1 x x x
Stability check class 2 x x x
Stability check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check class 4
References
[1] IS:800
2005
SCIA
143
EAE code check
Instruccin EAE
Documento 0 de la Instruccin de Acero Estructural
Comisin Permanente de Estructuras de Acero
November 2004
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the yield strength fy and tensile strength fu are defined according to Captulo VI of
Ref. |1|.
Steel Grade fy
(N/mm)
fu
(N/mm)
S 235 235 360
S 275 275 430
S 355 355 510
S 275 N/NL 275 390
S 355 N/NL 355 490
S 420 N/NL 420 540
S 460 N/NL 460 570
S 275 M/ML 275 380
S 355 M/ML 355 470
S 420 M/ML 420 520
S 460 M/ML 460 550
S 460 Q/QL/QL1 460 570
S 235 W 235 360
S 355 W 355 510
S 235 H 235 360
S 275 H 275 430
S 355 H 355 510
S 275 NH/NLH 275 370
S 355 NH/NLH 355 470
S 460 NH/NLH 460 550
S 275 MH/MLH 275 360
S 355 MH/MLH 355 470
S 420 MH/MLH 420 500
S 460 MH/MLH 460 530
The name of the steel grade (e.g. 'S 355 W') is used to identify the steel grade.
SCIA
144
the Cross Section input dialog) according to Ref.[4].
( ) ( )
yb u yb u
g
yb ya
f 2 . 1 , f min f f
A
knt
f f s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
SCIA
145
Consulted articles
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in " Instruccin EAE, Documento 0 de la
Instruccin de Acero Estructural, Comisin Permanente de Estructuras de Acero, November 2004".
The cross-sections are classified according to Artculo 20 of Captulo V. All classes of cross-sections are
included. For class 4 sections (slender sections) the effective section is calculated in each intermediary point,
according to Artculo 20 of Captulo V.
The member check is executed according to Captulo IX. The stress check is taken from art. 34.: the section is
checked for tension (art. 34.2.), compression (art. 34.3.), bending (art. 34.4.), shear (art. 34.5.), torsion (art.
34.6.) and combined bending, shear and axial force (art. 34.7.1., art. 34.7.2. and art. 34.7.3.).
The stability check is taken from art. 35.: the beam element is checked for buckling (art. 35.1.), lateral torsional
buckling (art. 35.2.), and combined bending and axial compression (art. 35.3.).
The shear buckling is checked according to prEN 1993-1-5:2003, Chapter 5.
For I sections, U sections and cold formed sections warping can be considered.
A check for critical slenderness and torsion moment is also included.
For integrated beams, the local plate bending is taken into account for the plastic moment capacity and the
bending stresses in the section. The out-of-balance loading is checked.
consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation the following chapters.
Instruccin EAE
20. Clasificacin de las secciones transversales
(
*
)
20.2. Clasificacin de las secciones transversales metlicas
x
20.3. Criterios de asignacin de Clase en secciones metlicas no rigidizadas
x
20.7. Caractersticas de la seccin reducida en secciones transversales esbeltas
x
34. Estado lmite de resistencia de las secciones
34.1. Principios generales del clculo
x
34.1.2. Caractersticas de las secciones transversales
x
(
*
)
34.2. Esfuerzo axil de traccin
x
34.3. Esfuerzo axil de compresin
x
34.4. Momento flector
x
34.5. Esfuerzo cortante
x
34.6. Torsin
x
(
*
)
SCIA
146
34.7. Interaccin de esfuerzos
34.7.1. Flexin y cortante
x
34.7.2. Flexin y esfuerzo axil
x
34.7.3. Flexin, cortante y esfuerzo axil
x
35. Estado lmite de inestabilidad
35.1. Elementos sometidos a compresin
x
(
*
)
35.2. Elementos sometidos a flexin
x
35.3. Elementos sometidos a compresin y flexin
x
(
*
)
35.5. Abolladura del alma a cortante
x
35.7. Interaccin
35.7.1. Cortante, flexin y esfuerzo axil
x
For cold formed sections prEN 1993-1-3 is applied.
6.1.2. Axial tension
6.1.3. Axial compression
6.1.5. Shear force
6.1.6. Torsional moment
section.
SCIA
147
Section properties
The shear lag effects are neglected .
Torsion check
Built-in beams
the local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for built-in beams (IFB, SFB, THQ sections).
Compression members
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling ratio"
LTB".
z
2
t
z
2
z
2
EI
LGI
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
t
+
t
=
G the shear modulus
SCIA
148
Analysis.
Use of diaphragms
Combined bending and axial compression
For prismatic members the value My,Ed is the maximum value of the bending moment around the strong axis in
the member. The value Mz,Ed is the maximum value of the bending moment around the weak axis in the member.
For non-prismatic sections, the values My,Ed and Mz,Ed are the concurrent bending moments for each intermediary
section.
Interaction Method Calculation of Czz
By default for Czz the formula given in Ref.[1] is used:
In this formula however the position of the factor eLT is incorrect. For exact analysis the formula according to
Ref.[9] can be used:
SCIA
149
Supported sections
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
O Solid tube
1
x x x
2
x x x
3
4
x x x x x x
References
|1| Instruccin EAE
Documento 0 de la Instruccin de Acero Estructural
Comisin Permanente de Estructuras de Acero
November 2004

|2| Essentials of Eurocode 3
ECCS - N 65, 1991
SCIA
150

|3| R. Maquoi

[4] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
CEN 1996

[5] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
[6] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-2:1995, 1995
ECCS - N 111
May 2001
[8] Eurocode 1
Basis of design and actions on structures
Part 2-2 : Actions on structures - Actions on structures exposed to fire
ENV 1991-2-2:1995
SCIA
151
Calculation of buckling ratio
Introduction to the calculation of buckling ratio
For the calculation of buckling ratio, several methods can be applied.
The general method is described in chapter "Calculation buckling ratio general formula". For crossing diagonals,
the buckling ratio is explained in chapter "Calculation buckling ratios for crossing diagonals". For VARH elements,
the critical Euler force is calculated according to the method given in chapter "Calculation of critical Euler force for
VARH elements". For lattice tower members, see the chapter "Calculation buckling ratio for lattice tower
members".
Calculation buckling ratio general formula
For the calculation of the buckling ratios, some approximate formulas are used. These formulas are treated in
reference [1], [2] and [3].
The following formulas are used for the buckling ratios (Ref[1],pp.21) :
- for a non sway structure :
24) + 11 + 5 + 24)(2 + 5 + 11 + (2
12)2 + 4 + 4 + 24)( + 5 + 5 + (
= l/L
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

- for a sway structure :
4 +
x
x = l/L
1
2
t
with L the system length
E the modulus of Young
I the moment of inertia
Ci the stiffness in node i
Mi the moment in node i
Fi the rotation in node i
t
t
2 1 2 1
2
1
2
2 1
8 + ) + (
+ 4
= x
EI
L
C
=
i
i
|
i
i
i
M
=
C
SCIA
152
The values for Mi and |i are approximately determined by the internal forces and the deformations, calculated by
load cases which generate deformation forms, having an affinity with the buckling form. (See also Ref.[5], pp.113
and Ref.[6],pp.112).
The following load cases are considered:
- load case 1 : on the beams, the local distributed loads qy=1 N/m and qz=-100 N/m are used, on the columns the
global distributed loads Qx = 10000 N/m and Qy =10000 N/m are used.
- load case 2 : on the beams, the local distributed loads qy=-1 N/m and qz=-100 N/m are used, on the columns the
global distributed loads Qx = -10000 N/m and Qy= -10000 N/m are used.
The used approach gives good results for frame structures with perpendicular rigid or semi-rigid beam
connections. For other cases, the user has to evaluate the presented bucking ratios. In such cases a more
refined approach (from stability analysis) can be applied.
SCIA
153
Calculation buckling ratios for crossing diagonals
For crossing diagonal elements, the buckling length perpendicular to the diagonal plane, is calculated according
to Ref.[4], DIN18800 Teil 2, table 15. This means that the buckling length sK is dependent on the load distribution
in the element, and it is not a purely geometrical data anymore.
In the following chapters, the buckling length sK is defined,
with sK buckling length
l member length
l1 length of supporting diagonal
I moment of inertia (in the buckling plane) of the member
I1 moment of inertia (in the buckling plane) of the supporting diagonal
N compression force in member
N1 compression force in supporting diagonal
Z tension force in supporting diagonal
E elastic modulus
SCIA
154
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous
tension diagonal
N
N
Z
Z
l/2
l1/2
l 5 . 0 s
l I
l 1 I
1
l N 4
l Z 3
1
l s
K
3
1
3
1
K
>

=
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 1.
SCIA
155
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned tension
diagonal
N
N
Z
Z
l/2
l1/2
l 5 . 0 s
l N
l Z
75 . 0 1 l s
K
1
K
>

=
SCIA
156
Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous tension
diagonal
N
N
Z
Z
l/2
l1/2
) 1
l Z
l N
(
4
l Z 3
) I E (
1
l Z
l N
l 5 . 0 s
1
2
2
1
d 1
1
K
t

>
s
=
SCIA
157
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous
compression diagonal
N
N
N1
N1
l/2
l1/2
l 5 . 0 s
l I
l 1 I
1
l N
l N
1
l s
K
3
1
3
1
1
K
>

+
=
SCIA
158
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned
N
N
N1
N1
l/2
l1/2
1
1
2
K
l N
l N
12
1 l s
t
+ =
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 3 (2).
SCIA
159
Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous
N
N
N1
N1
l/2
l1/2
)
N
l N
12
(
l
l N
) I E (
l 5 . 0 s
1
1
2
1
2
3
d
K
+
t
t

>
=
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 3 (3).
Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements
Definitions
A VARH element is defined as follows :
The member has the properties of a symmetric I secion (formcode=1), where only the height is linear variable
along the member. The system length for buckling around the local yy axis (strong axis), is equal to member
length.
For this non-prismatic section, the critical Euler force is given in Ref[7].
Calculation of the critical Euler force
SCIA
160
For a VARH element (form node i to node j), we can define:
L beam length
Ii, Ij moment of inertia at end i and j
Ai,
Aj
sectional area at end i and j
E modulus of Young
Ncr critical Euler force
Ri,
Rj
beam stiffness at end i and j
The stiffness R and R' is given by:
EI
L
R
=
R
EI
L
R
=
R
M
= R
i
j j
i
i i
'
'
u
I
I
=
i
j
The critical Euler force is given by

L
EI
=
N
2
i 2
cr o
To calculate o, the next steps are followed :
1. Calculate L, Ii, Ij, Ri, Rj, R'i, R'j,
2. We suppose that
2
1
>
1 -
o
3. Calculate a, b, c and d as follows
SCIA
161
)] ln cotg( +
2
1
(
1) - (
+ [1
1
= d
]
1 -
) ln ( sin
- [1
1
= c = b
)] ln cotg( -
2
1
1)( - ( + [1
1
= a
4
1
-
) 1 - (
=
2
2
2
2
2
| |
|
|
o
| |
o
o
|
4. For a beam in non-sway system, we solve
0 =
R R
bc) - (ad +
R
d +
R
a + 1
j i j i ' ' ' '
For a beam in sway system, we solve
0 = bc)) - (ad - d + c - b - (a
R R
+ - ) d - (1
R
+ ) a - (1
R
2
j i
2 2
j
2
i o o o o ' ' ' '
5. When a solution is found, we check if
2
1
>
1 -
o
6. If not, then recalculate a,b,c en d as follows :
]
) - (
) ) +
2
1
( - ) -
2
1
1)(( - (
+ [1
1
= d
]
) - (
1) - ( 2
- [1
1
= c = b
]
-
) ) +
2
1
( - ) -
2
1
1)(( - (
+ [1
1
= a
-
-
2
- 2
-
2

| |
o

|
o

| |
o
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
and resolve the proper equation of 4.
SCIA
162
Calculation buckling ratio for lattice tower members
When the national code EC-ENV is selected, the following buckling configuration can be selected. For each
configuration, the critical slenderness to be considered, is defined.
The values are taken from Ref.[8].
y
y
z z
v
v
We define :
iyy radius of gyration around yy axis
izz radius of gyration around zz axis
ivv radius of gyration around vv axis
With the option 'Bracing members are sufficiently supported', the effective slendernesses may be reduced as follows :
- for vv-axis : vv 7 . 0 35 . 0 + =
- for yy-axis : yy 7 . 0 50 . 0 + =
The buckling curve 'b' is used..
SCIA
163
Leg with symmetrical bracing
vv
i
L
=
Leg with intermediate transverse support
yy
i
L
=
SCIA
164
Leg with staggered bracing
vv
yy
i
52 . 1 ) 2 a , 1 a max(
i
L
=
=
Single Bracing
vv
i
L
=
SCIA
165
Single Bracing with SBS (Secondary Bracing System)
yy
2
vv
1
i
L
i
L
=
=
Cross bracing
SCIA
166
yy
com
com
y
E
E
com
com
com
com
1
1
1 b
1
com
sup
1 b
2 b com b
'
2
zz
'
2
yy
'
2
vv
1
i
L
f
E
58 . 0 70 . 0 K
L
L
K
1
1 25 . 0 K
K
1
1 25 . 0
F
F
K
1
1 38 . 0 75 . 0 K
L K L K L
i
L
,
i
L
i
L
=
t =
=
+ =
= o
|
.
|
\
|
+ o >
\
|
+ o +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ o =
= =
=
=
with Lcom Length of compressed member (L2 from figure)
Fcom Force in compressed member (L2 from figure)
Fsup Force in supporting member (member crossing member L2)
E Modulus of Young
fy Yield strength
SCIA
167
Cross bracing with SBS
3 b com b
'
3
zz
'
3
yy
'
3
zz
2
yy
2
vv
1
L K L K L
i
L
,
i
L
i
L
,
i
L
i
L
= =
=
=
=
with Lcom Length of compressed member (L3 from figure)
Fcom Force in compressed member (L3 from figure)
Fsup Force in supporting member (member crossing member L3)
Kb See Chapter 'Cross bracing'
K Bracing
SCIA
168
zz
3
yy
3
zz
2
yy
2
vv
1
i
L
,
i
L
i
L
,
i
L
i
L
=
=
=
Horizontal Bracing
L
1 R 0
P
P
R
73 . 0 R 316 . 0 R 085 . 0 k
i
L
k
1
2
2
vv
s s
=
+ =
=
with P1 Compression load
P2 Tensile load
Horizontal Bracing with SBS
SCIA
169
L
1 R 0
P
P
R
73 . 0 R 316 . 0 R 085 . 0 k
i
L
k
1
2
2
yy
s s
=
+ =
=
with P1 Compression load
P2 Tensile load
SCIA
170
Discontinuous Cross bracing with horizontal member
N1 N2
N1 N2
F F
a
a
( ) o + =
=
cos ) 2 N 1 N ( , F max F
i
a
,
i
a 2
Sd
vv yy
with F normal force to check
FSd actual compression force in horizontal member
N1 tensile force in diagonal
N2 compression force in diagonal
References
[1] Handleiding moduul STACO VGI
Staalbouwkundig Genootschap
Staalcentrum Nederland
5684/82
[2] Newmark N.M. A simple approximate formula for effective end-fixity of columns
J.Aero.Sc. Vol.16 Feb.1949 pp.116
SCIA
171
[3] Stabiliteit voor de staalconstructeur
uitgave Staalbouwkundig Genootschap
[4] DIN18800 Teil 2
Stahlbauten : Stabilittsflle, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
November 1990
[5] Rapportnr. BI-87-20/63.4.3360
Controleregels voor lijnvormige constructie-elementen
IBBC Maart 1987
[7] Y. Gala
Flambement des poteaux inertie variable
Construction Mtallique 1-1981
[8] NEN-EN 50341-3-15
Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 45 kV - Part 3: Set of National Normative Aspects
Number 15: National Normative Aspects (NNA) for The Netherlands
SCIA
172
Calculation of moment factors for LTB
Introduction to the calculation of moment factors
For determining the moment factors C1 and C2 for lateral torsional buckling (LTB), we use the standard tables
which are defined in Ref.[1] Art.12.25.3 table 9.1.,10 and 11.
The current moment distribution is compared with some standard moment distributions. This standard moment
distributions are moment lines generated by a distributed q load, a nodal F load, or where the moment line is
maximum at the start or at the end of the beam.
The standard moment distributions which is closest to the current moment distribution, is taken for the calculation of
the factors C1 and C2.
The factor C3 is taken out of the tables F.1.1. and F.1.2. from Ref.[2] - Annex F.
Calculation moment factors
Moment distribution generated by q load
For EC3, IS800 and CM66 :
if M2 < 0
C1 = A
*
(1.45 B
*
+ 1) 1.13 + B
*
(-0.71 A
*
+ 1) E
*
C2 = 0.45 A* [1 + C* e
D*
( | + )]
if M2 > 0
C1 = 1.13 A
*
+ B
*
E
*
C2 = 0.45A
*
For DIN18800 and ONORM4300 :
if M2 < 0
C1 = A
*
(1.45 B
*
+ 1) 1.12 + B
*
(-0.71 A
*
+ 1) E
*
SCIA
173
C2 = 0.45 A
*
[1 + C
*
e
D*
( | + )]
if M2 > 0
C1 = 1.12 A
*
+ B
*
E
*
C2 = 0.45A
*
with :
l
+q | M2 | 8
l
q
= A
2
2
*
ql
| M2 | 94
= C
2
*
l
+q | M2 | 8
| M2 | 8
= B
2
*
)
ql
| M2 |
-72( = D
2
2
*
for DIN18800 / ONORM 4300 :
| 0.77 - 1.77 = E
*
for EC3 Code and IS800 :
2.70 < E*
0.52 + 1.40 - 1.88 = E*
2
| |
for NEN6770/6771, SIA263 Code :
E*=1.75-1.05*|+0.30*| and E*<2.3
for CM66 :
2.70 < E*
0.52 + 1.40 - 1.88 = E*
2
| |
SCIA
174
Moment distribution generated by F load
F
M2 M1 = Beta M2
l
M2 < 0
C1 = A
**
(2.75 B
**
+ 1) 1.35 + B
**
(-1.62 A
**
+ 1) E
**
C2 = 0.55 A
**
[1 + C
**
e
D**
( | + )]
M2 > 0
C1 = 1.35 A
**
+ B
**
E
**
C2 = 0.55 A
**
with :
+Fl | M2 | 4
Fl
= A
* *

+Fl | M2 | 4
| M2 | 4
= * * B
Fl
| M2 | 38
= C
* *
)
Fl
| M2 |
-32( = D
2 * *
The values for E
**
can be taken as E
*
from chapter "Moment distribution generated by q load".
SCIA
175
Moment line with maximum at the start or at the end of the beam
M2 M1 = Beta M2
l
C2 = 0.0
for DIN18800 / ONORM 4300
| 0.77 - 1.77 = 1 C
for EC3 Code / IS800 :
2.70 < 1 C and
0.52 + 1.40 - 1.88 = 1 C
2
| |
for CM66 :
( )
2 2
1 152 . 0 1
3
= 1 C
| | + | +
for NEN6770/6771, SIA263 Code :
E*=1.75-1.05*|+0.30*| and E*<2.3
References
Stabiliteit
NEN 6771 - 1991

[2] Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992

SCIA
176
LTBII: Lateral Torsional Buckling 2nd Order
Analysis
Introduction to LTBII
For a detailed Lateral Torsional Buckling analysis, a link was made to the Friedrich + Lochner LTBII application
Ref.[1].
The Frilo LTBII solver can be used in 2 separate ways:
1) Calculation of Mcr through eigenvalue solution
2) 2
nd
Order calculation including torsional and warping effects
For both methods, the member under consideration is sent to the Frilo LTBII solver and the respective results are
sent back to SCIA-ESA PT.
A detailed overview of both methods is given in the following chapters.
Eigenvalue solution Mcr
The single element is taken out of the structure and considered as a single beam, with:
- Appropriate end conditions for torsion and warping
- End and begin forces
- Loadings
- Intermediate restraints (diaphragms, LTB restraints)
The end conditions for warping and torsion are defined as follows:
Cw_i Warping condition at end i (beginning of the member)
Cw_j Warping condition at end j (end of the member)
Ct_i Torsion condition at end i (beginning of the member)
Ct_j Torsion condition at end j (end of the member)
To take into account loading and stiffness of linked beams, see chapter Linked Beams.
For this system, the elastic critical moment Mcr for lateral torsional buckling can be analyzed as the solution of
an eigenvalue problem:
0 K K
g e
= q +
SCIA
177
Wit
h
q Critical load factor
Ke Elastic linear stiffness matrix
Kg Geometrical stiffness matrix
For members with arbitrary sections, the critical moment can be obtained in each section, with: (See
Ref.[3],pp.176)
( ) ) x ( M x M
M max M
yy cr
yy cr
q =
q =
Wit
h
q Critical load factor
Myy Bending moment around the strong axis
Myy(x) Bending moment around the strong axis at position x
Mcr(x) Critical moment at position x
The calculated Mcr is then used in the Lateral Torsional Buckling check of SCIA-ESA PT.
For more background information, reference is made to Ref[2].
2
nd
Order analysis
SCIA
178
The single element is taken out of the structure and considered as a single beam, with:
- Appropriate end conditions for torsion and warping
- End and begin forces
- Loadings
- Intermediate restraints (diaphragms, LTB restraints)
- Imperfections
To take into account loading and stiffness of linked beams, see chapter Linked Beams.
For this system, the internal forces are calculated using a 2
nd
Order 7 degrees of freedom calculation.
The calculated torsional and warping moments (St Venant torque Mxp, Warping torque Mxs and Bimoment Mw)
are then used in the Stress check of SCIA-ESA PT (See chapter Warping Check Stress Check).
Specifically for this stress check, the following internal forces are used:
- Normal force from SCIA-ESA PT
- Maximal shear forces from SCIA-ESA PT / Frilo LTBII
- Maximal bending moments from SCIA-ESA PT / Frilo LTBII
Since Lateral Torsional Buckling has been taken into account in this 2
nd
Order stress check, it is no more
required to execute a Lateral Torsional Buckling Check.
For more background information, reference is made to Ref[2].
Supported National Codes
The following codes are supported for the analysis of Mcr.
- EC3 - ENV
- EC3 - EN
- DIN18800
- ONORM
- NEN
- SIA
- IS
- EAE
For the following national codes, the 2nd Order analysis approach is supported.
- EC3 - ENV
- EC3 - EN
- DIN18800
- ONORM
- NEN
- SIA
- EAE
SCIA
179
Supported Sections
The following table shows which cross-section types are supported for which type of analysis:
FRILO LTBII CSS SCIA-ESA PT CSS Eigenval
ue
analysis
2
nd
Order
analysi
s
Double T I section from library x x
Thin walled geometric I x x
Sheet welded Iw x x
Double T unequal IPY from library x x
Thin walled geometric asymmetric I x x
Haunched sections x x
Welded I+Tl x x
Sheet welded Iwn x x
HAT Section IFBA, IFBB x x
U cross section U section from library x x
Thin walled geometric U x x
Thin walled Cold formed from library x x
Cold formed from graphical input x x
Double T with top flange angle Welded I+2L x
Sheet welded Iw+2L x
Rectangle Full rectangular from library x
Full rectangular from thin walled geometric x
Static values double symmetric all other double symmetric CSS x
Static values single symmetric all other single symmetric CSS x
Remark: Haunched sections are replaced by equivalent asymmetric I sections, by ignoring the middle flanges.
The following picture illustrates the relation between the local coordinate system of SCIA-ESA PT and Frilo
LTBII. Special attention is required for U sections due to the inversion of the y and z-axis.
SCIA
180
For more information, reference is made to Ref[2]
SCIA
181
Loadings
The following load impulses are supported:
- Point force in node (if the node is part of the exported beam)
- Point force on beam
- Line force in beam
- Moment in node (if the node is part of the exported beam)
- Moment on beam
- Line moment in beam (only for Mx in LCS)
The supported load impulses and their eccentricities are transformed into the local LCS of the exported member.
The dead load is replaced by an equivalent line force on the beam.
Load eccentricities are replaced by torsional moments.
The forces in local x-direction are ignored, except for the torsional moments.
Note: In Frilo LTBII a distinction is made between the centroid and the shear center of a cross-section. Load
impulses which do not pass through the shear center will cause additional torsional moments.
Imperfections
In the 2
nd
Order LTB analysis the bow imperfections v0 (in local y direction) and w0 (in local z direction) can be
taken into account.
v0
y, v0
z
y
For DIN, ONORM, EC-EN and EAE the imperfections can be calculated according to the code. The codes
indicate that for a 2
nd
Order calculation which takes into account LTB, only the imperfection v0 needs to be
considered.
SCIA
182
The sign of the imperfection according to code depends on the sign of Mz in SCIA-ESA PT.
Initial bow imperfection v0 for DIN and ONORM
The imperfection is calculated according to Ref.[6] article 2.2
For prismatic uniform members:
Resistance check Secti
on
Bucking
curve
v0
EE
(Elastic)
any a0 L/1
050
any a L/9
00
any b L/7
50
any c L/6
00
any d L/4
50
EP
PP
(Plastic)
I
sectio
n
a0 L/7
00
I
sectio
n
a L/6
00
I
sectio
n
b L/5
00
I
sectio
n
c L/4
00
I
sectio
n
d L/3
00
For non-uniform members, the bow imperfection is considered at the centre of the buckling system length L.
Initial bow imperfection v0 for EC-EN and EAE
The imperfection is calculated according to Ref.[4] article 5.3.4(3)
0 0
e k v =
SCIA
183
Wit
h
k Factor taken as 0,5
e0 Bow imperfection of the weak axis
The value of e0 is taken from following table:
Buckling curve eo /L elastic analysis eo/L plastic analysis
a0 1/350 1/300
a 1/300 1/250
b 1/250 1/200
c 1/200 1/150
d 1/150 1/100
Wit
h
L Member system length
Initial bow imperfections v0 and w0 for other supported codes
For all other supported codes (EC-ENV, NEN and SIA) as well as DIN, ONORM, EC-EN and EAE the user can
manually input the imperfections v0 and w0.
SCIA
184
LTB Restraints
LTB restraints are transformed into 'Supports' (Ref.[2] p22), with horizontal elastic restraint Cy:
Cy = 1e15 kN/m
The position of the restraint z(Cy) is depending on the position of the LTB restraint (top/bottom).
The use of an elastic restraint allows the positioning of the restraint since this is not possible for a fixed restraint.
(Ref.[2] p23)
Specifically for U-sections, an elastic restraint Cz is used with position y(Cz) due to the rotation of U-sections in
the Frilo LTBII solver. (see Chapter Supported Sections)
SCIA
185
Diaphragms
Diaphragms are transformed into 'Elastic Foundations' of type elastic restraint (Ref.[2] p25). Both a horizontal
restraint Cy and a rotational restraint Cu are used.
The elastic restraint Cy [kN/m^2] is calculated as follows (Ref.[2] p52 and Ref.|5| p40):
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
S Cy
t
Wit
h
S Shear stiffness of the diaphragm
L Diaphragm length along the member
The above formula for Cy is valid in case the bolt pitch of the diaphragm is set as br. For a bolt pitch of 2br the
shear stiffness S is replaced by 0,2 S (Ref.|5| p22).
The shear stiffness S for a diaphragm is calculated as follows (Ref.|7|,3.5 and Ref.|8|,3.3.4.):
L
K
+
K
10
a.
= S
s
2
1
4
With a Frame distance
Ls Length of the diaphragm
K1 Factor K1 of the diaphragm
K2 Factor K2 of the diaphragm
The position of the restraint z(Cy) is depending on the position of the diaphragm.
Specifically for U-sections, an elastic restraint Cz is used with position y(Cz) due to the rotation of U-sections in
the Frilo LTBII solver. (see Chapter Supported sections)
SCIA
186
The rotational restraint Cu [kNm/m] is taken as vorhCu (see Chapter Adaptation of Torsional Constant)
Linked Beams
Linked beams are transformed into 'Supports' (Ref.[2] p22), with elastic restraint.
The direction of the restraint is dependent on the direction of the linked beam:
If the linked beam has an angle less then 45 with the local y-axis of the beam under consideration, the restraint
is set as Cy. In all other cases the restraint is set as Cz.
The position of the restraint z(Cy) or y(Cz) is depending on the application point of the linked beam (top/bottom).
The position is only taken into account in case of a flexible restraint (Ref.[2] p23).
The end forces of the linked beam are transformed to point loads on the considered 1D member,
- in z -direction for linked beams considered as y-restraint
- in y- direction for linked beams considered as z-restraint
Specifically for U-sections, if the linked beam has an angle less then 45 with the local y-axis of the beam under
consideration, the restraint is set as Cz. In all other cases the restraint is set as Cy. This is due to the rotation of
U-sections in the Frilo LTBII solver. (see Chapter Supported Sections)
Limitations and Warnings
The FRILO LTB solver is used with following limitations
- Only straight members are supported
- LTBII analysis is done for the whole 1D member, not for a part of the member, not for more members together
SCIA
187
- When a LTB system length is inputted which differs from the member length, a warning will be given.
Intermediate lateral restraints should be defined through LTB restraints, diaphragms and linked beams.
During the analysis, the Frilo LTBII solver may return a warning message. The most important causes of the
warning message are listed here.
Eigenvalue solution Mcr
- Lateral Torsional Buckling is not governing relative slenderness < 0,4
Due to the low relative slenderness, no LTB check needs to be performed. In this case it is not required to use
the Frilo LTBII solver.
- Design Torsion! Simplified analysis of lateral torsional buckling is not possible.
Due to the torsion in the member it is advised to execute a 2
nd
order analysis instead of an eigenvalue
calculation.
- Bending of U-section about y-axis!
The program calculates the minimum bifurcation load only.
2
nd
Order Analysis
- Load is greater then minimum bifurcation load (Error at elastic calculation system is instable in II.Order )
The loading on the member is too big, a 2
nd
order calculation cannot be executed.
- You want to calculate the structural safety with Elastic-Plastic method. This analytical procedure cannot be
used for this cross-section. It is recommended to use the Elastic-Elastic method.
Plastic calculation is not possible, use imperfection according to code elastic instead of plastic.
For more information, reference is made to Ref[1] and [2].
References
[1] Frilo LTBII software
Friedrich + Lochner Lateral Torsional Buckling 2
nd
Order Analysis
Biegetorsionstheorie II.Ordnung (BTII)
SCIA
188
http://www.frilo.de
[2] Friedrich + Lochner LTBII Manual
BTII Handbuch
Revision 1/2006
[3] J. Meister
Nachweispraxis Biegeknicken und Biegedrillknicken
Ernst & Sohn, 2002
[4] Eurocode 3
EN 1993-1-1:2005
[5] J. Schikowski
Stabilisierung von Hallenbauten unter besonderer Bercksichtigung der Scheibenwirkung von
Trapez- und Sandwichelementdeckungen, 1999
http://www.jschik.de/
[6] DIN 18800 Teil 2
Stahlbauten
November 1990
[7] E. Kahlmeyer
Stahlbauten
SCIA
189
Profile conditions for code check
Introduction to profile characteristics
The standard profile sections have fixed sections properties and dimensions, which have to be present in the
profile library.
The section properties are described in chapter "Data for general section stability check".
The required dimension properties are described in chapter "Data depending On the profile shape".
Data for general section stability check
The following properties have to be present in the profile library for the execution of the section and the stability
check :
Description Property number
Iy moment of inertie yy 8
Wy elastic section modulus yy 10
Sy statical moment of area yy 6
Iz moment of inertia zz 9
Wz elastic section modulus zz 11
Sz statical moment of area zz 7
It* torsional constant 14
Wt* torsional resistance 13
A0 sectional area 1
Iyz centrifugal moment 12
iy radius of gyration yy 2
iz radius of gyration zz 3
Mpy plastic moment yy 30
Mpz plastic moment zz 31
fab fabrication code
0=rolled section (default value)
1=welded section
2=cold formed section
105
The fabrication code is not obligatory.
When the section is made out of 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can be calculated by the calculation
routine in the profile library. When this is not the case, these properties have to be input by the user in the profile
library.
The plastic moments are calculated with a yield strength of 240 N/mm.
SCIA
190
Data depending On the profile shape
I section
Formcode 1
PSS Type .I.

Property Description
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
74 W
140 wm1
61 R1
146 o
109 1
B
s
w
t
R
R1
a
H
RHS
Formcode 2
SCIA
191
PSS Type .M.

49 H
48 B
67 s
66 R
109 2
B
s
H
R
CHS

Formcode 3
PSS Type .RO.

SCIA
192
64 D
65 s
109 3
D
w
Angle section
Formcode 4
PSS Type .L.

49 H
48 B
44 t
61 R1
66 R
SCIA
193
74 W1
75 W2
76 W3
109 4
B
R
R1
w1
w2
t
w3
w1
w2
Channel section

Formcode 5
PSS Type .U.

49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
68
SCIA
194
41
61 R1
146 o
109 5
B
s
H
t
R
R1
a
T section

Formcode 6
PSS Type .T.

49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
61 R1
62 R2
146 o1
147 o2
109 6
SCIA
195
B
s
t
R
a1
H
a2
R1
R2
Full rectangular section

Formcode 7
PSS Type .B.

48 B
67 H
109 7
SCIA
196
B
H
Full circular section

Formcode 11
PSS Type .RU.

64 D
109 11
SCIA
197
D
Asymmetric I section

Formcode 101
PSS Type

49 H
48
44
47 s
42 Bt
43 Bb
45 tt
46 tb
66 R
109 101
SCIA
198
R
H
Bt
Bb
tt
tb
Z section

Formcode 102
PSS Type .Z.

49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
67 R
61 R1
109 102
SCIA
199
B
s
t
H
R
R1
General cold formed section

Each section is considered as a composition of rectangular parts. Each part represents a plate unit which is
considered as element for defining the effective width. The start and end parts are considered as unstiffened
elements, the intermediate parts are considered as stifffened parts.
SCIA
200
This way of definition of the section assumes that the area is concentrated at its centre line. The rounding in the
corners are ignored.
Description Property number Value
form code 109 110
Dy* 22
Dz* 23
CM* 26
buckling curve around yy axis 106 (1)
buckling curve around zz axis 107 (1)
buckling curve for LTB 108 (1)
(1) The values for the buckling curves are defined as follows :
1 = buckling curve a
2 = buckling curve b
3 = buckling curve c
4 = buckling curve d
The conditions are that the section is an open profile. Only the geometry commands O, L, N, A may be used in
the geometry description.
When the section is made out of 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can be calculated by the calculation
routine in the profile library. The properties from the reduced section can be calculated by the code check.
When the section is made out of more then 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can NOT be calculated by the
calculation routine in the profile library. The properties from the reduced section can be calculated, except for the
marked properties. These properties have to be input by the user in the profile library.
Formcode 110
PSS Type

44 s
61 r
48 B
142 sp
143 e2
68 H
109 110
Remark :
r is rounding, special for KLS section (Voest Alpine)
sp is number of shear planes
SCIA
201
B
H
e2
s
SCIA
202
Cold formed angle section
Formcode 111
PSS Type

44 s
61 r
48 B
68 H
109 111
B
s
H
r
SCIA
203
Cold formed channel section

Formcode 112
PSS Type

44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
109 112
B
s
H
r
SCIA
204
Cold formed Z section

Formcode 113
PSS Type

44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
109 113
B
s
H
R
Cold formed C section
Formcode 114
PSS Type
SCIA
205

44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
68 c
109 114
B
s
H
r
c
Cold formed Omega section
Formcode 115
PSS Type

SCIA
206
44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
42 c
109 115
B
s
H
c
R
Rail type KA
Formcode 150
PSS Type .KA.

148 h1
149 h2
150 h3
SCIA
207
151 b1
152 b2
153 b3
154 k
155 f1
156 f2
157 f3
61 r1
62 r2
63 r3
158 r4
159 r5
160 a
109 150
r1
r2
r4
r3
r5
b3
k
b2
b1
f3
f2
f1
h1
h3
h2
Rail type KF
Formcode 151
SCIA
208
PSS Type .KF.

48 b
154 k
49 h
153 b3
155 f1
157 f3
148 h1
149 h2
61 r1
62 r2
63 r3
109 151
r1
r2
r2
r2
r2
r3
k
b
b3
f3
f1
h
h1
h2
SCIA
209
Rail type KQ

Formcode 152
PSS Type .KQ.

48 b
154 k
49 h
153 b3
155 f1
149 h2
150 h3
61 r1
109 152
b
k
b3
r1
h3
h2
f1
SCIA
210
Warping check
Stress check
In cross sections subject to torsion, the following is checked:
Ed , w Ed , t Ed , Vz Ed , Vy Ed , tot
Ed , w Ed , Mz Ed , My Ed , N Ed , tot
M
y 2
Ed , tot
2
Ed , tot
0 M
y
Ed , tot
M
y
Ed , tot
f
1 . 1 3
3
f
f
t + t + t + t = t
o + o + o + o = o

s t + o
s t
s o
with
fy the yield strength
otot,Ed
the total direct stress
ttot,Ed
the total shear stress
M = M0 (class 1,2 and 3 section)
= M1 (class 4 section)
M0
the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections where failure is caused by
yielding (=1.1)
M1
the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections where failure is caused by
buckling (=1.1)
oN,Ed
the direct stress due to the axial force on the relevant effective cross-section
oMy,Ed
the direct stress due to the bending moment around y axis on the relevant
effective cross-section
oMz,Ed
the direct stress due to the bending moment around z axis on the relevant
effective cross-section
ow,Ed
the direct stress due to warping on the gross cross-section
tVy,Ed
the shear stress due to shear force in y direction on the gross cross-section
tVz,Ed
the shear stress due to shear force in z direction on the gross cross-section
tt,Ed
the shear stress due to uniform (St. Venant) torsion on the gross cross-section
tw,Ed
the shear stress due to warping on the gross cross-section
The warping effect is considered for standard I sections and U sections, and for E (= cold formed sections)
sections. The definition of I sections and U sections, and E sections are described in Profile conditions for code
check.
The other standard sections ( RHS, CHS, Angle section, T section and rectangular sections) are considered as
warping free. See also Ref.[2], Bild 7.4.40.
SCIA
211
Calculation of the direct stress due to warping
The direct stress due to warping is given by (Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3, Ref.[3])
m
M w
Ed , w
C
w M
= o
with Mw the bimoment
wM the unit warping
Cm the warping constant
I sections
For I sections, the value of wM is given in the tables (Ref. [2], Tafel 7.87, 7.88). This value is added to the profile
library. The diagram of wM is given in the following figure:
The direct stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure).
The value for wM can be calculated by (Ref.[5] pp.135) :
m M
h b
4
1
w =
with b the section width
hm the section height (see figure)
SCIA
212
U sections
For U sections, the value of wM is given in the tables as wM1 and wM2 (Ref. [2], Tafel 7.89). These values are
added to the profile library. The diagram of wM is given in the following figure :
The direct stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure).
E sections
The values for wM are calculated for the critical points according to the general approach given in Ref.[2]
7.4.3.2.3 and Ref.[8] Part 27.
SCIA
213
The critical points for each part are shown as circles in the figure.
Calculation of the shear stress due to warping
The shear stress due to warping is given by (Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3, Ref.[3])
}
= t
s
0
M
m
xs
Ed , w
tds w
t C
M
with Mxs the warping torque (see "Standard diagrams for
warping torque, bimoment and the St.Venant
torsion")
wM the unit warping
Cm the warping constant
t the element thickness
I sections
The shear stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure)
SCIA
214
For I sections, we have the following :
A
4
w t b
tds w
M
2 / b
0
M
=

=
}
U sections, E sections
Starting from the wM diagram, we calculate the value
}
s
0
M
tds w
for the critical points.
The shear stress due to warping is calculated in these critical points (see circles in figures)
SCIA
215
Plastic Check
For doubly symmetric I sections of class 1 and class 2 (plastic check), the interaction formula given in Ref.[10] is
used.
SCIA
216
b
tw
tf
h H
y y
z
z
Used variables
Section Properties
A sectional area
b width
H heigth of section
tf flange thickness
tw web thickness
h = H - tf
Aw = 1.05 (h+tf) tw for rolled section
Aw = h tw for welded sections
f f
t b 2 A =
A
A
f
f
= o
f w
1 o = o
Wz,pl plastic section modulus around z axis
Wy,pl plastic section modulus around y axis
Material Properties
fy,d yield strength
ty,d
shear strength
SCIA
217
Internal forces
NSd normal force
My,Sd bending moment around y axis
Mz,Sd bending moment around z axis
Mw,Sd bimoment
Vy,Sd shear force in y direction
Vz,Sd shear force in z direction
Mxp,Sd torque due to St. Venant
Mxs,Sd warping torque
Plastic capacities
Npl,Rd = A fy,d
Mz,pl,Rd = Wz,pl fy,d
Vz,pl,Rd = Aw ty,d
d , y
2
w 2
f Rd , pl , xp
2
t
h bt M t
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
My,pl,Rd = Wy,pl fy,d
2
h
M M
Rd , pl , z Rd , pl , w
=
Vy,pl,Rd = Af ty,d
2
h
V M
Rd , pl , y Rd , pl , xs
=
Rd , pl
Sd
N
N
n =
Rd , pl , y
Sd , y
y
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , z
Sd , z
z
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , w
Sd , w
w
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , y
Sd , y
y
V
V
v =
SCIA
218
Rd , pl , z
Sd , z
z
V
V
v =
Rd , pl , xp
Sd , xp
xp
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , xs
Sd , xs
xs
M
M
m =
Shear force reduction
( )
w w z
2
z w
xp
2
z z
1 s 5 . 0 for
1 2
m v
= > |
| =
+ = |
( )
( )
f f y
2
y f
xp
2
y xs y
1 s 5 . 0 for
1 2
m v m
= > |
| =
+ + = |
Sign
p=sign ( Mz,Sd x Mw,Sd)
( )
2
s
n
p 1
s 4
s
m m
m m
m m
1
w w
w w
f f
w z
w z
w z
s
o
s
o
o
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
o = o
w w
s w w s
s
n
p 1 s 4
Unity checks :
SCIA
219
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
s
m
p
s
m
s 2
n s 2 1 m
and
1
s
m
p
s
m
s 2
n s 2 1 m
s n if
1
s
m
s
m
s 2
s
n
s 1 m
s n if
f
w
f
z
2
f f
w w f y
f
w
f
z
2
f f
w w f y
w w
f
w
f
z
2
f f
w w
w w f y
w w
s +
)
`
o
o o +
s + +
)
`
o
o o +
o >
s + +
o
o
o
+ o o +
o s
Remark : the values between { } must be >0.

Standard diagrams for warping torque, bimoment and
the St.Venant torsion
The following 6 standard situations are given in the literature (Ref.[2], Ref.[3]).
The value is defined as follows :
m
t
C E
I G
=
with Mx the total torque
= Mxp + Mxs
Mxp the torque due to St. Venant
Mxs the warping torque
Mw the bimoment
IT the torsional constant
G the shear modulus
Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, local torsional loading Mt
SCIA
220
Mx
L
a M
M
L
b M
M
t
xb
t
xa
=
Mxp for a side
|
|
.
|
\
|

= ) x cosh(
) L sinh(
) b sinh(
L
b
M M
t xp
Mxp for b side
|
|
.
|
\
|

+ = ) ' x cosh(
) L sinh(
) a sinh(
L
a
M M
t xp
Mxs for a side
|
|
.
|
\
|

= ) x cosh(
) L sinh(
) b sinh(
M M
t xs
Mxs for b side
|
|
.
|
\
|

= ) ' x cosh(
) L sinh(
) a sinh(
M M
t xs
Mw for a side
|
|
.
|
\
|

= ) x sinh(
) L sinh(
) b sinh( M
M
t
w
Mw for b side
|
|
.
|
\
|

= ) ' x sinh(
) L sinh(
) a sinh( M
M
t
w
SCIA
221
Torsion fixed ends, warping fixed ends, local torsional loading Mt
Mx
L
a M
M
L
b M
M
t
xb
t
xa
=
Mxp for a side
|
.
|
\
|

+
= 3 D
L
1 k 2 k b
M M
t xp
Mxp for b side
|
.
|
\
|

= 4 D
L
1 k a 2 k
M M
t xp
Mxs for a side
3 D M M
t xs
=
Mxs for b side
4 D M M
t xs
=
Mw for a side
1 D
M
M
t
w

=
Mw for b side
2 D
M
M
t
w

=
SCIA
222
( )
( )
( )
( )
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
) L sinh(
) b sinh( ) a sinh(
2
b a
)
2
L
tanh( 2
1
) L sinh(
) b sinh( ) a sinh(
2 k
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
) L sinh(
) b sinh( ) a sinh(
2
b a
)
2
L
tanh( 2
1
) L sinh(
) b sinh( ) a sinh(
1 k
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( 1 k ) a sinh( ) x cosh( 2 k
4 D
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( 1 k ) x cosh( 2 k ) b sinh(
3 D
) L sinh(
) ' x sinh( 1 k ) a sinh( ) x sinh( 2 k
2 D
) L sinh(
) ' x sinh( 1 k ) x sinh( 2 k ) b sinh(
1 D
+
+ =
+
+ =
+
=
+
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
SCIA
223
Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, distributed torsional loading
mt
Mx
2
L m
M
2
L m
M
t
xb
t
xa
=
Mxp
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( ) x cosh(
) x
2
L
(
m
M
t
xp
Mxs
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( ) x cosh( m
M
t
xs
Mw
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L sinh(
) ' x sinh( ) x sinh(
1
m
M
2
t
w
SCIA
224
Torsion fixed ends, warping fixed ends, distributed torsional loading
mt
Mx
2
L m
M
2
L m
M
t
xb
t
xa
=
Mxp
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L sinh(
) k 1 ( ) x
2
L
(
m
M
t
xp
Mxs
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L sinh(
) k 1 (
m
M
t
xs
Mw
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L sinh(
) ' x sinh( ) x sinh(
) k 1 ( 1
m
M
2
t
w
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
1 k
=
SCIA
225
One end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, local torsional
loading Mt
Mx
t xa
M M =
Mxp
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L cosh(
) ' x cosh(
1 M M
t xp
Mxs
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L cosh(
) ' x cosh(
M M
t xs
Mw
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L cosh(
) ' x sinh( M
M
t
w
SCIA
226
One end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, distributed
torsional loading mt
Mx
L m M
t xa
=
Mxp
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
) L cosh(
) x sinh( )) L sinh( L 1 (
) x cosh( L ' x
m
M
t
xp
Mxs
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) L cosh(
) x sinh( )) L sinh( L 1 (
) x cosh( L
m
M
t
xs
Mw
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
) L cosh(
) x cosh( )) L sinh( L 1 (
) x sinh( L 1
m
M
t
w
SCIA
227
Decomposition of arbitrary torsion line
Since the SCIA-ESA PT solver does not take into account the extra DOF for warping, the determination of the
warping torque and the related bimoment, is based on some standard situations.
The following end conditions are considered:
- warping free
- warping fixed
This results in the following 3 beam situations :
- situation 1 : warping free / warping free
- situation 2 : warping free / warping fixed
- situation 3 : warping fixed / warping fixed
Decomposition for situation 1 and situation 3
The arbitrary total torque line is decomposed into the following standard situations :
SCIA
228
- n number of torsion lines generated by a local torsional loading Mtn
- one torsion line generated by a distributed torsional loading mt
- one torsion line with constant torque Mt0
The values for Mxp, Mxs and Mw are taken from the previous tables for the local torsional loadings Mtn and the
distributed loading mt. The value Mt0 is added to the Mxp value.
Decomposition for situation 2
The arbitrary total torque line is decomposed into the following standard situations :
- one torsion line generated by a local torsional loading Mtn
- one torsion line generated by a distributed torsional loading mt
The values for Mxp, Mxs and Mw are taken from the previous tables for the local torsional loading Mt and the
distributed loading mt.
References
[1] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
Part 1-3 : General rules Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting
CEN 1996

[2] Stahl im Hochbau
14. Auglage Band I/ Teil 2
Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf 1986

[3] Kaltprofile
3. Auflage
Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf 1982

[4] Roik, Carl, Lindner
Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe
Verlag von Wilhem ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1972

[5] Dietrich von Berg
Krane und Kranbahnen Berechnung Konstruktion Ausfhrung
B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart 1988

[6] DASt-Richtlinie 016
Bemessung und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus dnnwandigen kaltgeformten
Bauteilen
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft, Kln 1992

[7] Esa Prima Win
Steel Code Check Manual
SCIA
SCIA
229
EPW 3.10

[8] C. Petersen
Stahlbau : Grundlagen der Berechnung und baulichen Ausbildung von Stahlbauten
Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig 1988

[9] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992

[10] I. Vayas,
Interaktion der plastischen Grenzschnittgrssen doppelsymmetrischer I-Querschnitte
Stahlbau 69 (2000), Heft 9
SCIA
230
Check of numerical sections
Stress check
The stress calculation for a numerical section is as follows:
z
z
Vz
y
y
Vy
z
zz
Mz
y
yy
My
x
N
Vz Vy tot
Mz My N tot
2
tot
2
tot vm
A
V
A
V
W
M
W
M
A
N
3
= t
= t
= o
= o
= o
t + t = t
o + o + o = o
t + o = o
with ovm the VonMises stress, the composed stress
otot the total normal stress
ttot the total shear stress
oN the normal stress due to the normal force N
oMy the normal stress due to the bending moment Myy around
y axis
oMz the norma stress due to the bending moment Mzz around z
axis
tVy the shear stress due to shear force Vy in y direction
tVz the shear stress due to shear force Vz in z direction
Ax the sectional area
Ay the shear area in y direction
Az the shear area in z direction
Wy the elastic section modulus around y axis
Wz the elastic section modulus around z axis
SCIA
231
Use of diaphragms
Adaptation of torsional constant
See Ref.[1], Chapter 10.1.5., Ref.|2|,3.5 and Ref.|3|,3.3.4..
When diaphragms (steel sheeting) are used, the torsional contant It is adapted for symmetric/asymmetric I
sections, channel sections, Z sections, cold formed U, C , Z sections.
The torsional constant It is adapted with the stiffness of the diaphragms :
12
s
I
) t h (
I E 3
C
200 b 125 if
100
b
C 25 . 1 C
125 b if
100
b
C C
s
EI
k C
C
1
C
1
C
1
vorhC
1
G
l
vorhC I I
s
s
k , P
a
a
100 k , A
a
2
a
100 k , A
eff
k , M
k , P k , A k , M
2
2
t id , t
=

~
< <
(
=
s
(
=
=
+ + =
t
+ =
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 0
0
with l the LTB length
G the shear modulus
vorhCu
the actual rotational stiffness of diaphragm
CuM,k
the rotational stiffness of the diaphragm
CuA,k
the rotational stiffness of the connection between the diaphragm and the beam
CuP,k
the rotational stiffness due to the distortion of the beam
k numerical coefficient
= 2 for single or two spans of the diaphragm
= 4 for 3 or more spans of the diaphragm
EIeff bending stiffness of per unit width of the diaphragm
s spacing of the beam
ba the width of the beam flange (in mm)
C100 rotation coefficient - see table
SCIA
232
h beam height
t thickness beam flange
s thickness beam web
References
[1] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
CEN 1996

[2] E. Kahlmeyer

SCIA
233
Stahlbauten

SCIA
234
Section check for built-in beams (IFB, SFB,
THQ sections)
Introduction
For the national codes EC3, NEN6770/6771, DIN18800 and SIA263, special checks are performed for built-in
beams, according to Ref.[1].
Reduction of plastic moment capacity due to plate
bending
bu
e1
e2=bo
bo
tu
0.5 q 0.5 q
SCIA
235
bu
e1
e2=bo
bo
tu
0.5 q 0.5 q
to
bu
e1
bo
tu
0.5 q 0.5 q
e2=0
to
When the lower plate is loaded by q-load (uniform distributed load), the effective area of the loaded plate (flange)
for the calculation of the plastic capacity is reduced as follows :
- for THQ and IFB beams :
SCIA
236
( ) ( )
( )
=

=
+ +
=
=
1 1
t f t
q e e
b 6
e e e e 2 3 3 t
1
A A
u y u
M 2 1
u
2 1 2 1 u
u eff , u
- for SFB beam :
o o u u eff
A A A + =
with e1, e2, tu, bu see the figures above
q load on flange, plate (as N/m)
fy yield strength
M
partial safety factor
see formula
u =
o analog to u, but with
bu=bo
e1=bo
tu=to
e2=tw
Plastic interaction formula for single bending and shear
force
The following plastic interaction formula can be used, when single bending around yy-axis My,Sd, in combination
with shear force Vz,Sd, is acting :
y , pl
f m
Rd , z , pl
Sd , z
m
v
Rd , y , pl
Sd , y
W 2
h A
0 . 1
V
V
A
A
M
M
= |
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
SCIA
237
with My,Sd, Vz,Sd internal forces
Mpl,y,Rd plastic bending capacity around yy axis
Vpl,z,Rd plastic shear capacity in z direction
Av shear area (see figure)
Am = A - | Ao,x - Au,x | (see figure)
hf = h+tu/2-to/2 (see figure)
Wpl,y plastic section modulus around yy axis - reduced if necessary
Plastic check for plate in bending
The following condition for the plate in bending must be verified :
( ) ( )
0 . 1
t
e e
t f
1 q
t f
1 q
4
3
u
2 1
u y
M
2
u y
M
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
with e1, e2, tu see figures
q load on flange, plate (as N/m)
= qmax+qmin
(Ksi)
q
q q
min max

=
fy yield strength
M
partial safety factor
SCIA
238
0.5 q (1+Ksi) 0.5 q (1-Ksi)
Stress check for slim floor beams
Normal stress check
At the edges of the bottom plate, the following composed stress check is performed :
( )
12
t
Ix
2
e e
) q , q ( M
2
t
I
M
f
3
u
2 1
min max x
u
x
x
y
M
y 2
y y x
2
x
=
=
= o
s o + o o o
SCIA
239
Shear stress check in plate
In the middle of the bottom plate, transverse shear stress is checked :
u
min max
M
y 2
x
t
) q , q (
2
3
f
3
= t
s t + o
Torsion check due to unbalanced loading
- for IFB and SFB beams :
12
b Et
EI
GI
EI
h 2 L
L
L
tanh
2
QeL
M
h t b
M
2
3
L
L
L
L
tanh
1
2
QeL
M
I
t M
3
f
3
o o
o
t
o
f k
k
k
max , w
f o o
max , w
max , w
k
k
max , t
t
o max , t
max , t
M
y
max , w max , t
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= t
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= t
s t + t
with to, bo see figures
It torsional constant for complete section
E modulus of Young
SCIA
240
G shear modulus
L system length for Lyz
Q,e see figure
Q
e
- for THQ beams :
2
V
b
e
1
4
qL
Rd , z , pl
f
s
|
|
.
|
\
|

with e, bf see figure
q load on flanges, plate (as N/m)
= qmax+qmin
(Ksi)
q
q q
min max

=
SCIA
241
q max q min
bf
e e
References
[1] Multi-Storey Buildings in Steel
Design Guide for Slim Floors with Built-in Beams
ECCS N 83 - 1995
SCIA
242
Effective cross-section properties for lattice
tower angle members
Effective cross-section properties for compressed
lattice tower angle members
The effective cross-section properties shall be based on the effective width beff of the leg. See Ref.[1], Chapter J.2.3.
b
The effective width shall be obtained from the nominal width of the leg, assuming uniform stress distribution :
b b
f
235
43 . 0 K
K 4 . 28
t
b
eff
y
c
c
p
p
p
=
= c
=
c
=
=
For rolled angle :
SCIA
243
2
p
p
p
p
p
98 . 0
213 . 1
91 . 0
2 213 . 1 91 . 0
0 . 1 91 . 0
= >
= s <
= s
For cold formed angle :
2
p
p
p
p
p
98 . 0
213 . 1
3
404 . 0
5
213 . 1 809 . 0
0 . 1 809 . 0
= >
|
|
.
|
\
|

= s <
= s
with t the thickness
b the nominal width
fy the yield strength in Mpa
References
[1] EN 50341-1:2001
Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 45 kV Part 1: General requirements

Steel Code Check Theory Enu

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Steel Code Check Theory Enu

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Theory

Steel Code Check

with fyb the basic yield strength

The critical Euler force is given by

Remark : the values between { } must be >0.

Potrebbero piacerti anche