Personality: The dynamic organization with an individual of that psychophysical system that determine an individuals unique adjustment to his

environment. -----Gordon Allport On the other hand; the sum total of ways in which an individual react or interact with other. In cart short, personality is the measurable traits that an individual exhibits. Personality determinants: There are four determinants of personality. Those are 1. Heredity: Factors determined at conception: --Physical stature --Facial attractiveness --Gender --Muscle combination and reflexes --Energy level --Biorhythm and --Temperament Twin study :Raising apart but having a almost similar personality Heredity approach argued that genes are the source of personality Parents have not much add to develop personality There are some personalities that change over time 2. Environment : It is in which we raised, our early conditioning, the norms among our families, friends and social group and other influences that we experience. Environment substantially contributes in shaping peoples personality 3. Situation : An individuals personality; although generally stable and constraint; thus change in different situation. The dominant framework used to describe personality: 1. Mayers Brigg Type Indicator: A widely used instrument to measure ones personality traits. Participants are classified on four axes to determine one of 16 possible personality type such as : ENTJ ---Extrovert (E) vs. introvert (I) ---Sensing (S) vs. Intuiting (N) ---Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F) ---Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P) Each of 16 personality trait combination has an unique name such as Visionaries (INTJ): People who are original, driven and stubborn.

Organizers (ESTJ): People who are realistic, analytical, logical and businesslike. Conceptualizes (ENTP): People who are entrepreneurial, innovative, individualistic and resourceful. Finding of the research : Based on the finding of the research peoples personality traits are classified into 16 possible personality types. Those are --Serious vs. happy-go-lucky --Self-assured vs. apprehensive --Submissive vs. dominant --Affected by behavior vs. emotionally stable --Tough-minded vs sensitive --Timid vs. venturesome --Trusting vs. suspicious --Relaxed vs. tense -- reserve vs. outgoing --Uncontrolled vs. controlled --Group dependent vs. self-dependent --less intelligent vs. more intelligent --Expedient vs. conscientious --Forthright vs. shrewd --Conservative vs. experiment --Practical vs. Imaginative Research result on validity mix : --MBTI is most effective tool for self-awareness and counseling. --MBTI can not be used as a personality test for job candidates.

2. Big five models: Most of the recent research found that five basic dimension underlying all other and encompass most of the significant variation in human personality. This is known as Big Five Model which capture all of these five dimensions given bellow---------Extroversion: This dimension captures ones comport level with relationship. Extrovert people are trend to be gregarious, assertive and social. Introvert people are trend to be more reserved and quite. -----Agreeable: This dimension refers to an individuals propensity to differ to other. The people who are highly agreeable are trend to be more warm, trusting and co-ordained .The opposite categories are cold and antagonistic.

----conscientiousness: This dimension is a measure of reliability. Highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable and persistent. Those who are not conscientious are disorganized, unreliable and irresponsible. ----Emotional stability: This dimension taps ability with stand-stress. People with positive emotional stability trend to be clam, self-confident and secure. Those with negative scores trend to be anxious, depressed and insecure. ---openness to experience: This final dimension addresses a persons range of impress and fascination with novelty. Extremely novel people are trend to be creative, curious, imaginative and artistically sensitive. The people of opposite categories are trend to be conventional and orthodox.

Other personality traits relevant to organizational behavior: 1. Locus of control: The degree to which people belief that they are the master of their own fate. It can be divided into two parts External: An individual who belief that what is happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck and chance. Internal: An individual who belief that they can control what is happens to them.

2. Machiavellianism (mach) The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintain emotional distances and believe that ends can justify means. Conditions favoring high Mach Direct interaction Minimal rules and regulation Emotional distract for other.

3. Self-esteem: Individuals degree of liking or disliking themselves 4. Self-monitoring: Self-monitoring is a personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his/her behavior with external, situational factors. 5. Risk taking: There are some people who have high propensity to take risk and other have low propensity to take risk. Mangers that have high propensity to take risk are Make quick decision Decision is taken based on little information Operates in small and high entrepreneurial organization

On the other hand Managers having low risk propensity are trend to be-- Dillydally in decision making Take decision based on huge amount of information. Exist in large organization with stable environment.

Affect: Defined as a broad range of feeling that the people experience. Emotion: The intense feeling that are directed at somebody or something Mood: Feelings that trend to be less intense than emotion and that lack a contextual stimulus Felt vs. displayed emotion: Felt emotion: An individuals actual emotion Displayed emotion: Learned emotions that the organization requires workers to show and consider appropriate in given job. Surface acting : is trying to hide ones true emotion Deep acting: is trying to change ones felling based on display rule.

Dimensions of emotion: There are four dimensions of emotion .those are Varity: there are thousands of emotion originate in human brains limbic system such as happiness, sadness, disgust, delight, surprise, angry , pride etc .these emotions are classified into two categories Positive emotions Negative emotions Positive emotions express a favorable evaluation and feelings and negative emotions express the opposite. Intensity: People gives different response to identical emotion provoking stimuli .People varies in their inherent ability to express intensity. There are some people who rarely angry and never show any rage; in contrast there are others who seems to be emotionally roller costar. When they are happy they are overjoyed and when they are sad they are too depressed. Frequency and duration of emotion: -----How often emotions are exhibited -----How long emotions are displayed Functions of emotion : -----crucial for rational thinking -----Motivate people

Functions of emotion

Varity

Dimensions of emotions

Intensity Frequency and duration

Sources of Emotion and Mood:

Personality There is a trait component affect intensity Day and Time of the Week There is a common pattern for all of us Happier in the midpoint of the daily awake period Happier toward the end of the week Weather Illusory correlation no effect Stress Even low levels of constant stress can worsen moods Social Activities Physical, informal, and dining activities increase positive moods

Sleep insomnia increases negative affect Exercise Does somewhat improve mood, especially for depressed people Age Older folks experience fewer negative emotions Gender Women tend to be more emotionally expressive, feel emotions more intensely, have longer-lasting moods, and express emotions more frequently than do men Due more to socialization than to biology

Emotional Intelligence
An assortment of non- cognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a persons ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures. ------Emotional Intelligences (EI) Self-awareness (knowing how you are feeling) Self-management (managing ones emotions and impulses) Self-motivation ( motivating oneself & persist) Empathy (sense & understand of what others feel) Social Skills ( handling the emotions of others) The case for EI: Intuitive appeal -it makes sense EI predicts criteria that matter positively correlated to high job performance Study suggests that EI is neurologically based The case against: EI is too vague concept EI cant be measured EI is so closely related to intelligence and personality and it is not unique when those factors are controlled Research Findings High EI scores, not high IQ scores, characterize high performers

OB Applications of Emotions and moods: Ability and Selection Emotions affect employee effectiveness. Decision Making Emotions are an important part of the decision-making process in organizations. Motivation Emotional commitment to work and high motivation are strongly linked. Leadership Emotions are important to acceptance of messages from organizational leaders. Interpersonal Conflict Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions are strongly intertwined. Customer Services Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers which, in turn, affects customer relationships. Deviant Workplace Behaviors Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions that violate norms and threaten the organization). Productivity failures Property theft and destruction Political actions Personal aggression Job Attitudes Can carry over to home , but dissipate overnight