Design Solutions for Multi-Object Wireless Power Transmission Sheet Based on Plastic Switches

M. Takamiya, T. Sekitani, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Noguchi, *H. Kawaguchi, T. Someya and T. Sakurai University of Tokyo *Kobe University

Outline
Wireless Power Delivery for Ubiquitous Electronics Wireless Power Transmission Sheet (WPTS) Key Circuit Technologies for WPTS
(1) Mixed Circuit of MEMS Switches and Organic FETs with Two Frequencies for Shared Coil (2) Multiple Activation Technique of Small TXCoils for Position Adjustment-Free WPT (3) OFET Level-Shifters with Adaptive Biasing

Summary
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Ubiquitous Electronics
Convenience Safety & Security Healthcare

1,000~10,000 Electronic devices

Entertainment

Welfare

How can we power them ?

Issues

Solar cells Batteries

Dark environment Replacement cost

Power Transmission with Electromagnetic Induction

Magnetic fields RX-coil I1 TX-coil Advantage Wireless power transmission provides the mobility for RX-coil. Drawback Displacement degrades the power transmission efficiency.
4

dI1 V2 = M dt

Power Transmission Efficiency Loss

1 large TX-coil RX-coil 1 inch2 TX-coil TX Many small TX-coils RX

30cm2 X 1 coil Efficiency ~ 0.1%

1 inch2 X 64 coils Efficiency ~ 60%

Segmentation and selective activation of TX-coils prevent the efficiency loss. Position detection of the RX-coil is required.
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Position Detection of RX-Coil

w/o RX-coil with RX-coil RX-coil TX-coil TX voltage

Frequency Scan TX-coils and monitor the TX voltage change at a given frequency.

Outline
Wireless Power Delivery for Ubiquitous Electronics Wireless Power Transmission Sheet (WPTS) Key Circuit Technologies for WPTS
(1) Mixed Circuit of MEMS Switches and Organic FETs with Two Frequencies for Shared Coil (2) Multiple Activation Technique of Small TXCoils for Position Adjustment-Free WPT (3) OFET Level-Shifters with Adaptive Biasing

Summary
7

Device Structures of WPTS

TX-coil array 21 cm 21 cm RX-coil Printable MEMS switches for power transmission Organic FETs (OFETs) for RX position detection Printable switches provide the low cost solution for the largearea applications such as WPTS.

8 x 8 array (1-inch pitch) Switch MEMS OFETs Speed ~ 1Hz > 100Hz On-resistance < 10 > 1k

Complementary
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Wireless Power Transmission Sheet

21 cm

OFETs MEMS switches Embedded in the floor

8 x 8 TX-coil array

Power Transmission to LEDs

TX RX

RX-coil
13.56 MHz 38 LEDs

TX-coil array

5.4 mm 2

(Without OFETs)

5-mm distance between RXand TX-coils

10

Power Transmission to LEDs

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Plastic MEMS switches

10 mm x 20 mm, 4 Hz (max)
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Outline
Wireless Power Delivery for Ubiquitous Electronics Wireless Power Transmission Sheet (WPTS) Key Circuit Technologies for WPTS
(1) Mixed Circuit of MEMS Switches and Organic FETs with Two Frequencies for Shared Coil (2) Multiple Activation Technique of Small TXCoils for Position Adjustment-Free WPT (3) OFET Level-Shifters with Adaptive Biasing

Summary
13

Shared Coil Sheet

Previous work [1] This work TX-coil array Coil for PT MEMS Coil for PD OFET MEMS switches for power transmission (PT) OFETs for RX position detection (PD)

[1] T. Sekitani, et al., IEDM2006.

Shared coil sheet reduces the fabrication cost and increases the position detection efficiency.
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Mixed Circuits of MEMS and OFETs for Shared Coil

Unit circuits for 8 x 8 array f1 =3.5 MHz for position detection CP 13.56 MHz for power transmission 0V C1 to distinguish 2 frequencies VMON Off TX RX MEMS switch + On

Monitor for PD

Mixed circuits of MEMS switches and OFETs with two different frequencies enabled the shared coil.
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Frequency for Position Detection

Measured 6 5 VMON (V) 4 3 2 1 0 0 3.5 5 10 Frequency (f1) (MHz) 15 Maximum frequency for OFETs Without RX-coil With RX-coil

3.5 MHz was used due to the speed limitation of OFETs.

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Position Detection with Shared Coil

Measured 0.3 0.2 VMON (V) 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 Time (ns) ab b-a = 33% b f1 = 3.5 MHz Without RX-coil With RX-coil

33% voltage change is acceptable for the position detection, while 91% was achieved with separate coils [1].

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Outline
Wireless Power Delivery for Ubiquitous Electronics Wireless Power Transmission Sheet (WPTS) Key Circuit Technologies for WPTS
(1) Mixed Circuit of MEMS Switches and Organic FETs with Two Frequencies for Shared Coil (2) Multiple Activation Technique of Small TXCoils for Position Adjustment-Free WPT (3) OFET Level-Shifters with Adaptive Biasing

Summary
18

Exact Position Adjustment was Required

Power efficiency (%) Previous work [1] TX RX Spectrum analyzer 200 mW 100m distance TX RX y 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Displacement (y) (unit) 1 Next TX-coil should be selected

TX-coil pitch = 1 unit = 25.4 mm

Displacement of TX/RX coils with the same diameter rapidly reduces the power efficiency. 19

Multiple Activation Technique of Small TX-Coils

4 unit TX RX y Ref[1] Power efficiency (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 4x4 1
20

TX RX y 1x1 Ref 3x3

TX RX TX y 2x2 y 3x3 y 4x4 Conv. Same 2x2 Single

RX

Proposed Different diameter Multiple activation

1x1 00 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Displacement (y) (unit)

Position Adjustment-Free WPT

60 Power efficiency (%) 50 Best choice 40 30 20 10 0 0 max ave. min

Ref[1] 1x1 2x2 3x3 4x4 Activated number of TX-coils

3 x 3 coils activation is the best design choice, because the minimum efficiency determines the specification of WPTS. 21

Outline
Wireless Power Delivery for Ubiquitous Electronics Wireless Power Transmission Sheet (WPTS) Key Circuit Technologies for WPTS
(1) Mixed Circuit of MEMS Switches and Organic FETs with Two Frequencies for Shared Coil (2) Multiple Activation Technique of Small TXCoils for Position Adjustment-Free WPT (3) OFET Level-Shifters with Adaptive Biasing

Summary
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Why OFET Level Shifters?

Wireless power transmission sheet Silicon VLSI for controller VDD = 1V ~ 5V MEMS OFETs VDD = 40V ~ 100V

Level shifters
High voltage tolerant silicon IC OFETs High Low

Costs

Design target: OFET level-shifters from 5 V to 40 V

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OFET Level Shifters

pMOS-only design 5V 0V In SF SF SF Out 40 V 0V 40 V Vadap Out In Source follower Single amp
Adaptive biasing is required to deal with PVT variations.
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40 V In Out Gain = 2.6 Bias

OFET Level Shifters with Adaptive Biasing

Replica 2.5 V SF SF
+

SF
+

Vadap Original 40 V In SF SF

20 V Vadap SF

Out

20 V 5V 2.5 V 0V In

Adaptive biasing requires high gain diff. amp.

20 V Out

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3 Differential Amps with Different Loads

Enhancement pMOS with back gate The gain of three amplifiers are compared at fixed power. Identical 40 V & Depletion

In Out

Inb Outb

In Out -30V

Inb Outb -30V

In Out

Inb Outb

Diode-connected load

Triode load

Current-source load (proposed)

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Gain Comparison of Differential Amps

40 Simulated Out Outb G: Gain @ In=20 V CS load (G = 15) Triode load (G = 4.5) Diode load (G = 0.6)

Inb, Out, Outb (V)

30 20 10 Inb 0 0 10 20 In (V) 30 40

Current-source load achieved the highest gain.

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Output Impedance(rO) of Driver and Each Load

14 12 10 ID (A) 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 Out (V) 30 40 1/rO Simulated Diode load Out (rO = 0.20M)
ID

rO @ In=20 V
-30V

Out ID

Triode load (rO = 1.9M)

Out ID

CS load (rO = 11M)

VP ID 20V

The high gain derived from the large rO.

Driver Out (rO = -10M)

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Measured Differential Amps

40V
8000/50

40 Out, Outb (V) 20V Outb 30 20 10 0 0

Gain = 6.4 Out

Outb

In Out

16000/50

4000/50

4.9 mm

2.9 mm

20 30 40 In (V) Diff. amp with the current-source loads enabled by the back-gated OFETs achieved the 2.3 times gain of [4].
[4] N. Guy, et al., ISSCC2006.
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10

Measured Adaptive Biasing

6.4 mm 22.2 mm 40 In SF
+

Out 20 V Out (V)

-

30 20

The high gain diff. amp 10 contributes to the successful feedback 0 0 control.

10

20 In (V)

30

40
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Summary
Wireless power transmission sheet with plastic MEMS switches and organic FETs. Mixed circuit of MEMS and OFETs with two frequencies reduces the number of coil sheets. Multiple activation technique of small TX-coils frees the users from position adjustment. OFET level-shifters with the current-source loads bridge the operation voltage gap between silicon VLSIs and OFETs/MEMS.
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Expected Applications of WPTS

In the wall
TV on a wall Cell-phone & PC

In the table

Ambient illumination Home-care robot Vacuum cleaner

In the floor
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