EXI)ERI~ENT NO.

8 (a)
. -.J

Qill!~ct:Tocalibrateall amf.lleter with a potentiometer.

tU:!naratus:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. potentiometer, storage battery (2), rheostats (2), , standard cell, galvanometer~ standard 1 n resistance, ammeter, two-way key, one-way key (2), to.connecting wires" and

~l

\'-

II.sand paper.

The crl'or in ammeter

readings is given by-

12-][1 ==
vdbere,

Et

2 .:.... Il-

It = Curr~:nt read by an ammeter, 12= Curnmt read by a potentiometer, L1 = 'Lenllth of the pote~Jiometer wire corresponding stanc.b,rd cell, ~1<12:=: Lef.l~~:th f the potentiometer o wire corresponding

to E.M.F. of to the<current 12

~ i-tnce(:h~re:
\

-=--i'~'''bt;the e~2ctrical
~f

connections as shown in Fig. 1. 2,. Place the jockey of tbe potentiometer 'on the end B of the tenth wire. At this point the totafi:ength of the wire is l~OC!~~,this is LI . _~.Clos.~ key .~l nnd JCz (a), ::1 deflection in the galvanometer is observed. Reduce this deflection to zero by adjusting the rheostat Rlt in the main circuit. This adjustment in the Rh should remain same for-further steps .
.:.\.Not(~down 1L!rtF.
(If

standard

cell E and Calctllate potential

gradient

~
1 '/-

in

S. Open key K2 {a), close K2 (b) and K3, ~djusf. the variabl'e resistance by using second rheost;~~tIt~), uch tbat the ammetc:r re~lding may b~ O.:yamp. Adjust the s jockey on the wire such that there is 110 deflc(=t1on in the galvanom.eter. down total balanchtg le~tgt:1.~. . ,,/
'" v

Note

6. Alter the rheostat

R~ such that reading in amnleter becomes 0.2 amp./

7. Repeat the above step till the entire range of the voltmeter is covered. 8. Plot the graph between the observed value of the ammeter 11 and the error(I2 -It).

"

R,T
h

:,1 :.
c
s

~L'--~"",,-, ---::==~ '-=,._

::oJ
Jockey

l"----

l~~ig. Electrical connections 1.

Lcrvations:
1. Length' of the potentiometer wire corresponding to E.M.F. of standard cell, L1 = 1000 em. 2. E.M.F. of standard cell, E =..volts. 3. Potentia'l gradient

=~ Lt

volts/em. .,

.~~J =
cU C. S ....S

llIe 1. CalibratIOn of an ammeter)

Balancing length of the potentiometer Wire;(, I =Ex-! 2L (amp.)
L

Error

Length on ~ f: No. of complete wires, sliding'v.jre ;X . (cnif-, -1------ .. -1--. 0.1

S "g -:;

'

'~--

Total, ,
L2 I (em)
,

(I -,'I~)
:'., .l

(amp.)

0.2

_!__

+_
I

C.3 "_~.

'"

t.

~r~:r-

"r

'r-- 0.7
0.8

0.4 0.5 0.6

--

----

.....

-rI

.L_=:E _

nerice, Iz -

II= amp.

Continue to (;QI~IlIQte fpr other readings of II'

~r botween the error (12 - II) and the ammeter reading II' The shape of plot plr is zig-zag 'laown in Fig. 2.
Draw
II

.-..-

-.

' Ammeter Reading I

1

-+

Fig. 2. Calibration curve

Il"csull:
The "rupia of error (12 - 11) versus ammeter reading II is zig-zag in shape and thi~ curve is CllU",(' U8 calibration curve. This curve is point-to-point curve.
I

prC'iD.!t~1.0 ns: .
I. 'fhe storage batteries should be fully charged.
2. The E.M.F. oflhe battery should be greater than the E.M.F. of the standard cell. 3. The positive terminals should be connecte,d at the point A. 4. Il~vcrybattery and cell should be attached with a separate plug key and plug key should be closed at the time of their use.' . 5. The contact between the jockey and the potentiome~er wire should be momentary. ' 6. Ammeter in the circuit shouk~ be connected in serires.

Viva-voce
Q. 1~ How would you explain potentiometer? Q. 2. What does a zero deflection in a galvanometer indicate? Q. 3. What are the require~ents of potentiometer wire?

Q. 4. What is potential gradient? Can you change it? Q. 5. Canan ammeter measure e.m.f. accurately? Q. 6. What do you mean by the calibration of an ammeter? Q. 7. Why is it necessary to calibrate an ammeter?

'-<l. 8. Why dQYou calibrate with the help of p~tenti8meter?

Q. 9. How do you make sure that potentiometer readings are accurate? Q. 10. What inforntation does your calibration curve give? Is it smooth?
,"

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