Bargmann, On A Hilbert Space of Analytic Functions and An Associated Integral Transform

COMMUNICATIONS ON PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS, VOL XX,
1-101 (1967)
On a Hilbert Space of Analytic Functions and an Associated Integral Transform

Part 11. A Family of Related Function Spaces Application to Distribution Theory
V. BARGMANN
Princeton University
Introduction
0.1. The problems treated in this paper arose in connection with the attempt to apply the methods of Part I1 to the theory of tempered distributions. Part I dealt with two Hilbert spaces, 8 (= 5,) and 5 ( = and the unitary J mapping A of $ onto 8. (In the following we omit the subscript n as long as the dimension n is fixed.) 43 is the familiar Hilbert space L2(R n ) of square integrable R functions y(qj, where q = (ql , . * * , q n ) E I ,, based on the inner product
zn),
(Yl?YZ)B =
Y1(Q)Y2(d d"q,
d"q = dq,
* * *
dq,
'n
be described as follows. Let 3 (= 3,) be the set of all holomorphic (= entire analytic) functionsf(tj inn complexvariables ( z = (zl,. * * , zJ, z ) = Y) <plj. The elements of 8 are functions f E 3, and the inner product in 5 is
8 may
(0.1)
C , is the n-dimensional complex Euclidean space, (zI2=

n
zj
1zj12,and dnz =
dxj d v j .Z In particular,
j=1
IlfllZ
(Jf) 00 <
iff
5.
See [2], hereafter quoted as I or Part I. In the introduction to Part I it was said that Part I1 would deal with harmonic polynomials in 8, and Part I11 with the rotation group. The projected Part 111 has appeared separately ([3]), and some results on harmonic polynomials are included in Section 8 of the present paper. Unless the domain of integration is explicitly indicated, all integrals extend over the whole range of the integration variables, i.e., Cfl for z and p n for q.
V. BARGMANN
The mapping f = Ay is defined by
where z2 = 2 z; , q2 = E 4 5 , z * q = functions xz(q) = A(Z, q ) , (0.2a)
z j q j , andf E
5 if y E 9.
7
In terms of the
f(z) =
(xz
Y)s, = ( Y , X J 5 j
f=Ay.
I t will be convenient to define, for f E
3,
f-(z) = e-Z;f(z)
,
(0.3)
f+(Z)
= eZy-(z) ,
0.2. A tempered distribution (or distribution, for short, since no others will be considered) i s a continuous linear functional, say I ) , on Schwartz space Y of test functions, i.e., a linear mapping
{v, Y >
Y E 9 2
of Y into complex numbers. A complex valued function y(q) belongs to 9 if it has continuous partial derivatives of all orders which decrease fast at infinity, so that for all I E N and all multi-indices m = (ml , * , m J , m, E N,
here N denotes the set of non-negative integers. The topology of 9 is that of a countably normed space with the non-decrtasing sequence of norms c, = max c ~ , k ~= 0, 1, 2, * . ,
L+(m\=k
The distribution v is regular if, for a suitable function u ( q ) ,

(u,
Y > S.ov(4) dq
If u ( q ) E &, then {u, Y > = ( v , Y)E, = (g,f

{u,
) g , where g
= AD,f = Aw; g ( z ) =
xz)is holomorphic (see (O.Za)), and
0 3 The treatment of distributions to be discussed in this paper is based on .. the crucial fact that (0.4) is valid for all distributions ((71: xz>being always defined
HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-I1
since xz E 9 ) More precisely: Set, for g, f E 3, . (0.5) whenever the integral converges absolutely. Then 1) g ( z ) = {v, is holomorphic in z for every distribution u, and 2) {u, y } = (g,,f), wheref = Ay. (This is proved in Section 2.8.)
0.4. In addition it is desirable to characterize the functions f and g which occur here more directly. Since Y is evidently contained in 8, A maps 9 onto some linear subset @ of 5, and the topology introduced in Y imposes a certain topology on . Correspondingly, 9 set of tempered distributions) is mapped 3 (the onto G (the set of continuous linear functionals on E). Since these functionals have the form (g,f)-with a uniquely determined g-the set @ may be identified with the set of all g. It turns out that the function spaces @ and E may be easily defined by the growth properties of their elements. Set, for all real p,
xz}
lfl, = SUP
Z
e,w
If(4l
fE3,
where @(z) = (1
+ (z12)P/2ealz12/2.
Let GQ be the set of allfE 3 for which If[, < 00. G is a Banach space with P norm / . I p . If u > p , then Iflo 2 Ifl, and hence @ EP. c The definitions of (5 and (5 are now simply
e = ne k ,
k=O
E =
u
k=O
+m
e-k,
kEN,
or equivalently, since CP+l c
@p,
+oo
E=
el=
k=- m
k=- w
G. The topology of E (induced by the mapping A Y = E) is again that of a countably normed space-with norms ).Ik. The mapping u g, u E Y,g E (5) will also be denoted by the symbol A. Thus
so that E appears imbedded in
---f
(0.6)
and {u,
(Ay)(z) {y, x Z > =
= {,
x%>
w} = (Av, Ay).
0.5. Instead of the spaces E one may use a closely related family of Hilbert , spaces 3 p , - co < p < co, to define @. 5 p consists of functions f E 3,and f
The inner product of two elements f, g of 5 is ( g , f ) , = J g ( Z ) f ( z ) d,uP,(z). Again 5 c s p if c p, and 5 = 8. Furthermore, it may be shown that O E p f n + 1 c 3 p c Ep. It follows that
>
i-co
E=
k=- m
+do
s k ,
E=
k=--m
g k .
As was proved in Part I, Section 1, the monomials

u,
= W/d&Zj
)
2[1
=
I
z ?
[m!]=
IT m j ! ,
3
where m is any multi-index, form an orthonormal basis of 5. I f f ( z ) = c(,u,(z) belongs to some g p , then a , = (u, ,f)and, for f E g E E, one obtains the absolutely converging series
e,
zm
(gyf) =
sp,
2 (9,
m
um)(Um
,f) -
in turn, has the orthonormal basis ufn = u m / z / q f m I ,where the constants 7; (s E N) satisfy the inequalities ci(n s ) P 5 7; 5 cz(n s)P for some positive c : , 6 ; . Thus
Lastly we recall from Part I that
A9, = u r n ,
qm(q) =
n [ 2 m , m J !l / ; ; ] - w m j ( q J e - Q : / 2
3
H,,, (4,) are Hermite poIynomials.

0.6. The results about distributions mentioned so far may now be restated as follows.
1) A bounded continuous function y ( q ) belongs to Y if and only if, for every k E N, (n Iml)k ]{pm y)12 < co. Conversely, if a set of coefficients a , is so , chosen that C (n I K , ~ ~ cc for all k E N,then y = 2 a,~), E 9. < 2) If u E Y ,then {u, y> = 2 , {u,ym>{plm, } and, for some k , y
zpa +
2 (. + Iml)-k I{%
m
9)m>I2
< 02 .
HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-11
If a set of coeficients Pm satisfies the inequality C ( n I o L ~ ) - ~ / B n C l 2 < co for bm(pm, y } is a distribution, and (21, p = bm. , } some k , then {v, y } = This characterization of Y and of Y in terms of the Fourier coefficients
z,?&
{ F , , y} and ~ = {v, T,,~} appears already in Schwartz treatise [ l l ] (Volume 11, pp. 117-118). f Schwartz introduces, however, only the coefficients u r n , i m but not the holo; morphic functions f = I u,u, and g = C Pmum constructed from them.
znL =
0.7. I turn now to a brief description of the content of this paper. There are three main subjects. (a) The mapping f = A y and its inverse (Section 1). (b) The function spaces Ep, 50, E, E and their interrelations (Section 2. The spaces @, @, and E. Section 3. The spaces S P . Section 4. Convergence in (5. Linear operations on (E and E.) (c) Distributions (Section 5. Structure theorems and basic operations. Section 6. Test functions and distributions of compact support. Section 7. Periodic distributions and their Fourier expansion. Section 8. Homogeneous distributions.) In addition there is an appendix (A) on estimates and inequalities for the functions 0; and for Hermite polynomials. (a) In Section 1 the mapping A is not restricted to the elements of Y but is applied to a wider class of functions. The dependence of Ay on the growth properties and the smoothness of y is examined. (b) The spaces ( E P , S P , etc. are studied for their own sake, i.e., in greater detail than is required for the purposes of distribution theory. As is usual for Hilbert spaces of analytic functions, every 5 p has a kernel function or reproducing kernel.3 It is also shown that the family 5 provides a simple explicit example for a Gelfand triple (rigged Hilbert space). ic) The treatment of distributions calls for more extensive comments.
0.8. The introduction of the function spaces (3 and (E provides an auxiliary tool for distribution theory. The value of such a tool may be judged, in part, by may the ease with which certain basic operations (defined on Y or 9) be carried out on the elements of (f and (5 or with which certain classes of distributions (distributions of compact support, periodic distributions, etc.) may be by no means in all important cases-the defined in Q?. In some cases-but situation is indeed quite favorable. For example, let v E Y , set v1 = a v / a q i , v2 = q p , u3 = F (Fourier and v transform), where the vk are constructed according to the definitions of distribution theory. If g = Av, and g = Avk, one obtains g ; ( z ) = 2-W3-/azi, g;(zj = , 2-l9g/azj (see (0.3)), and g3(z) = g( - i z ) . O n the other hand, convolution does not seem to lead to a simple operation on E. Once the mapping A of Y, onto E, (5 has been established, it is found, in Y addition, that a number of general results about distributions may be easily
See Bergman [4]and hron3zajn [l].
V. BARGMANN
inferred by standard analytical methods, among them Schwartz theorem that every tempered distribution is the derivative of a continuous function of polynomial growth, and also the nuclear theorem.
0.9. In order to explore these connections in a systematic fashion I chose the following procedure. Only the definitions of 9 and 9 but no further results are assumed from the start, and the theory is mainly developed in terms of the function spaces C , E. The main facts about Hilbert space are taken for granted, Z but otherwise the paper may be read without detailed knowledge of the modern theory of topological vector spaces. It is well known that the theory of tempered distributions has obvious applications to the distribution theory on Schwartz space 9 because 2 c 9 . (Every tempered distribution belongs to 9, every distribution on 9 with compact support may be interpreted as a tempered distribution, etc.) But no further attempt has been made to answer the question whether the mapping A or a suitable variant may be fruitfully applied to the distributions on function spaces other than 9. The discussion of distributions in this paper is of course based on Schwartz classical treatise. But I should like to record also my great debt to the work of Gelfand-Shilov-Vilenkin [ 6 ] , [7] on generalized functions. Many of their ideas and of their methods are used here.
0.10. Formulae, theorems and propositions are consecutively numbered throughout a section. Lemmas and definitions are consecutively numbered throughout a subsection. A list of symbols and of definitions is included at the end of the paper. 1. The Mapping A and Some Function Spaces Related to it la. The Function Spaces 9 and Y k : 1.1. Preliminary remarks and definitions. The real and complex number fields are denoted by F? and @; R stands for the set of non-negative real , numbers, and N for the set of non-negative integers. The points (or vectors) of R, and C n (real and complex n-dimensional Euclidean space) are usually denoted by q = ( q l , * * , q,) and z = (zl , . . , z n ) , respectively. We write
1
- 6 = 2 ajbi for the inner product

i=l
of two vectors a, b and la] for the norm

a 2
(Ija j ( 2 ) 1 /of a (both in the real and the complex case); ( 2

Frequently a vector z in C n is written z = x example, 2 2 = x2 - y 2 2ix -JJ and [ zI2 = x 2 y2.
stands for a * a =
+ 6, x,y E IR,, so that, for
= t a , where 6 = 1x1
1.2. Standard decomposition. Let t = x iy E C,. Then we may set 5 0, a is a unit vector in R n (i.e., la1 = 1), andy = qa b,
I. p,
,b a
*
= 0. Thus = 5a
+ ib,
5 =E
+ iq
C+ (5 2 0 ) ,
a, b E R, ;
(1.1)
la1 = 1 ,
(, 2
b - a =0 ,
denotes the half-plane 3-?e 5 2 0. By means of this standard decomposition the analysis of a function f ( z ) on C 71 may often be reduced to the analysis of a function y ( 5 ) = , f ( ( a b ) on C+. Yote that 1 + [zI2 = l2 1= d m , and
(1.2)
a 1 + tl 1
= < 1%
+ 1 = 1 + (z(Z 2 Il + p
512.
1.3. Monomials and derivatives, A multi-index m is an ordered set of n non-negative integers (m,, * . ,mn), and m = 0 if all mi = 0. Sum and difference, m b = m f m, have the usual meaning (m; = mi f mj), and we write m m
(or m 2 m) if m j -
5 mj for all j .
We set Im[ =
2 mi and [ m ! ] = ITmi!.
5=1 j=1
The monomials qIml and zLmlare defined as
ITq?
j
and
i
zim, . The operators

For any m,
a/aqi and a/ati are denoted, respectively, by aj and d j .
Occasionally it is useful to introduce (1.3a)
irm1? = a[m]q)/[m!] ,
%rmlf=
d[lfl[m!] ,
so that the Leibniz rule takes the simple form
(1.3b)
1.4. The functions 6; . For a convenient definition of the growth properties of various function classes we introduce, for real a, p ,
(1.4)
e;(s) ep)
= PZ(
s2)p/2
SER,.
For any u in IR, or C m define we (1.4a) In particular, (1.4b) (1.4c)
= e;(lul) = e a l u l * / y ~
(u12)~2,
eajuiP/2.
l~12)/~
I
e p ) = (I + e; = Clearly, 0;. q; = P+P e; e1; = I ,

,ga+a
e;(u)
2 e;:(u)
if a
a, p
5 p .
V. BARGMANN
These functions will be frequently used in most parts of this paper. More detailed information about them is collected in the appendix (see AII).
1.5. The classes 9; As usual we denote by Co the class of complex valued . continuous functions y ( q ) ( q E IR by Ck ( k E N) the class of complex valued y ( q ) J, with continuous partial derivatives u p to (and including) order k, and by C the class of functions with continuous partial derivatives of all orders (i.e.,
ca
n
0)
ck).
k=O
9; consists of all functions y
E CO
which satisfy an inequality of the form
IY(d1
s @;(q)
= Y(1
q2)p2
for all q
with a constant4 y depending on y (functions of-at If p < 0 these functions decrease at infinity.
OF . DEFINITION 9; Afunction y(q) belongs to positive constant y o (depending on y ) such that
most-polynomial
growth).
9; (i) y E Ck, (ii) there exists a if

*
(1.5)
lacmlY(q)l 5 Y o q d
if 1 = k 4
The following simple result will be useful.

LEMMA1. For p inequalities (1.5a)
2 0, 9; l=O L Y ~ + ~ - ~ ,(1.5) c n i.e.,

;f
implies the additional
larmy(q)l 2 y V 6 : + v ( q )
* * *
Iml
v = 0, 1,
let
, k , with suitable positive
y,
Proof by induction on Y : Let v 5 k , suppose that (1.5a) holds for v - 1, and P be a bound for all lacmly(0)(, = k - v. Now Iml
f l n
Since
c lqj( 5 4; < l/n O!(q), and O:+v-l(q) 2 6z+v-1(q), we obtain 1q1 l a c m l Y ( ~ ) s P + Yv-l& 1qA 6;+-l(d 5 lv6;+v(q> l
with yv = P
+ l/;
q.e.d.
1.6. The spaces Y kand Y. L. Schwartz space Y may be defined as follows: a function y belongs to 9if it belongs to all 9; .
The terms constant and positive always refer to a finite number.
It will be advantageous, however, to consider first a certain family of function spaces Yk, E N,and to introduce the following definitions. k
DEFINITION For any y 1.

IIY ;1 =
E Ck, the
norm (1 y ;1 is given by
m=,
ImlSk
{SUP lft.-,l
QER,
(4)
acmY(!7)l>
i DEFINITION Y ks the set of all functions y 2.
E Ck for
whic:!z IIy ;1
< co.
which
i.e., DEFINITION Y = y k , Y consists 3. all norm 11 y 1; arejnite. =O
of those functions y E C for
Y k clearly a normed linear space with norm 11. .;1 is Since O:(q) $,(q) if p < p, it follows that Yk+l Yk, that IIy ;1 c and Ilyl$+, for any y E Yk+l. If y E Yk, then la[mly(q)l ye!!k+,,I(q), y = Ily [I;, ~rnl 2 k, and it foIlows
easily that Y k=
n z=o
Yd(k-1)
Lastly, the topology of Y is defined as that of a countably normed linear space (see [6], Volume 11, Chapter I, 93) i.e., the balls IlyII; < (1 1)-l for all nonnegative integers k, 1 form a basis for the neighborhoods of 0.
f(z ) on C, denoted by 3 (or 3) is ,

(1.6)
so that
1.7. The class 3. The class of all holomorphic (entire analytic) functions . For any f E 3 we define
f + ( z ) = ezz//f(z),
I f + ( z ) = e(2*-gz)/2 1
f - ( z ) = e - / ~ ( z, )
(1.6a)
~ f ( z, I)
~f-(z) = e ( V z - z s ) / 2 ~ f ( z . I I)
An element f of 3 may be expressed as f ( 2 ) = however, we shall write (1.6b)
2, amz[ml. More frequently,
The functions u, form an orthonormal basis of the Hilbert space (see Part I, equation (1.6)).
(=
5) ,
lb. The Mapping f = Ay

1.8. The mapping f = Ay (or f = Any) is defined for measurable y(q) if the integral
(1.7)
f (4=
A ( z , q) = T
/&>
{ -i(za
d Y ( d dq ,
dnq = dq,
21/22
* *
- dq,
.r
- ~ exp / ~
42)
- q} ,
10
V. BARGMA"
is absolutely convergent for every z E C n In the present section only continuous y will be considered. In accordance with (1.6) we also introduce A*(z, q) = e*z*/2A(z, q) and the corresponding mappingsf+ = A'y, f- = A-y, where
n
"
(1.9c)
d["lA+(Z, q)
= 2lml/2q[m'A+(z, q)
Equations (1.9b) and (1.9~) closely connected with the relations on p. 189 are of Part I which led to the construction of A. The power series for A reads (1.9d) are the normalized Hermite funcwhere plm(q) = (21"1[m!]~~/2)-~~~H,(q)e-~~/~ tions (see AIIIa and Part I, equation (2.10b)). One finds or the moduli of A- and A
Let f = Ay. The analyticity off (z) is established if any one of the integrals in (1.7) or (1.8) is analytic in z. Thusfis holomorphic ( f3) if, for example, ~ (1.11)
J
because IA+(z, q)l 5 T - ~ / ~ ~ - P * / ~for IzI I / f i (see I, p. 191, Theorem C). P"JI - u Forf+ =y ' we obtain then, from (1.9c), A
11
and on inserting the expansion (1.9d) in the integral (1.7) we find
(1.Ilb)
The condition (1.1 1) is amply satisfied if y is a function of polynomial growth. T o obtain an explicit estimate let (1.11 c)
IY(d1 s Y q d .
Then, by (1.lOa)) If-(z)l jy ~ r - ~ / ~ e "O;(q)f&'(q J * (I.lld) (I.lle)
- xd2) dnq, hence

(by (A.10a)),
If-(z)1
=<
y K I P ' 7 f n ' 4 - l'l [ , n ip
q ( x d 2 )eY2
~f-(z)ljy(4Tr)n/4ev2 if p = 0 .
LVe conclude this subsection with the following uniqueness proposition. LEMMA Ifyl , y2 are continuowfunctions of polynomial growth and Ayl = Ay2 , 1. then Y I ( 4 ) = y2(4)for all q. Proof: Let y = y1 - y 2 . Then f = Ay = 0, so that f t ( z ) = ez'/"f(z) = 0 for all z, in particular, f + ( ; r )= 0. Apart from a constant factor,f+(+) is the Fourier transform of the square integrable function e-**/2y(q)(see (1.8a)). Hence Y ( 9 ) = Y l ( d - w2(4) = 0 for all 4. 1.9. Functions in 9: , k > 0, p 2 0. If y E 9;, the estimates (1.1 Id), ' ' (1.1 1e) may be refined. This is done in Sections 1.9-1.12. If y E 9 ;, then y has continuous partial derivatives of polynomial growth of ' all orders 1 jk (Lemma 1, Section 1.5). In (1.8) thederivatives d["]f-(z) may be taken under the sign of integration. Using (1.9b) we find, for In(jk,
12 F( 1)
V. BARGMANN
1.10. Evaluation of f-(2). Set, for fixed z and real =f-(2). Then F ( z ) ( =) dzF/dd given by ~ is
T,
F ( T ) = ~ - ( T z ) , that so
Ifqz(z)is a bound for all Id["]f-(z)l with Iml = 1, we find

(1.13a)
r z ( 4 5 (dn14)z z ( T 4 r
By Taylor's formula,f-(z) = F(1) = p , ( z )
+ rk(z),
( 1 .13c)
ESTIMATE l r k ( z ) ] , Suppose that y satisfies the inequality (1.5), i.e., OF larmly(q)l5 yoO:(q) if Irnl = k. Combining (1.12) and (1.lld) one obtains therefore a bound qk(z ) of the form
(1.14) Since O : ( x d 2 ) (1.14a)
q k ( z )= 2k/2/30;(xd2)eya
/3 = yoKPTni~~,, *
5 2P/20:(x),
we find from (1.13a)
J F ( ' ) ( T ) ~ 2 ~ ' 2 j 3 ~ k 0 ~ ( ~, e T 2 y 2 )
5 = d2n 1.21 .
Note that erz'vz 5 ery2 5 e r ( l i V a ) -
,0 2 T 5
1. Hence Irk(z)l is majorized by
Set
=1 -
T.
Then, for positive u,
Hence w,(l + y 2 ) 2 eO?,,(y), and we find the desired estimate
13
1.11. We may now prove the following result.
THEOREM r f y 1.1.
P:, k
> 0, p 2 0 , then f = Ay is holomorphic, and I() 5 y ' e t + k ( x ) e y k ( y ) f'/

11 2
with some constant y'.

Proof
1) Since
ple;(x)O!zk(~)O;(z) for some p1 .

2) By (I.l3b), lp,(z)l
< = d/2n
and
lzlp
< O:(z), (1.15b) implies that Ir,(r)l 2

and
5 B20i(z) for a suitable B 2 . Now O,O(x) 2 1, rtke!z,k(y) 2 (by A*8)> I p,(z)l 5 B2T~,e,0(x)el,,(y)e,o(z). thus 3) Lastly, O!(t) 5 O ~ ( x ) O ~ ( (by (A.6a)). Hence y)
I-'l f()
with y' = B1
Ik'l p()
Ik'! r()
5 y'6:+k(x)e!k(y)
+ /127ik.
Since
If(.)!
= e("*-y2'/2 lf-(z)l, the theorem follows.
Remark. A direct application of (1.1 Id) would only yield the weaker estimate
\ f ( z ) l 5 y'O:+k(x)elZ1*/2.
1.12. Functions in
Y k .For these we obtain a considerably sharper result.

E
THEOREM I f y 1.2.
Y k then f = A y is hofomorphic, and ,
If(')l
with a constant ak independent o y. f
Proof:
1) If k = 0, the assertion follows from (1.1 le), and a, = ( 4 ~ ) "'4.
2) If k 2 1 , we conclude from the definition of /Iy;1 in Section 1.6 that

(1.16a)
lacm'Y(dl 5 11Y 1; IY(d1 5
Iml 5
( 1.I 6b)
lIYll~~"(4)*
I t follows from (1.16a) that a relation of the form (1.14) holds for 1 5 k , with p = 0 and yo = I i y I / f , i.e.,
qJz) = 21'2/9e~2,
so that, by (1.13b) and (l.l5b),
g I 5 k , p = (4,)n'4
i\yllf
14
V. BARGMANN
3) Let 6, = min (1, (elk)'"), i.e., (1.17)
6, = 1 if k
2,
8, = (elk), if k
23 .
Since (by (A.8)) eOEZk(y) (elk), 2 8, 2
, one finds
p(e/8k)022k(Y)
,5 1=0
I-'l 2 k k ( ' ) l + Irk(')l f()

i.e., (1.18a) If-(z)l
I 5' :
.
5 @(3e/26,)(2n)k/2eg(2)e?2k(Y) 5 p'
IIylI~8~(z)O0,,(y)e"' p' = ( 4 ~ ) ~ ' ~ ( 2 n ) ~ / ~ ( 3 e / 2 6 , ) ,
4) Using (1.16b) one obtains from ( 1.1 1d) a second estimate :
( 1 .18b)
If-(z)I
s P" l l Y 1 / ; @ ! k ( x ~ ~ ) ~ y 2
Y
J
KLnn/4'1
Jk,n '
A comparison of (1.18a) and (1.18b) shows that
( 1.18c)
I-' I 5 f IlY l/;e%(2)ey' f()
p = max (2,p', p")
I n fact, if Iyl 2 1x1, t h e n y 2 2 4 1zI2, O!!zk(y) 2k0802,(z) (see (A.7)), and the assertionfollowsfrom (1.18a). If lyl < 1x1, then IzI < 1x1 2/2,O!,(x2/2) O!,(z), and the assertion follows from (1.18b). By a closer analysis-based on (A.13), (A.13a)-one finds that 2 "' 2 p" if k 2 1. Thus p = 2,p', i.e., (1.18d) p = uk = $ ( e / S , ) ( 4 ~ ) ~ / ~ ( 8 n ) ~ / ~ .
This establishes the theorem because I f ( z ) l = e("a-u2)/2 I- ( 4If f

1.13. Some examples. For later use we list a few pairs y , f ( = A y ) .
1. yl(q)= 1 ,
fi(z) = (4n)n/4ez2'2,
f - ( z ) = (4n)n/4,
2. Yn(4) = qCml,
fdz)
= 21""2 i i m ( z ) e Z 2 / 2 (4V)n14
-f;(z)
= 21"112 H , ( z )
(4n)n14
3. y s ( q ) = t b ( q ) = eib.a,
f3(z) = ( 2 ~ ) ~ / z A ( b z , i) ,
b E R n ,
U E C n ,
4-Y d Q )= XJ4) = 4 4 P)
5.
W5(d
=vm(d
, f 4 ( 4 = e,(4 = 8"", f5(4 = u * ( 4

*
HILBERT SPACE O F ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-I1
15
Remarks. Examples 1 and 3 are obtained by direct computation. One obtains fi fromfi by applying (1.lla) tof:(z) = (477)"'*ez2 (see AIIIb for the definition of i?,,,), To obtain f4use
(1.19)
A ( d , q ) A ( b , q) d"q = ed'b
(see I, equation (2.2), p. 198). T o obtain f5use (1.9d) and the orthonormality of the functions P,, . ),
lc. The Function Spaces D;
, @'
and
(% -
1.14. The spaces Q . The two theorems in Sections 1.1 1 and I. 12 suggest ; the introduction of linear function spaces in 3 which correspond to some extentvia the mapping A-to the spaces 9; Yk. the sake of greater generality, and For however, the index analogous to k will no longer be restricted to non-negative integers.
DEFINITION Q OF ;
. A function f E 3 belongs to Q! if,for some positive constant y , ~f(z)l5 ye;(x)e:p(y) = ye",x)e"(y)elz1a'2for all z E c,.
Here, p and p may be any real numbers.

Note that Q$ c Q$ if p 2 p', p 2 p'. Theorem 1.1 may now be more concisely formulated. We combine it with the inequality (1.1 Id) and obtain
THEOREM AS: c Q 1. la. ,: . , 1.15. The spaces (. 5 ,

DEFINITION 1.
i p f
2 0, AP:
D for all p. :
We first introduce the following norms.
Iff E 3, then for
evey real p the norm If Ip is given by
I lp = S eUcP*q'(4 If(4I ' f z

Equivalent definitions are: (1.20)
If Ip
= SUPze-Xa6;(4 If'(4l = SUPz e - q ( z )
If-(4l
( M ( Y ,is a non-decreasing function of r. For positive r, M ( r ,f)> 0 unless ~) f = 0.) The norm Ifl, is defined for all f E 3, but it may assume the value 00.
f DEFINITION Q? consists o all functions f 3f o r which 2. normed linear space with norm ).Ip .)
If[, < co.
(Ep is
16
V. BARGMANN
DEFINITION C? is the intersection of all Ek, k 3.
N,
0; =
n
B=O
C n
Cf is equipped with the topology of a countably normed space, i.e., the balls lflk < ( I 1)-l ( k , I E N ) form a basis for the neighborhoods of 0. ( I t suffices to choose the balls ] f l k< ( k l)-l as such a basis (see (a), Section 1.16).)
Theorem 1.2 may be stated as follows.
THEOREM 1.2a. (i) A Y k c Ek,and hence A Y c (5. (ii) r f y E Y', then lAylk 5 a, Ilyil:, with a constant a, independent ofy.
1 1 . We draw a few simple conclusions from the definitions, postponing a .6 more detailed analysis of the spaces (5, to Section 2.
for all z , If(z)l S Ifl,@,(z), If+(z)l 5 Ifl,eZ2O!!, , and If-(z)l 5 Ifl,eyzP,(z). Conversely, iff E 3 and if, for all z E C f l, I f ( z ) I 5 c:() e,z (equivalently, ~ f + ( z )5 cer*e!,(z) l or ~f-(z)~ ceU%:,(z)) 5 for some positive constant c, then f E (5, and 5 c. (b) If p < 0,then O;l(z) 2 O;'(z) so that I f l , 5 / f l ufor everyfE 3. Hence (a) I f f
W,then,
If/,
(50
C?,,
<
G+.
Therefore, 6 may also be defined as
e=
k=-m
n E,.
(5,
'w
In particular, (5 c (5, for every p. (c) If cr > p, the norms I.], and 1.1, are inequivalent on sequencef, E (f such that Ifkl, /lfklp + co. Proof: Set f k ( z ) = (1
i.e., there exists a
+ z ~ ) k~ E, N. Then M ( r , f k ) = ( 1 + r2),, = @,(r) so that (by (1.20a) and (A.8)) IfJ, = ~ t and I f k ! , ~ = ~ + ~.i + ~ ~ Now (2k)"-P''2 as k + co, and the assertion follows.6 (d) I f f # 0, then limp-+m If], = co.
T$+?,/T; t-2k
a3
(Proof Letf(a) = c # 0, a # 0. Clearly as p + c . ' o)
Ifl,
2 1c1 O;l(a), and O;'(a)

Ifl,
-j
' O n the basis of (1.20a)

p
Here, and later,
Pk
ar means lim,
P k / x k = 1. one may state more explicit conditions for the growth of
thcn (by (A.8)) O;'(rJ = T for Y, = d p - 1 2 1, hence Ifl, 2 B ; l ( r p ) M ( r p ,f) : 2 ~;.W(l,.f) . Thus i f f # 0, then 2 YT; (for all p 2 0) with some positive y. (For f = 1,
2 2,
Let
Ifl,
I Ip = 7; f
.)
17
(e;! I f f belongs to theHilbert space 5 studiedin Part I, then I f ( z ) ( (see I , ;1.7j, p. 193). It follows that 5 c and lflo 5 ilfll.
//flleiz/2/2
(fl lidations between Q i and 0.". A simple analysis shows that the following relations hold: (i) If one of the two numbers p, - p is non-negative, then E c P ( G = min ( p , -p)j. (ii) If p and -p are both negative, ; c 0.p-Q. (iii) If cr 2 0, 0" c 0:: a n d -p 2 0, p - p = a). (ivj Ifa < 0, 6" c QEu. . (p
1.17. The classes 6, and the operators 8, In Part I (Section ig, p. 197) the classes Gj, were introduced for ? < 1. We first extend this definition to , all po.rilir'u I.. Thusf(E 3) belongs to G A for ail z , If(zj1 5 ye'ziz'2'2 = yBt(l.zj if, for some positive constant y . Evidently 8,= 0.O. For any positive k t h e operator 8, is defined by
( Q A f ) ( 4 = f ( W.
Clearly Q,Q,, = 8,,, , and Ql = 1 (identity). Also QAQ,. = BAx. The following lemmas contain some results on the connection between the spaces 6, and EP and on the action of the operators R, on them.
LEMMA
1.
In,f/,Ifl,
if2
< 1.
5 M ( r , f ) , and
the assertion follows from
Proof: z\f(r, Q,f)= M ( I , r , f ) (1.20a).
LEMMA I f 2 2. c ~ , ~ independent of$ ,.
< 1, then,for
anypair a, G', I8,fIu 5 cAaa,
Ifl,.
with a constant
Proof: The aqsertion is implied by the inequality
(1.21)
6;'(2)
5 l-1u1T;-u,0;1(3,z) (0 < 3, < 1 ,
o !
- 1)
Since
which may be established as follows. Set w = lz, and O:(klw) 5 k l u l O ~ ( wwe obtain ),
e;l(?.-iw)
=1
+ a.
= 0g(k1~)0;-l(4
5 A-l+;yw)e;yw)
_< n-l"17~-,.eg.(~)e;l(w) = A-'"~;-,.o;?(w) ,

using (A.9). If(3,z)I, with c~,~,,, = klul~;-u,, and By (1.21), 6;'(z) I f ( A z ) l c,.,,,O;?(ilz) the assertion follows from the definition of the norms / . I p .
COROLLARY. rfJ.
for all p.j
< 1, then sZ,O.'
@a
f o r any
G,
a. (Equivalently, Q,@Q 0. ' c

(iij 8A 0 ;f 1 c . '
LEMMA For all real p, (i) 3. (iiij QE c 8,. < it. ,P if?,
0.P c
6, f p i
> 1,
< 1,
18
V. BARGMANN
I in used Proof: The only properties of the spaces ( ? the proof are those stated in the corollary and the inclusion property
@A
= (50 = 0 1 ,
2x1.
(Therefore, the lemma also applies to the spaces 3 p to be introduced in Section 3.) (i) Let f E C . Then g = R,-1 f E (Eo c Gl,hence f = Q p g E 8,. (ii) Let F = v > 1. Then g = f O n . Choose A' such that il < A' < 1, and set c CEO, hence f = Qv-lg E Ep. (iii) Let f E (50, and set q = A/A' < 1. R, f E Then g = Q f E goc 01, , hence QA = QArg E Q X . f
x/A
1.18. The form (g,f). For two functionsf, g E 3 we define
(1.22)
whenever the integral converges absolutely. The bracket (9,f ) coincides with the inner product (g,f) iff and g belong to the Hilbert space 8, but it preserves the properties of an Hermitian bilinear form -
g) for a wider class of functions. ((5 = (9, f ); (9, Pf) = P ( g , f ) for any complex Constant B ; (g,fl +fz> (g,f,) = (g,f 2 ) if both ( g , f j ) are defined.) It will be shown in Section 2 that every continuous linear functional L(f ) on &--and hence every tempered distribution-has the form L(f ) = (g, with a f) uniquely determined g. Thus the form ( , ) is particularly important for the subject of this paper.
LEMMA Let g 1. (1.22a)
E EU, E f
@, and p
+ c > 2n.
T e (9,f)is defined, and hn
Proof: The assertion follows from (A.17a). Since If(z)l 5 I p O l p ( z ) and 1g1u05u(z),the integral (1.22) converges absolutely and is majorized by lg(z)I
~-p--a,2n
'0
If
11 9,
Iflp .
I,,) ?(?
'THEOREM 1.3. Let
= e'",
ftz)
Una(Z)
= 2rm1/z/[772!].
E @A
If
z:
m
~?nU,(Z)
and A2
(1.23)
< 2, then
(e,
, f ) = f (a) >
(urn
3 . f ) = Xm
Proof: 1) Choose a positive v such that 1 2 < v2 < 2, let 7 be any complex number of modulus 171 < v/L, and s e t f , ( z ) =f (72) = Em l " l c ( m u r n ( z ) . Then, ~
19
writing h for either e,! or u,
, we find
that
11 7
1(7)= (h,f,)>
i5 analytic in
T.
< 4).,
* ~ * ~ In fact, l h ( z ~ ~ \ z j l y ~ h ( ~ ) ~ e ~for ~ all 7, and the integral d p I L ( z )converges 2 ) I f f belongs to 5, equation (1.23) is valid (see 1 , bection 1). 3) If/?-) v - l , thenf, E 6 J vc ~ lhence (e,, ,f,)=J;-(a) = f , ~ a ) , < - 5, ,~ and u , ,.~f- = ~ [ ~ l .r ,Equation (1.23) follows by analyticity.
112 z jeY2 z 2
(;OROLL,ARY.
Iff
A2
< 2, then
(1.23a)
Proof:
Ry Theorem C in I, Section 1,
ahaa,= J ( a e e j / a u j ) / ( z )
dpn(z).
h e theorem applies to the elements of any space 3 (see Lemma 3, Section 1.17; or 2;. It also applies to the elements of the spaces j-Jp to be defined in Section 3 . I n all these cases
i1.23h i
f = 2 amurn = 2 (urn ,f>urn m m

Id. The Mapping cp = Wj
1.19. It was shown in Part I that A-* is related to the operator W which may he defined a3 follows. I f f E 3,
q~(qj (wfj(q) = =j.4ii, q ) f ( z )dpc,(z)
=p-(~,
q)eiZ/y(z)d p , ~
whenever the integral converges absolutely. Yo obtain criteria for the continuity and the differentiality of pl set
B [ ? ~ ] ( z ,= q)
l i Y m l ~ - ( i ,q ) e i * ~ ~ ( z ) e . ~ ~ ~ ~ -
If, for every m of norm Irnl k , S B [ m ] ( ~q,) dnz converges uniformly in q on bounded sets in R then E Ck and (for IrnJ k )
20
V. BARGMANN
THEOREM Let f E 3, and 1f (z)I 1.4. k EN,T > 0. Then p = Wf E Ck, and
Iacmlp(q)IS
5 @p)O$(
y), where
, =k u
+n +
7,
~ ' p , ~ , ~ m l f $ (> q )
Iml 5 k >
with constants b independent off.
Hence WQ;c 9; all 1 for
5 k.
Proof: We start from (1.26). Since e j ( q ' ) 5 2 l P l / W ~ ( q ) , it follows froin (A.10) and (A. 10a) that the integral in (1.24b) is majorized by the expression
y(nn / 4 2 ( I" I+lUl)/2
IP I
PI
WL 1
$If
I m I,n jpm l-op,nPpO( 9 ) ,
which defines the constant bp,p,lml . Several variants of this result may also be of interest. For a later application we state here the following.
THEOREM 1.4.a. Let f 3, and[).(fI
yn[O~(xj)O.!,(yj),where , > 1. u
j=1
71
21
Then y = WfE Co, and
Iddl 5 Y(b;,ll)
Proof: Since d,u,(z) =
J
rI O,o(q,) .
i
dpu,(z,)and A ( z , qj =
3
A,(t,, qi), the problem
is reduced to n one-dimensional ones of the type just treated. In addition, no derivatives occur so that = 1. Thus we conclude from Theorem 1.4 that
1.20. The most important result in this context is

THEOREM If p = n 1.5. W e c 9.) f E ( E N , For
zcith a constant
independent
+ k + 7, k EN,7 > 0, then W@

ll~ll; I a;,71jlll
3
9. (Hence
p = Wf,
i$ f
Proof: Let I f ( z ) l 5 yOl,(z), y = , and let Irnj 5 k. Since (Fee (A.25)) arid Of,,(y) 5 Oi,,(z), one obtains from (1.25)
If/,
Biml 5 pk
B[](z,q)
5 21m1/2n-n/41Bk,ei-,2,(~~ q)ef&,(z) -
I V e insert this estimate in the integral (1.24b). By (A.16), with # O:(x), = I
le. The Connection Between W and A
1.21. It remains to show that under suitable conditions W and A are inverse
to each other. We first prove
22
exists f o r all q, and (ii) the integral
V. BARGMANN
f existsforallw. Then (a) y = W isdejined, (b)g = A y isdejined,andg = A(Wf)
=f.
f Proof: T h e existence of y = W and of g = Ay follows from (i) and (ii), respectively. We conclude from (ii) that
Using (1.19) and Theorem 1.3 one finds for the second form of the integral
dw) =/eW.Y(z)
44-4 = (e, , f ) = f (w)
q.e.d.
On the basis of this lemma we have

: THEOREM (i) Iff belongs to Q , p > n, or satisfies the hypothesis o f Theorem 1.6. 1.4a, then A(Wf) =f. (ii) If y E P : , k > n 1, then W(Ay) = y. (In particular, (i) applies f f E @', and (ii) applies if y E Yk.) z
Proof: (i) Under the hypothesis, Lemma 1 is applicable. The proof of Theorems 1.4 and 1.4a shows that the integral S ( q ) exists and that [ ( q ) is a continuous function of polynomial growth. (ii) By Theorem 1.1a, h = Ay E Q++ , :, and by Theorem 1.4, p = Wh(= W(Ay)) E As was just proved Acp = A(Wh) = h = Ay. Consequently it follows from Lemma 1 (Section 8) that rp( = W(Ay)) = y , q.e.d.
1 2 . For the spaces Y and Cf we may summarize our results as follows. .2

THEOREM A is a bijective mapping of Y onto (3, and W = A-l is its inverse. A 1.7. and A-l are continuous in the topologies o f Y and E.
Proof: 1) By Theorem 1.2a, A Y c (5, but by Theorem 1.6, A Y = @. More precisely, every f E (f may be uniquely represented as f = Ay, y E 9, with y = W 2) Likewise, by Theorem 1.5, W e c 9, by Theorem 1.6, W e = J but, 9.Every y E Y may be uniquely represented as y = Wf, f E E, with f = Ay. ' 3) As to the continuity: by Theorem 1.2a, A maps the ball llyli: < c/uk into < c, and, by Theorem 1.5, W = A-l maps the ball I n + k + l < c/ah,, into
If/,
If
Ilvll;
6.
23
We note the inchion relation
2. The Spaces E and (5. Linear Functionals on @ p

The first part deals with convergence in C and in (5. In the second part we ? derive the general form of a continuous linear functional on C?, which was mentioned in the introduction. Some of the results in the first part hardly differ from the corresponding results of [6] (Volume, 11, Chapter 11, 92). They are, nevertheless, stated and proved-in a form appropriate to later applications.
2a. Convergence in @ and in '

2.1. Preliminary remarks. (a) Some lemmas and theorems to be proved in this section depend on the properties of the Hilbert space 5 derived in Part I (Section 1). We mention specifically the inclusion relation
8,c iyc81=eo,
A<l.
(b) We adopt the following terminology of Dunford-Schwartz [5] (p. 50). Let '9JI be a subset of a topological vector space 2. (i) The set of all finite linear combinations of elements g E 9.X is denoted by sp(9.X). (ii) '9JI is fundamental in 2 if sp('9JI) is dense in 2. (c) The most important examples of fundamental sets in 5 are (i) Q (= sp(p)), the set of all polynomials, (ii) 8, set of all vectors e, . the jd) A set 9N in 5 is called kinvariant if Q,9N c 9.X, A < 1. Both $ and 8 are 5 A-invariant, the latter because are,= e,, (e) An elementfof 3 is called il-rep.ulur in ( , if 5
(ii) lim
At1
If - Q,fl,
=0
2.2. Convergence in @.I t follows from the definition of the norm '
in Section 1.15 that
(2.1)
If 1,
If(4I 5 M ( r , f ) 5 PP(d Ifl,
if
I4 5 r .
Convergence in E is defined as convergence in norm. A sequence (A> p converges to f ( f , , f ~ p ) if limi-w I& - f l , (5 = O.* (A sequence converging to 0
We use no longer different symbols for strong and for point-wise convergence-as was done in Part I. The function spaces considered here give rise to various notions of convergence. In what follows it will be explicitly stated which limit is involved, unless this is clear from the context. In general we write limi hi instead of lirn+- hi.
24
V. BARGMANN
is a null sequence.) I t is an immediate consequence of (2.1) that convergence in norm implies uniform pointwise convergence on boiinded sets.
LEMMA . Let (hi} he a seqzierzce of functions in @ such that (i) their n o r m are 1 bounded (IhiJp c ) and (ii) the sequence ( h i ( z ) } converges for every z E C n.g Then the 5 convergence is ungorm on bounded sets, the limitfunction h ( h ( z ) = limi-m h , ( z ) ) belongs to @ and /hip c. ,
Proof: By (2.1), Ihi(z)l 5 c P p ( r ) if 121 5 r, and it follows from the classical convergence theorems for analytic functions that on every set (21 r the h i ( z ) converge uniformly to a holomorphic function h ( z ) . Clearly lh(z)1 cOl,(r) if r, hence Ih), c, and h E W. I1 t
<
THEOREM Every 2.1. is complete. Let {fi) a Cauchy sequence in @. (For be every positive E there exists an N ( E )such that Ifi - f91p < E $ i , j 2 X ( E ) . ) Theit there exists a unique f E @ such that -&Ip -+ 0.
If
the norms l j J pconverge and are Since I ljJp- l ~ l p l Ifi - & I p , r, so that bounded. By (2.1), I f , ( z ) -&(z)I < &Jl,(r)if i , j 2 . N ( E ) arid IzI the sequence (fi(z)}converges for every z. By Lemma 1 the limit f belongs to EQ. Set, for a fixedj 2 N ( E ) hi =f, A , i 2 N ( E ) .By hypothesis, J h i ( p E for , < all i, and limi h,(z) = h ( z ) = f ( z ) -A&). Using Lemma 1 once more we find 2 E ifj 2 N(E). that l f - f J p The following is a useful convergence criterion. Proof:
LEMMA 2. Let fi E, i = 1, 2, * * * , such that (i) ILl, E y co for all i, (ii) the sequence (A(z ) } convergesfor every z E C . Then, f o r every p u, -hi,, -+ 0 w h e r e f ( z ) = lim, fi(z). ( T h e f , need not converge in the norm 1.1, .)
Proof 1) Set gi =f -AI. By Lemma 1, Ifl, M(r, g,) 2y@,(r). 2) To prove lgJP -+ 0 if p estimates. Let r > 0. Then
< < If
<
y, hence (pil, 2 y , and we use the following
r3;l(r)M(r,gi)
2yO;-,(r)
2yO;-,(r) = h(r) if r
>= r ,
O;l(r)M(r, 5 +%f(r, gi) = c(i, r ) if r gi)
sr.
Hence IgJP max (b(r),c(i, r ) ) , and the scheme in A1 applies. In fact limr+mb(r) = 0, and, for every r, limi+m c ( i , r ) = 0 in view of the unifOrm converThus lgilp 0, q.e.d. gence of the sequence (A>.
---f
Ifl,
Then f is &regular in E ;f p < G. p Proof: (See (e), Section 2.1). By Lemma 1 (Section 1.17), = y if 2 < 1, and limLT1 (sZ,f)(z) = l i m f ( l z ) = f ( z ) .
COROLLARY. f E E. Let
IQ,fi,
Here, and later on, it would suffice to require convergence on a suitably chosen subb(.t of C:r, (see I, Section If). This refinement, however, will not be needed.
25
THEOREM (rlppro.riinafion Theoreinj. Let YR tie a A-inrlariant jitndamentalset in 2.2. be ?.-regular in @'. For eveiy positive E there exists an element g E (sp(YJ; n E) j,,.;&id I f - ,& < F .
5. and Id f
Proof:
2.'' such that For a suitable I. ( < I ) , If - Onfl, < $ E . Choose ILf, and set ,u = A/,?' ( < 1). By Lemma 3 (Section 1.711, i2;,, ' 6,:. c 8. Since ' is fundamental in 8, there exists h E sp(%l) such that, f ~ % I in \4ew of ( e ) ,Section 1.16,
1. < 1.'
< A" < 1,
IQ,,f-
4 0
IlQxf-
hll
< ;CPPO
&
(see Lemma 2, Section 1.17, for the definition of c P p o ) . Chooseg = Q,,h (~sp('9Rj).(Note thatgE6,, c 0-,andhenceg~(sp(%) n@).) Then IQJgl, = IQ,(Q, f - h)l, 9 CPP" l Q n , j ' - hl, < '2.'
'Thus
f
If-
sl,, 5
If-
QJl,
+ IQJ-
PIp
< E, q.e.d.
(JJE
2 3 Convergence in 0-. In the topology of @ a sequence {f.} .. converges to (5) if, for every non-negative integer k, limi+a If - J J k = 0. Iff = A ~ fi,= Ay, ( y ,y LE 9) condition is equivalent to limi lly - yiilt = J the
Iim sup iOp(q) IiYmly(q) - iYmly,(q)l)= O
i-m
q
0, or
for e\rer)- I E N and every multi-index m. 'The following is a simple criterion. Suppose If - &Ii Then lim,-., /f.-Alk = 0 for all k. (Proof: Fix k. If i
< E~ ,and limi-.,f
pi
= 0.
5 k, then I f - f , l ,
If-fili
< E ~ 9.e.d.j ,
3 From the preceding results on ( , we now readily obtain the corresponding results o n E.
THEOREM 0 is romplete. Let 2.3. be a Caiichy sequence in 6. (For euerv positice E and Every k E N there exists an -Vk(&) that If, - J l k such < E ij'-i, j >= ]ITk(. ) P) Then there exists a unique element f in 0- such that lim, Ij ' -,hlk = 0 f o r all k.
Proof The assertion immediately follows from the completeness of every Ek. I n fact, the hypothesis implies that, for every k, limi If = 0 with one and the same functionf'(defined byfi,t) = lim, fi(z)),which belongs to all @ a n d hence to 0. L m i m 1.
{L.}
I f f E @, then f is A-regular in all 0,.

@+l,
Proof: Fix p. Since j ' E Lemma 2, Section 2.2.
the assertion follows from the corollary to
26
V. BARGMANN
THEOREM (Approximation Theorem f o r (5). Let (3n be a 2-invariant fundamental 2.4 set in 3. For every f E @ there exists a sequence { g t } c (sp((3n) n @) which converges to f.
Proof: For every i, f is A-regular in and, by Theorem 2.2, there exists a gz E (sp(93Jz) n @) for which gzli < (i 1)-l. Then lim, If - gl = 0 for ,, every k , q.e.d. The theorem applies in particular to the two sets 'p and 2 (see Section 2.1). 3 It is also easily shown that E is a Monte1 space, i.e., that every closed bounded set in @ is compact. (A set 2 in @ is bounded if it is bounded in every norm 1.1, 3 Then there are constants c, such that If/, 5 ck < co for every f E 8.)
If-
ei
in THEOREM Every bounded inznite sequence {fi} (3 contains a converging 2.3a. subsequence. (Hence every closed bounded set in (3 is compact.) Proof: I n view of the inequality (2.1) and the condition lfilo 2 c,, one may select, by the Ascoli-ArzelB theorem, a subsequence { f i , }which converges pointwise (fi,(z)- f ( z ) ) for all z E C % . For every k, lfi,lK+l c ~ + and it follows ~ , from Lemma 2 (Section 2.2) thatfE Ekand that lim, If-fi,lk = 0, q.e.d.
2.4. Remarks on the functions e, I n what follows we shall need estimates for the norms of e, and of (ea+b eu). (a) A lower bound for lealp follows from the inequality
HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-.
I1
27
and thus
(2.4a)
rhk:lp
IIblS
Inserting (2.3) we obtain therefore

(2.lh)
It is readily seen from (A.8) that this series converges (for every series (2.4) converges absolutely in every norm ( - I p . (c) Finally, we introduce the remainder terms r:: and r t l by (2.5)
p).
Thus the
+ r t i = e, + hbfd + r t i For fixed p, fixed a and bounded Ibl (say Ibl s 1) we find from (2.4a), (2.4b)
ea+b e, =
2b. Functionals on (2 and Distributions
2.5. Preliminary remarks. By distribution-without any qualifying adjective-we always mean a tem..erzd distribution, i.e., a complex valued continuous linear functional, v, on 9 . The standard example of a distribution is the inner product
of a suitably chosen fixed function v with y . In analogy with (2.6) we denote the action of any distribution u on y by
(2.Sa)
(0,
Y}>
Y E Y ,
i.e., { a , y} is a continuous complex valued function on 9; y1 y z } = {u, { P , yl} {u, y2>,and {v, hp>= i { a , y } for every complex constant 2. We write u = 0 if (11,y } = 0 for all y E 9 . A distribution defined by an expression of the form (2.6) is called regular, and we use the same symbol-a-in both (2.6) and (2.6a).
In CONTINUITY. view of the linearity of u it suffices to require continuity at y = 0. Thus there must exist a neighborhood of 0, for example, Ilyllfl < (1 + 1)-l
28
such that (2.7)
I(v, y)I
V. BARGMANN
< 1 for all y in this neighborhood.

I{%Yll 2 c llvlllfl
This implies
for some positive c and some kE N. An inequality of this form, in turn, implies continuity of u. If v ( q ) is a measurable function, and (2.7a) then (2.7) holds for the regular distribution u. The THE SPACE 9. distributions form a linear space Y with the following basic operations. (i) Addition: w = u, + v 2 is defined by (w,y} = { v l , y ) { v 2 , y}. (ii) Scalar multiplication: for every K E C,w = KV is defined by {w, Y } = Y).lo
Remark. L(c.l. fcl.

c.1.fcl.
I n the sequel we abbreviate continuous linear functional by
2.6. Functionals on (5. The mappingf = A y turns the c.1.fcl. (v, y} into a L(f)on (5 if one defines
(2.8)
L(f)= {v,
w}
f=AyEE.
Conversely, given a c.1. fcl. L ( f ) on (5, equation (2.8) determines a unique distribution u on 9. Repeating the argument which led to (2.7) one concludes: for every c.1. fcl. L on (5 there exists a positive c and a non-negative integer k such that (2.8a)
[L(f)l ~ ] f [ ~ f o r a l l f ~ Q . S
Conversely, a relation of the form (2.8a) implies continuity. As is well known this criterion may be replaced b y the following: whenever {.fi} is a null sequence in Q, limi L ( f , ) = 0. If L and u are related by (2.8), then (by Theorems 1.2a, and 1.5)
I{v,
IL(f)I
y}I
lldlf
Iflk++l
(from (2.8a)), (from (2.7))
%I,,
2.7. Before determining the general form of L(f)we make two observations.
1) Let L, , L , be two c.l. fcls. on Then L, = L , .
(5
such that L,(e,) = L2(e,) for all a
( E n.
lo This definition of scalar multiplication follows [6] rather than [1 11 (where a is used instead of ti). It is more appropriate to the formalism of this paper.
29
Proof: Set L, - L , = L. By hypothesis, L(e,) = 0. Thus the functional L vanishes 0118 (see Section 2.1) and hence, by linearity, on sp(l2)). Since-by the approximation Theorem 2.4-everyf~ (5 is the limit o f a sequence (9%) sp(%), c and L(g,j = 0, we have L(f)= limi L(g,) = 0, i.e., L1(f)= L,(f)for all$ 2) If h is an element of some @, then ' (2.9)
L(f)= ( h , f )
is a c.l.51. on E because IL(f)l Section 1.18). By Theorem 1.3, (2.9a)
sj!a--k,2nif k > 2n - o (Lemma 1 , lhl, If I R

.
5 c lflk.
aEc::.,
h ( a ) = (e, , h ) = L(e,)
2.8. General form of L(f).Let L(f)be a c.Z.fC1. on (5, and I L ( f )I Guided by the last example we define
(2.10)
d a ) = L!%) >
and analyze the properties of the function g(a). 1) By equation (2.3), (2.10a)
Ig(a)l
c lealR c h p : ( a ) = clO;(a) 5
2) We prove next that g(a) is a holornorphic function of a. It is sufficient to show that, for any fixed a and sufficiently small ( b ( ,
(2.1 1)
d"
+ b ) - g(a) = Qb) + W I Z ),
where I(b) is linear in b. By (2.5),
For fixed a and IbJ
1,
and hi': in turn is antilinear in b. Thus (2.1 1) is established. I V e conclude from (2.10a) that g E E-k. 3 ) Consider now the c.l.fcl. L,(J) = (5,f),g being defined by (2.10). Comparison with (2.9a) yields L,(e,) = g(a) = L(e,) for all a E ( E n . As was shown in Section 2.7 this implies that L = L, , Le., L(f)= (g,f). W'e have, therefore,
Furthermore, l ( 6 ) = L(hit1) is linear in b, because l ( 6 ) is antilinear in h::;,
I :) WI
sc
k;r l:I
WV)
(by (2.5a)).
THEOREM Every continuous linear functional L(f) on E has the form 2.5.
30
V. BARGMANN
Here g is afixed element of some E-k and is uniquely dejined by g ( a ) = L(e,). converse(^, every expression o f the form Id( ) = ( g ,f ) - belonging to some E--dejnes a continuous j -g linear functional on E.
2.9. We translate this result into the language of distributions. Let u E and {D, } = L(f), = Ay. y f
Y,
(i) Since e, = Ax, (4, Section 1.13), g ( z ) = L ( e , ) = (ii) The relation f ( 2 ) = ( A y ) ( t ) may be written as
(2.12)
{a,
xz>.
Thus we obtain
THEOREM 2.6. Let v be a tempered distribution. morphic function in some E-k, and
Then g ( z ) = {v,
x,} is a holoy Y .
(4
w>
=I{.,
x.>{xz > w> d P n ( 4 >
Conversely, every expression of the form
dejines a tempered distribution, and {v,
xz> = g o .
2.10. The &function. The distribution 6, (or d(q - b ) ) is defined by (8,, y } = y ( b ) for every b E R, . Denoting the corresponding function g by 8,
we have
(2.13)
JdZ)
= (6,
>
x,) = XZO = A ( z , b)
where
If b = 0, we write 6 and 8. Thus 8 ( z ) = n~nae-22/2. Note that 6, E Go, and 16,10 = T - ~ / in (fact O;(z) 16,(2)1 = ~ x = x - b/1/2. The formula
(2.14)
w ( 4 ) = (6,
w> = (6, ,f>

7
f=Aw,
will be frequently used. It is a counterpart to equation (2.12) and expresses the equation y = Wf (Section 1.18) in terms of distributions.
2.11. Remarks on regular distributions. Let v ( q ) be a continuous function of polynomial growth, say, v E 9 . T h t n u defines a regular distribution :
HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS--II

(13)
31
(2.611, the integral in (2.7a) being finite if k > n p. The corresponding function q is given by g ; z ) = {Gz} ( z ) ,and by Theorem 1.1 a, g E D c = (AzJ) : E-IPI . Thus
(2.15,
{u, y> = (A%Ay)
Conversely, if g belongs to 2 , ,u > n, or satisfies the hypothesis of Theorem : 1.4a, then the distribution defined by {a, y } = (g, A y ) is regular, and the function v is given by u = Wg. Proof: By Theorems 1.4 and 1.4a, W is a function of polynomial growth. g According to (2.15) it defines, therefore, the regular distribution {Wg, y } = (A(Wg), A y ) . Since A(Wg) = g (Theorem 1.6), this distribution coincides with {% y ) , q.e.d.
2.12. The space (5. The functional L-defined by L ( f ) = (g,f)-may be ident!fiefied with its generator g. Then the space (5 of all c.1.fcls. on %-the dual of Q-is simply the union of all Q?, k E N . In view of the inclusion property Q c QP, (r > p , it may also be described as the union of all EP, - co < p CO, and in other equivalent ways. In particular one may juxtapose
<
@=
k=OD
Ek,
(5=
k=-W
a h .
EXTENSION THE MAPPINGS A AND A-I. The equation { a , y} = :g,A ~ I ) OF (for all y~ E 9) establishes a one-one correspondence between the elements of 9 and those of (5. We denote the mapping 9 + % so defined again by A, i.e., we set
also I t follows from the definitions at the end of Section 2.5 that A is a linear mapping
9 Qand hence A-l is the inverse linear mapping

---f
(5 -+
9.
With this interpretation equation (2.15) holds by definition. Furthermore, the mapping A is an extension of the previously defined integral transform (equation (1.7)); for, it coincides with the integral transform for the regular distributions discussed in Section 2.11. Likewise A-l extends the definition by the integral transform W.
EXPLICIT FORM
(2.16a) (2.16b)
OF
distribution (wb = v
or A. Let w denote either a test function ( w = y E 9) a SP), and set h = Aw. In both cases one obtains
32
V. BARGMANN
Here (2.16a) follows from the equations in Section 2.9, and (2.16b) from equation (1.23b), since h = I m (h,U,)~,, pm>, 5, Section 1.13. and (h, urn) = (w, by
2.13. Concluding remarks. We interrupt here the analysis of the c.1. fcls. on (3; it will be resumed in Section 4. I n the next section we study the Hilbert spaces 3 p defined in the introduction. Some of the new features are these. 1 ) Every element of 5"is 2-regular in 5". 2) For every p, C is a dense subset of 8". (This does not hold for any (30; see the 5 examples in Section 3.16.) 3) The set of all c.1.fcls. on 5f is given by L ( f ) = ( g , f ) , with g E 3 - p . (The situation i s quite different for ( 3 p ~ From the Hahn-Banach theorem one may infer the existence of a non-vanishing c.1. f l L(f)on ( which c. ? ! vanishes for all f E (3 and therefore cannot have the form L(f) = (g,f ).)
In connection with the last remarks it is of some interest to characterize the closure of E in Ep. The following lemma shows that this closure consists of allfwhich are &regular in
e p
LEMMA For a fixed p, let 2 p be the set of all f which ure I-regular in Ep, and let RD 1. (resbectiveb SUP) the closure o E (respectively &", a > p ) in & p . Then s i p = R' = 2 p for every be f p
0 >p.
Proof: Clearly Rp c Rap, and it suffices to prove 2 p c Sip, and RP c 2 p . 1) Since ' !, 2 @ c E (corollary to Lemma 2, Section 1.17) every f which is A-regular in 8 belongs to 3 ' the closure of i in Ep, i.e., 2 p c R p . 2) Let f E R a p and let {gJ c eUbe a sequence con5 verging to f in Ep. Write
Since IQnki
f - a f = (f- gi) + k i - fi,gz) + (a,& - fi,f 1 - f ) l p s I& -fl, I - fi,f lp s 2 I - Sil, + I& - Rlgi Ip f f
2
I < 1 .
Now limi If - gilp = 0 (by hypothesis) and, for every i, lim, 1 Igi - sZ,gzlp = 0 (corollary to Lemma 2, Section 2.2). Thus lim, t If - a, f , = 0 (see AI). Hence f E 2 p , I or Rap c 2 p , q.e.d.
3. The Hilbert Spaces Bp
3.1. Basic definitions. Set, for real p and z E Cn,

dp;(z) = O&(Z) dp,(z) = T-"OL~(Z) d " z ,
(3.1)
=jW)S O & =
E
diU,(Z)
(= j&?,,,,
DEFINITION Far every f 1.
3 the norm llfll,
is giuen by
33
DEFINITION 2.
g,f~
zp,their inner product is
gp consists
of all functions f
3 for
which
11f / I p
< co.
I f
I V e note that
8 if o > p, and that 5 = 5.

E
AN INEQUALITY.
Let g E S - P , f
5.Then (g, f)is defined and

Ilfllp
(3.3)
Proof:
Ik,f )I
By Schwarz inequality,
s IISllLP
3 2 Completeness of 3 P . We first derive a rough estimate for M ( r , f ) in .. P terms of 11f ( I p .ll Set ,ur = min ( r n / 2 & 1 ( z ) ) .Then
11 S T 2
Assume 121 5 r, and denote by v, the volume of a ball of radius 7 in C n . Applying the mean value theorem for analytic functions and Schwarz inequality, 0 one obtains, for r
>
f(z) =
VT
f ( z )dnz,
lz-zl~T
(3.4)
In analogy to Lemma 1, Section 2.2, we prove next
LEMMA Let {h,} be a sequence of functions in 50 such that (i) their norms are 1. bounded (llht[Ip5 c ) , and (ii) the sequence { h , ( z ) ]convergesf o r every z E C n . Then the conwrgence is uniform on bounded sets, h ( z ) = lim, h d ( z ) is holomorphic, h E gp,and llhllp 5 c.
l1
This is a well known procedure. See, for example, [4], p. 5.
34
V. BARGMANN
Proof: By (3.4), M(r, hi) 5 v ( r ) c for all i. It follows that on every bounded set the sequence {hi(z)}converges uniformly to a holomorphic function h ( z ) . For every i and every positive r,
J;
lhi(4l2 4 4 ( z )
5 l"lr;
21 8 7
s c2 ,
and hence, in view of the uniform convergence,
In the limit r
+ CO,
we thus obtain llh/lp 5
c.
THEOREM 3.1.
5" is complete, i.e.,
SP
i s a Hilbert space.
Proof: The proof of Theorem 2.1 applies almost literally, on account of the preceding lemma and the inequality (3.4).
3.3. The action of the operators ! , 2
(Compare Section 1.17.)
LEMMA rf 3, < 1, then, f o r any pair o,d, IIfiJIl, 1. positive constant c;,,, independent off. Proof one finds
5,,;c ,
IlflI,,
with a
Using (1.21) and the definition of cAou, in Lemma 2, Section 1.17,
COROLLARY. any pair u,d, ! , " For 23' c LEMMA For all real p, (i) 2. (iii) .Rasp c 6,. $ A < A'.
5 p
5" i f 3, < 1.
if p
c Q,
> 1,
(ii) Q Ac
SP
;f 3, < 1,
Proof This is a precise analogue of Lemma 3 in Section 1.17. It was c pointed out that its proof depends only on the relations Slap' 5" and c go c Q1 for 3, < 1. The latter is satisfied because %o = 5. I t follows from Lemma 2 that Theorem 1.3 holds for the elements of any 8". As an application we deduce from (1.23) and (3.3) the inequality (3.5)
If(4I = I(% ,f>l s
ll%Il-p
I /Ip > l f
ff=5"'
35
3.4. The norms / / e , / / ,. I n order to utilize this inequality we estimate the norms llenil,. From (2.2) we obtain, by squaring and integrating (with measure
d'lz),
(3.6)
~llea\l,/~;(a))2
=Sre:c.
6;(&
+ w)ie;(a)l2 d p n ( w ),
W)/e;(U)
w =z -a
Kow by (A.3),
(3.6a) Hence, b y (3.1j,
K-'p'e"!,!(W)
5 K ! P ' 6 U p , ( W ).
-
(3.6h)
K-!oIv'&p
qa) Ileal/!, 5 5
Kl+'q$l
~p " a '. \ i
.As for the norms lealp, find, for fixed p, we

(3.6ci
Since O:(a w ) / O : ( a ) -+ 1 as la1 -+ GO, and J dp,(m) = 1 , this follows from (3.6) by dominated convergence (see (3.6a)). A closer analysis shows that, for fixed p,
(compare (2.3a)). Inserting (3.6b) in the inequality (3.5) we obtain
(3.7)
If(4I 2 - W T , f ) 6
K'P'd7b"'
llfll,~:,(r)
1(.
fE
in close analogy with (2.1).
3.5. Connection with the spaces EP. T h e last inequality implies that Ilfll,, (see Definition 1 in Section 1.16) and hence that 3" c Ep. lfl, 5 K;,' O n the other hand, @p+'+P c 5 p if > 0. I n fact i f f , 0 = p ' E n b, then If(z)I 5 Ifl,O'b(t). Thus, by (3.2) and (A.10),
+ +
IIJIIE f ~ : r - " ~ ! t n - t f i ( z )d n z 2~
Thereby we have proved
=j:zn-zfi,zn
I~I;
*
36
V. BARGMANN
It follows that on E the system of norms system 1.1,. In addition,

m
+m
Il.llP
m
is equivalent to the original

+m
e : = n ~ k = k=O k=- CG
n p,
g'=ug-k=
k=O
k=- w
u t.Yk*
3 6 The orthonormal basis ( u k ) of 8". For any f E 3 we set, in accordance .. with equation (1.6b) in Section 1.7,f(z) = limz,mfi(z), where
Note that, by the multinomial theorem, (3.8a) Let

n
lml=s
2 u,ou,(z)
= ( a * z)S/s!,
Imj=s
1u,(2)12
IZ12S/S!
(3.9)
then ( u r n ,urn,)p = 7&,.(co). v = 1zI2,and
I n order to compute these inner products set
where da denotes Euclidean measure on the unit sphere. We find
Introduce, for real p and positive integral I , (3.10)

= J$IJj = J:/I'(A)
<;= 1 .
i.e.,
Since u, are orthonormal on 3O, T",,.(co) Hence Zymn, = d,,,,, /r(n s), s = (m(. 1
= +ymm.r ( n + s) =,,,a ,
(3.11a) (3.1 lb)

l2
T, :.
=0
if m # m',
qs = p
7&,,(=))
= ~ m m qpml > ,
{p,+, , q;
= 1 .12
Note that the definitions of 1 7 :
in equations (3.1) and (3.1 Lb) coincide. Both amount to
7; = (1,
37
It follows that the functions

(3.1lc) are orthonormal on @.
u; = (qf,, )-%-
COMPLETENESS OF THE
SYSTEM (uk).
Let f = X u,u,
8. Then
9
2 5 1
um(Zlf(z)~ P P , ( Z )= 2 T L m ( r ) a m , = T ~ m ( r ) ~ m m
by (3.9) and (3.11a). Hence, for T + 00, (u, , f ) p = qPm cc, . This implies the completeness of the system u$ ; for, the only element in 5orthogonal to all u : ~ isf=0. As a result, iff = C umumand f C uhum E 3, = (3.12) (3.12a)
(f,f)p
= 2 rfml
m
Aft E 8 p .
(Equation (3.12) may be interpreted as follows. Either both sides are infinite, or both have the same finite value, in which case f E 5) According to equation (1.23), one may write instead of (3.12a) (3.12b) (fjf)p =
m
2 qp,&f)
u,>(fl,
,f) >
f,f E sp
Denote by p, the linear set of all homogeneous polynomials of order s. Its dimension-the number of multi-indices m for which Im( = s-equals (3.13) In any then
= dim p, =
Y,
( - ) ,
1 +s
n--l
vg-
(n
+ s)n-l/(n
00
- l ) ! for large s .
Ifp, p E
sp, psare pairwise orthogonal, and the

E BP,
iJP
2 0 13, .
.%=I)
Q, ,
Furthermore, for any f (3.13b)

1
If -fdp o l +
s=o
as I - +
(see (3.8)), and fl E
2 0V S .
13 If the mapping A is applied to the functions u in Grossmanns space S@), then Au =f is (x,Jz. (See [a], equation (3.3).) holomorphic, and i;u!/ = Zm
38
V. BARGMANN
37 The coefficients qf . Before continuing the analysis of the spaces 5we .. derive some inequalities and asymptotic expressions for the coefficients 7 . ; The results needed in the following discussion are summarized at the end of this subsection.
We consider first J5 and 2;pn. Setting w = 1
(3.14)
Jt =
tl
I + { .
+ u we obtain from (3.10)
wP(w
- l)A-l ecW dw
-r
I e
wPtA-l e-W
dw
From the definition (3.10) we find (3.15a)
J, P
+ Jpn+l = J$+l ,
(4
=
I;$
+ nl;.,,, +
= SP,+
Integrating the identity
+ dxp,,,
+ PJp;;
(u)/du = nap, (u)
p.P,7;:,(0,
from 0 to (3.15b)
00
we obtain
J5*1
1 4
[%+I
= l;:
+ pt:?l*
e-W
INEQUALITIES.
For non-negative p, by (3.10) and (3.14),
i.e.,
(3.16a)
uP+A--l
e-* du
J5 < e
la
mP+A--l
dw
T(p
+ A) 6 Jpn
< e r ( p + 1) ,
7
2 0.
Similarly, for negative p, if p (3.16b)
+ A > 0,
Jpn < F(P + 4
p <o,p
+1>o.
p 2 1 ,
ASYMPTOTIC EXPRESSIONS FOR FIXED p AND LARGE 1. We assume p p = 0 being trivial) and start from the inequalities (for positive u) :
# 0 (the case
(9
(ii) (iii)
(1
(1
< up + pup-1, (1 + u)P > u p + pup-1,

u)P
+ +
u)P
5 up
+p(l +
uy-1,
O<p<l,
p
<o.
From (3.10) and (3.16a) we obtain, respectively,
(9 Jt 5 r(n + p ) (4 J$ < r(1+ p)

(In the third case, A
+ pJ5-l < r(1+ p) + e p r ( p + A - 1) , + p r ( 1 + p - 1) , (iii) J{ > r(a + p ) +

Hence, from (3.16),
+ - 1) .
+ p > 1 is assumed.)
< 0,p
+ 1> 1 .
39
Thus for fixed p (including p = 0), by Stirlings formula,
(3.17)
J;
- r(i,+ - my,q , - P ,
2 ;
+
for large
A,
ASYMPTOTIC EXPRESSIONS FOR J f p (A fixed, p

J{ =
+ co).
dw
If A = 1,
=er(p
/omwPfi-l
e-W
dw -
wP+L-l
e-W
If I 2 2, then (w
- l)i-l 5 wi-l
- (A
+ 1) + O(p-l) .
-1
) ~ ~ w ~ , 1. Thus, by (3.14) and (3.16a), - >
Hence for all 1 (including A = 1) (3.18)

u
J{
er(p f
er(p)pi
t%
eI(p)pi/Y4
p++m.
> 0.
To find the corresponding expressions for J; we use the inequality 1 Thus by (3.10),ifp > A I,
> e+ > 1 - v,
[(l
+ v)-PvI--l
dv
>J p >
B ( I , p - A)
> JiP > B(A, p - A) - B(A
1+ +
(1
1,
u)-P(vi--l
- ua) dv,
- 1 - 1)
(see (A.14)). Hence (3.18a) Note that

(f{;P
J;;P
B ( A ,- n) -f-Lr(t), ~
+
2;;p
p-l
p-,+m.
-eI(p)/r(A), p
+ co.
[E+8
the main results are: (b)
For SUMMARY. the coefficients 7: =
(a) q:
< 7:
5 qt(n
if p
> ,
(c) for fixed p ,

(3.19)
7:
(n
+ s)P
:7;
as
>
0,
as s - +
03,
+ s)+ 5 c,, (f) q; z up n)mn) + if >o, (h) 7: s (1 + IPI)TJ:+l.

(d) c i
(e) 1
(9)
5 q,pri: 5 cp > V t + (n + J)VL
~t+1>
Comments. (a) follows at once from (3.10), (b) follows from (3.15b), and (c) from (3.17); (d) follows from (c) with some positive constants c i , cb . The first part of (e) follows from (3.3), withf = g = u, , Irnl = s, the second part from (d),
40
V BARGMANN .
with cp = cz,c6 ; (f) follows from (3.16a), (g) from (3.15a). (h) is trivial if p 2 0 (by (b)), and it follows from (3.15b) if p < 0, because then q: = qR1 IPI < (1 lPl)v:+l (by (a)). It is easily shown that, for positive p, suitable values for c , i in (d) are: ; i C = P ( p + n)/ r( n )n P , c = e if p 2 1, and C = 1, c = e r ( p ; : ; ; n ) / r ( n ) n p if O<p<l.
vz:
3.8. T h e p r i n c i p a l vectors e,P and t h e functions F ~ .I t was shown in Part I (Section lc) that a n inequality of the form (3.7) implies the existence of "principal vectors" eP, in %p such that, for every f E gp and every a E C,
(3.20)
(e;
d p f ( 4. =
Using equation (1.9b) in I, and equations (3.8a) and ( 3 . 1 1 ~ ) the present of section, we find
m
s=o
/m/=s
S
(3.20a)
e,(z.) =
Ep@
'
z)
Ep(0
L: I;" /(s! vz)

s=o
< @ .
Here sp is an entire function, so([) = ec, and el = e, . Clearly Bp,the set of all principal vectors e; , isfundamental in f = 0 is orthogonal to all eP, .
3 P because only
ESTIMATES ~ ~ ( 5 Inserting f = et in (3.20) we obtain ( e z , e i ) p = FOR ). e t ( a ) = ~ ~ . a), in particular ]le;llE = ~ ~ ( 1 . 1 ~ ) . Combining (3.20) with (3.5) we ( 6
have, therefore,
ela12
= %(a) = (e; = =
1le;ll;
(ea >
s IIe",lp lle,llp e:) s lleall-p lle;llp

Y
>
Hence eiala/lleallp lle:llp S
Ileull-pY and by (3.6b), (3.6d)
(3.21)
(3.21a) Since (3.21b)
(l/Yp)e",,(.)
sp(la12)=
9 &p(la12)5 YpO?,,
yp =
K W j l t I
(1
o ( e ! , ( a ) ) V , , ( a ) for large
la1 .
I&,(()\
.s,(I{l),
we have
The remainder of Section I c, d in Part I may be applied to 5" without change. There exists, in particular, a reproducing kernel X p ( w , z ) = cp(w . 2) on gp.
41
3.9. Further properties of gp.
LEMMA 1.
IfA < 1, then
5~ ![fllPJ , and, f o~r ezlery f ~ p

=0 .
=
E gp,
lim 11f - Qt,fllp at1 Proof: Let f = ?; M , U ,
. Then //sZ, 1; f
=
xln
qplnl Azm lccm[2, and
llf - QAfIl;
z :
m
ll$l (1
- Llrnl)2 l%I2 ,
from which the assertion follows. Thus every f E BP is A-regular in gp (in the terminology introduced in Section 2.1). As a consequence we have the following stronger approximation theorem.
THEOREM Let !Dl be a R-invariant fundamental set in 8, and f E 3.3. exists n sequence {g,} c (sp(fm) n E) such that 1imi-= /!gi f [Ip = 0. -
r . There
Proof Since f is necessarily 2.-regular, the proof of Theorem 2.2 applies without any change. LEMMA 2.
In the topology of
8p, and all (3
s", a > p, are dense in gp.

gp,
Proof: By (3.13b), the set $ of polynomials is dense in follows from the inclusion 9 c ($ c 5" c 8 p .
and the assertion
LEMMA Let f = C Q,U, 3. some positive y . (ii) I f a > p Proof
+ n and 1xrnI2 5 y ( n + [ml)-',

IIiCn
m
3.
(i) I f f
3p,then
lccJ2
5 y ( n + Irnl)-p
then f
E
for
3P.
(i) From (3.12) and (3.19d),

lam12
l I f l l ~ / q ~ m l C'p'Ilf 5
(ii) Here
llf]]: 5 y
zm
+
(n
+ Irnl)-'
=y
(see (3.13)). Asymptotically, v,$(n i f a n p.
iljIli <
>
+ s)-"
s=o
+ Irnl)-P. v,qf(n + s)+, where v s = dim ps const. (n + so that

s)P+~-~--~,
LEMMA (Weak Conuergence). The following conditions are necessary and sujicient 4 for the weak convergence o f a sequence {A) c 8": (i) For every z E C n , {A(.)} is a y for some positioe constant y . convergent sequence. (ii) For all i, / / J / l p Proof: 1) Necessity. For a weakly convergent sequence {jJ the norms are bounded, and (e: ,A),,= f i ( z ) converges for every z. The (weak) limit f is determined by f(z) = (eg ,f)" Iimz (ef ,fi)p= lim, f,(z). 2) Su.ciency. By = hypothesis, (9, converges for all g (= ef) in % P , hence-by linearity-for all elements of the dense set sp(W). Since the norms are bounded, ( g , f i ) p converges for all g E 80.
42
V. BARGMANN
(2)
COROLLARY. in addition to (i), (ii), limi llfi /IP = Ilfll, , where f If, lim, A(z),then lim, Jlf, -fl], = 0, i.e., {fi} a strongly convergent sequence. is
3.10, Connection between different %P.
LEMMA 1. suitable sequence
zf 0 > p,
{fs> C
the norms II-Ila and II.I(,, are inequivalent on (3, i.e., for a @, lim, llfs~lu/~lfsl~P = a.
Proof: SetJv =
(22).
By (3.13a),
llfsllu/llfsllp = [q;s/q;s112
(compare (c), Section 1.16).
(n
2s)(u-P)/2
(2S)(412
LEMMA Let f = X amurnE 5. I f p < o - n, then the series I a,u, 2. : absolutely in the norm o f Sp, i.e., Z larn/JIurnlJp a. <
Proof: Let y =
c0nverge.r
zm Ia,l
lIu,(lP =
zrn
(qfm1)112 la,!.
Then
As in the proof of Lemma 3, Section 3.9, we write the last series in the form
2 vsq:/q: .
S=O
Asymptotically, vsq:/qz
converges if o
> p + n.
const. ( n
~)~+~-~--l,
and the series
COROLLARY. f = Z amurnEC?, rf absolutely in the norm o every 8. f
then the power series 2 umum converges
LEMMA Let f 3.
constant y
> 0, and jlf

1,
jjP
E. I f f # 0, then, for positive p, 1l . fIj : + 00 as p + co.
5 qiy
with a suitable
Thus IlflI; 2 qg 2 JamI2 = a as p a. It is easily shown, from the estimates in Section 3.7, that Ilfll,, = 0 iff belongs to any 5. (The corresponding assertion for the norms I.IP is false.)
71:
Proof: By (3.19b), qf
5 qg
for positive p.
llfll: (forf=
llfll; = 71;). BY (3.19f), q;
3.11. The inclusion map M; The connection between 8 and may be studied with the help of the inclusion map Mz defined by
5p,o
> p,
3.
Ef.
M;f
=f ,
JE
v,M;f
Since llM;fljp = I l f l l , 5 Jjf /lo, M; is a bounded linear mapping of 5 into In terms of the orthonormal bases u$ and of 3 and 8 (see (3.1lc)),
UL
Mpu; = a U ~ l P ,, I P u
[q37,]12
HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS--11
43
Consequently, M; has the polar decomposition
CAT; uniquely defined by

5
into
N:u& = (x~;$u;,
VUuu = UL . p m
Here .V; = ((L14;)*M~)1z selfadjoint positive definite mapping of is a itself, and Vz a unitary mapping of 5 onto 5. \.Ve draw the following conclusions : (a) The incluszon map M; is compact (= completely continuous). Proof
It suffices to show that N; is compact. Now N; has a discrete rpectrum,
and the eigenvalues converge to zero since utpp N ~ ( p - ~ for~large s ) f (b) Thep-thpower o N; , p > 0, has a jinzte trace ;f and only zfa Proof: The trace of ( N ; ) p equals
> p + 2nlp.
s=o
2 V , ( E ~ * ~ ) ) For .
( p = 1)
large s,
V , ( Z ~ ~ ) ~
and the series converges if and only if 2n p ( p - G) < 0. const It follows from (b) that (i) i ;and N; are in the Hilbert-Schmidt class ( p = 2) W
if a > p n, (ii) ill; and N; are nuclear operators Chapter I, $2.3). As a consequence we have ([ 71, Chapter I)
if a
> p + 2n
([7],
THEOREM (% = 3.4.
n ijk zs a nuclear space.

k=O
I n addition it follows from (a) that every weakly convergent sequence in 5 is strongly convergent in 5 p if p 6. I n combination with Lemma 4, Section 3.9, this implies: Let {f,} be a sequence such that (i) the n o r m // fclIu are bounded, (ii) c $ the sequence { f , ( z ) >converges for every z E C . Then lim, / I f -Allp = 0 f o r every p < a ( f ( z )= lim, f , ( z ) ) . (Compare the analogous Lemma 2, Section 2.2.)
<
3.12. Linear functionals on gp. 1) Let (gp) the set of c.1. fcls. be (= continuous linear functionals) on 80, and define the norm of a functional L (E (SP)) by IlLll; = SUP IL(f)l.
llflpS1
According to Riesz theorem, L(f) has necessarily the form L(f) = ( h , f ) , with a uniquely determined element h = 2 ymum E S P , and llL]];= IlhIl,. Thus
L(f)=
(urn
Cmqfml
we have
if
f = Z cxmumE 8 0 .
IL(um)12)12,
Since L(u,) = qrmlym and urn=
, f ),
I (a) I I L I=~iIhIIp =
(b)
m
(2(qfmi)- In
3
L(f)= 2 L ( u m ) ( u m ,f)
2
m
IL(Um)(Urn
,f)IS IILII; IIfIIp.
44
V. B A R G M A
2) A second form for L is suggested by the inequality [(g, f ) l 5 l/gll-p llfll,, (see (3.3)), which implies that L(f)= (9, f) is a c.l.fil. on B p for any fixed g E 8-p. Here L(urn)= (g, urn) (and alsog(a) = L(e,)). We assert that every c.1. fcl. on f j p may be expressed in this form.
Let L E (Sp).Define g = llgll?p = qrki lL(u,)l2, and since follows by comparison with (a) that Proof
zrn
zmL(u,)u,,
($)-l
5 q;P
and L,(f)= (g,f ) . Then cp(q:)-l (by (3.19e)) it
This shows that g E 8-p. Hence L, E ( j j p ) , and by construction, Ll(urn) = (9, urn) = L(urn), i.e., L, = L, and L(f)= (9, f), q.e.d. Inserting L(u,) = (g, urn) in (b) we thus obtain
THEOREM Every continuous linear functional on 3has the form L(f)= (9,f} 3.5. with unique g E 5 - P ( g ( a ) = L ( e , ) ) , and, for every g E S-P, L ( f ) = (g,f) is a continuous linear functional on The bound l\Li/; satisjies the inequalities IlLIlI, 5
. If E S P , g E S - P , f ~eneszn k , U r n > ( u r n ,f r
llgil-p
d c , , llLllb
>*
then (9, f)is gioen by the absolutely converging
Additional remarks. 1) Note that (80) a Hilbert space based on the norm (a). is 2) If 0 > p, then 5 c @; hence (SP) c (5).Likewise, IILII; 2 llLllk . 3) We have established a one-one correspondence between the elements of ( S P ) and g(a) = L(e,). If scalar multiplication in and those of 8 - P : L(f)= (9,f), ( j j p ) is defined in the same way as it was defined in 9 (see end of Section 2.5), the correspondence L t , g is linear. We may then identify L with g and say that ( S P ) and 5-P contain the same elements and have different, but equivalent, norms (see (3.22)). For a later application we note that
Proof: Let p = min ( p , , p2). Then g, E SP,j = 1, 2, and QAgjE E c 8 - p (corollary to Lemma 1 , Section 3.3). Thus both sides ofthe equation are defined, and by Theorem 3.5 both sides are equal to Arn1(gL, u r n ) ( u r ng2), q.e.d. ,
zrn
3.13. Integrals on
SP.
An integral of the form
45
gives rise to the linear functional I(h) on
8:
More precisely, letf, be a family of vectors in 8. Here T varies over the subset B of a topological space on which an integral with the usual properties is defined. (In the simplest case T E [P,, and B is a finite interval. In a later application (Section 8.6), B is a compact group, and d7 denotes invariant (Haar) integration on B.) If the integral I(h) in (b) exists for every h E 8 and II(h)l , y IlhlI, for some constant y, then I ( h ) is a c.1.fcl. on 8 uniquely determines an element and g in %-designated by the integral in (a)-of norm llgll, y. simple criterion for the existence of the integral (a) is the following: (i) For every z , f 7 ( i )is continuous in T ; (ii) l[Allp a(T), where a(.) is continuous and
T (j ;
dT
< co.
(If B has finite measure, it suffices to have l/f,l/,
a,, , a
constant.) Proof: By Lemma 4 (Section 3.9) on weak convergence, the conditions imply that ( h , f , ) , is continuous in T for every h, and by Schwarz inequality
n
For h = eP, one obtains g(z) = jBf,(z) dr. It follows easily from Section 3.12 that under the same assumptions, for every
h
E
s-p,
Finally one may define an operator integral

c
iff, = X7f satisfies the required conditions for every f
5. ,
3.14. Functionals on (5. On the basis of the results of Section 3.12 it is quite easy to rederive the general form of a c.l.fc1. on (5 (Theorem 2.5). If L is a c.l.fc1. on (5 one concludes as before that, for some k E N and a positive constant c, I L ( f ) i 2 c [ifll,, f~ 0.. Since (5 is dense in 5k(Lemma2, Section 3.9), L may be extended-by continuity-to a c.l.fcl. on gk. Then it follows from Theorem 3.5 that, for everyfg (5 ( c L(f)= (9,f )-with a unique g E %-k.
sk),
46
V. BARGMANN
I n combination with Theorem 3.5 we obtain the following translation into the language of Y (since u,,, = Apm by 5, Section 1.13) :
THEOREM Let 3.6.
u E 9.
series converges absoluleiv, and
qi,$ (8,,12< a f o r a sequence ofcodicients a tempered distribution, and {u, pm}=
znl
zmqrAl
Then (v, y } =
l{u, 9;.,n}12
En& pn,>{ym,] f o r y E 9. (u, y The

< cc for
some k E N . Conversely, f i
Pm .
P m , then (v, y } =
zm
Pm{P)rn,
y > is
As was already mentioned in the introduction, the criteria for tempered distributions stated in the theorem coincide with those indicated by L. Schwartz 2 772, 5 c z k ( n Iml)- A [ l l ] (Volume 11, p. 118) since cL,(n similar remark applies to the criteria for test functions. I n fact, y E Y if and only if Ay =f E gk for all k, i.e., if and only if
2 (n + Iml), l { p m , y>Iz< 00 for all k E N , m

since { p m Y Y> =
(urn
3
f>.
3.15. The Gelfand triple E c go c @ ([7], Chapter I, 54.2). I t is clear that the spaces E, 5 O , E form a Gelfand triple (or rigged Hilbert space) @ c H c @ if the following identifications are made: 8- CD,, ?Jo ++ H (here k E N; k > 0). Then, by definition, (gk)++ @-, , k > 0. Since (5L) may be identified with %-h (see the remarks following Theorem 3.5) one obtains the correspondence 8for all non-vanishing integers.
ale
3.16. Additional remarks on the spaces (5 and 8,. We first consider a family of functions which separate different (5 and Z P . Let z = (z, , * , z r l ) , and set
fr(z) = &,/2(83)
--oo
< 7 < a,
where E,(<) is the function defined in equation (3.20a) : (i) f,E 5 zfund on@ z p < T - g. By (3.20a), y
00
Jr(z) =
Z: ur,szY/ do! s=o
IKII;
2 qgs
9
IK,,~/~ >
where c ~ =~ ( P+s ! ~;~)-ldm. follows from Stirlings formula and the ~ The assertion asymptotic relation qf 5P. (ii) f,E ( , i f a n d onb i f p 5 T (use (3.21b)). We turn next to the relation of ( 5 P and s i p (the closure of (5 in W ; see Lemma 1, Section 2.13). We assert (iii) f p is not I-regular in 0. hlore precisely, if g E 6, , I < 1, then If, gIp 2 2 P 2 .
Proof:
Consider real points x = (xl , 0 , *
,0 ) . Now
If, - gl, 5
lim
x,-m
olx) ;(I
If,(.,
- S(4l
Since g E G A, lim O;(xl)g(x) = 0, and, by (3.21b), lim S;l(xl)fp(x) = 2 P 2 , q.e.d. Thusf, has, in W, a distance 5 2 P 2 from all A-regular elements and hence also from R P (see Lemma 1, Section 2.13).
HlLBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-I1
47
In fact, R P is a very small part of 0 . Since the polynomials are dense in 0, R P is , separable; V, on the other hand, is non-separable. For a proof it suffices to exhibit a n hl, 2 1 if h # h. uncountable family of elements h in 0.0 such that Ih I f p = 0 such a family may be constructed as follows. Set for every complex number w of modulus 1, h,(z) = eozfz. Then h, E E0, and it is easily seen that Ih, - h,,l, 2 1 if
w #
UI.
(For p # 0 one may choose h,(z) = 2-P2k,,/,(wt:/2), where
/i,(n = 2 m r ( ~ l m + I).) +
m= 0
4. Convergence i n
(5..
Linear Operations on
(5.
and E
In this section the analysis of the spaces E and (5 is continued. The treatment of (5 is based on the simple notion of weak convergence, which is adequate for our purposes. Some general results about continuous linear operations on C? and on (5 are derived. The class of properly bounded operators is singled out for a somewhat more detailed study because it contains most operators that are of interest in distribution theory. The last subsection deals with the operators V, , Vu :
(V,f) 2 ) = ec.(z-c/2lf(z (
- c)
(VUf)(t)=f(U-lz),
where c E C n and U is a unitary transformation on C . These operators were , already introduced in Section 3 of Part I, where their action on the Hilbert space 8 was investigated. The analysis given here, though very similar, exhibits some new features. As will be shown in Section 5 many standard operations on distributions-such as translation, differentiation, Fourier transform-correspond to operators of this type or may be easily derived from them.
4.1. Convergence i (3 n
DEFINITIONConvergence). A sequence {g,} c (5. is convergent fi the (numerical) (Weak sequence (g, , f)convergesfor every f E (5.. (Equivalently, f o r v, = A-lg, , y = A-lf, a sequence {v,) c 9 convergent ;f the sequence (vi , y ] coniwges f o r every y E 9.) i s
A null sequence is a sequence with limit 0. Convergence criteria may be derived from classical category arguments. The following simple version will suffice. (It is a special case of Theorem 1 in [7], Chapter I, $1.)
PROPOSITION. {p@() } be a family of continuous real-ialued funcfionals on (5. Let f which are non-negative and absolutely convex (i.e., p,(Af) = 11 p a (f), a (fi+f2) 1 p 5 p,(f,) pa(fi)). I f p ( J ) = supa p,(f) is Jinite for every f, there exists a closed b a l P
l4 For the radius Y of an open or a closed ball (formed with respect to any norm) it will always be assumed that 0 < r < ao. (Thus in the above proposition 0 <?! , < m.)
48
V. BARGMANN
(If I k
p, k E N) on which p ( f )
1. Htnce, for all
CI
and all f E (5,
The norms
I.Ik
may of course be replaced by the equivalent norms
ll.llk
.I5
. f THEOREM A sequence {g,} c 0 is convergent ; and only ;f (i) all g, belong to 4.1. some j x e d 0 . P (respectively 3 P ) and (ii) liml lgi - gl, = 0 (respectivelylimi jigi - gl/, = O ) , where g(z) = lim, g,(z).
Proof It suffices to prove the assertion for the norms I . I p . the condition. The proposition applies to the functions P i ( f ) = Necessity I(gi,f ) l . (Since p i ( f ) is convergent, p ( j ) = sup, pi(f)is finite for every f.) Thus 1 (gi, f)] c Iflk for some k E N,and therefore
, (see (2.10a)) or Igi[+ 5 c1 for all i. I n addition, gi(z)= (gi,e ) converges for every z. I t follows, from Lemma 2, Section 2.2, that limi Ig, - glP = 0 for every p < --k. Su&ciency of the condition. The assertion follows from the inequality
2n - p (see (1.22a)). The inequality also implies that which holds if I lim, (gi, fi) (g, f)if { , and {f,}are sequences converging, respectively, in @ = g} and 0. to the limits g and$ Remarks. 1) The proof shows that the condition may be replaced by the following: (a) For some CT the norms lgila are bounded, (b) the sequence { g , ( z ) } converges for every z . 2 ) The theorem also establishes the completeness of (5 (equivalently, of Y ) with respect to weak convergence.
>
EXAMPLES.For any g E El, 1) 1irnlAm , = g (see (3.8) and (3.13b)), g 2) lim, + Q,g = g (Lemma 1, Section 3.9). Note that the elements of both sequences belong to (5.
4.2. Analytic functionals. For a later application (in Section 8) we include
a brief discussion of functionals which depend analytically on some parameter 7.
l5 In the remainder of the paper the definitions and the main results wiil usually be formulated in terms of either the norms I . l p or the norms /I. Ilp-the choice being a matter of convenience-since the equivalence of the two sets of norms has been established in Theorem 3.2.
49
DEFINITION. D be a connected open set in some Ern. The mapping g( q E D -+ Let , g E E) is anaLytic (is., holomorphic) on D ;f, f o r every f E (5, (g,, f)is an analytic
function of
7 7
(on D).
(i) For g, to be analytic on D it is necessary and suficient that
TIIEOREM 4.2.
(a)for eziev1 rotnpact subset M o D there is an integer k and a positive constant y such that f lg,,l-k y ;f 7) E M, (b) the function g(q, z ) = g,(z) is holomrphic on the Cartesian product D x S,(us, holomorphic in the m g is n variables q ) 2 ) . ;ii) For every j , 1 2 j 5 m , (@g/aq3 f)is a continuous linear functional analytic on ,
D,and
.L a,./+,)
(ajar,)!f, 5).
Proof: Necessity ofthe conditions. (a) For a compact Mletp,( f)= [(g, ,J ) I , and p ( f ) = sup,&(f), q E h . Since (f,g) is analytic in q, p ( f ) is finite for f , everyfs @. -4s in the proof of Theorem 4.1 we conclude from the proposition that l!g, , f,l 5 c I f l k (for suitable k and c) and that therefore Igrll--k y if q E 1.. 21 (bj For fixed r), g ( r , z) = g,(z) is analytic in z , and for fixed z , g(q, z) = (e, , g , is analytic in q (if q E D).If q E 111and 121 5 r, then Ig(q, z)I is bounded ,) b y /:(Y), and it follows from a n elementary version of Hartogs theorem that g(.rj, z is holomorphic on D x (C,. ) Su$cienv ofthe conditions. Let qo E D. There exists a closed ball M : (17 - qol 5 b) contained in D and hence two associated constants k, y . Set 1 = 2n k 1. For any f E B,
+ +
is analytic in q (if I?) - qol < /3) because the integrand is analytic in q and uniformly bounded by the summable function y If I l O12n-_1(z) I, p. 191, Theorem (see C) . Since j ~ ( q.)I , yJ;(z) if 1 - qol B, it follows that lag(qo,z)/aqJ 5 q /?-1#i(z,), ix.. ag/aq, E e for every point 710 E D. Furthermore, the derivatives of the last integral are
if Iq - ylol < (I, p. 191, Theorem C). For every f E (5 these are analytic in q, which proves the last part of the theorem. 4.3. Linear functionals on (5. I n accordance with the program to treat the space E on the basis of weak convergence we define: .I linear functional L ( g ) on @ is continuous if it maps every null sequence (g,) c (5 into a (numerical) null sequence { L ( g J } .
50
V BARGMANN .
An example of a c.l.fcl. L ( g ) is provided by
where f is a fixed element of (5. (Let {gi] be a null sequence, so that lim, llgill-k = 0 for Some k. Then ILkJI = ICf, gJ 5 k i 1 i - k Il f ilk-see (3.3)and limi L(g,) = 0.) We show next that every c.1.$1. on CZ' has this form.
THEOREM Every continuous linear functional L(g) on 4.3.
(5'
has the f o r m L ( g ) =
(f,g ) with a uniquely determined f E (5.

Proof Let f ( a ) = L(e,), and consider the restriction of L to any %-k. If limi llgi[l-k = 0 for a sequence {gi> c B-k, then lim, L(g,) = 0-because {g,} is a null sequence in (5'. Hence L defines a c.1.fcl. on the Hilbert space 8-k, and it follows from Theorem 3.5, with f and g interchanged, that f E 3k and L ( p ) = (f, for all g E %-k. This holds for every k E N, q.e.d. g) A sequence {f,> (5 is weakly convergent if, for every g E G , the sequence c ' (9, fi) converges.
THEOREM 4.3a.
f o r every k
E
Let
{h} '3 c
N,wheref( z )
be weakly convergent. = lim, f i (z) .16
Then lim,
/If, -f I l k
=0
are bounded. In fact, on the Proof: (a) For every k E N , the norms l]Allk Hilbert space BPk the sequence L,(g)- (f,g) converges, hence the norms = , Z / C - ~ ( L i ( l I k(see Section 3.12). (b) By ( I(Li(llkare bounded, and Ilf,l(, hypothesis, fi(z) = (e, ,k) converges for every t. 13y Lemma 2, Section 2.2, the assertion follows from (a) and (b).
4.4. Linear operators on (E and on (3'. Let X be a linear mapping of @ into itself. X i s continuous-in the topology of @-if to every B k , l : ( l J l k 1, k E N)
there exists a closed ball Ek,,Tk: Ik' 5 7 3 such that XBb,,rkc Bk,l . Equivalently, X is continuous if for every k E N there exists a non-negative integer k' and a . positive constant clk such that If I l C 5 uk If .,1 , clk = X Lastly, X is continuous if and only if it maps every null sequence in (5 into a null sequence. (The proof is standard and may be omitted.)
(If
A linear operator Y on (2' will be called continuous if it OPERATORS ON (5'. maps every null sequence in (5' into a null sequence.
i THEOREM A linear mapping Y :((5' + (5') is continuous f and only if, f o r e v e p 4.4. k E N,there exists a k" E N and a positive bk such that I Ygl.+" & 1g1-k f o r g E EPk.
Thus weak convergence in norm as defined in Section 2.3).
Cf
is equivalent to s t r o n ~convergence in
Cf
(ix., convergence in
51
Proof: Sir$Fcienq of the conditions. Let {g,} c 0.' be a null sequence so that lirn, lgilpk = 0 for some k E N. Then IYgll-k/& Igll-r, i.e., ( Y g , ) is also a null sequence, q.e.d. .i..eressity of the condition. (Proof by contradiction.) Suppose that Y is continuous, but that the condition fails to hold for somek. Then, for every j , 1 YglPiis unbounded on every ball lgl-7c 5 r in EV. Consequently there exists a null sequence {g,} c @-k such that Igj(-k5 ( j 1)-' and I Ygjl-j j , j E N. Since Y is continuous, { Ygj} must be a null sequence and 1 Yg,l-, bounded for some i. However, I Yg,l-, 2 j Y s , ~ - > j i f j > i , which establishes the contradiction. ~
>
PROPERLS BOUNDED OPERATORS. Most continuous operators Y on 0.' to be discussed in this paper have the property that they map @ (considered a submanifold of @') into itself and that this mapping is continuous in the topology of @. I n particular, the following special class of "properly bounded" operators will be encountered.
A i DEFINITION. linear mapping Y : (E' -+0.') is properly bounded f f o r every real p
(4.1)
llygIlp-"
Yp
lklIp >
gEEp,
with positive constants y p and a Jixed v. It is a n immediate consequence that linear combinations and products of properly bounded operators are properly bounded. For a properly bounded Y one finds: 1) Y defines a continuous mapping of @' into @'. 21 I' maps @ into itself, and its restriction to @ is continuous in the topology of E. 3 ) T h e constant v may be replaced by any constant v' > v without changing the y p . The above definition may be stated either for the set \.Ip or for the set ll.lJp of n o r m . T h e values of y p and of v will in general change when one passes from one to the other. By Theorem 3.2, it suffices in all cases to replace v by any v > v + n. '
4.5. Adjoint operators. O n the basis of the results obtained on linear functionals and on operators one may establish the existence of adjoint operators in standard fashion. 1) For every c.L. (= continuous linear) mapping X : @ -+ E there exists a unique c.1. mapping X * :E' -+. @'-the adjoint of X-such that, for all g E E', f E @,
i4.2aj
!5,
w ,= ( X * g , f)
2) For every c.L. mapping Y : E ' -+ 0.' there exists a unique c.1. mapping Y * : & @-the adjoint of 2'-such that, for all g E @',f~ E,
--f
(4.2b)
l'
(y.5f >= (5, Y * f ) .17
To establish (+.Zb) one needs the results of Section 4.3.
52
V. BARGMANN
T h e usual relations are of course valid, such as
(X*)* = x
(XI+X,)*
=x:
+ X; ,
(X*X,)* X t X ; " . =
Note the following application. Let Y be a c.1. operator on (5'. If g, is an analytic functional, so is h, = Yg,,and ah,/dqj = Y(i?g,/aqj). (This follows from the relations (h, ,f)= (g, , Y*f) .) With the help of the adjoint operator i t is REPRESENTATIONS. INTEGRAL easily shown that every X (or Y ) may be expressed as an integral transform. I n fact, let h = X f , and k , = X * e , . By (4.2a), h ( w ) = { e , , Xf)= ( k , ,f), that so
(4.3)
where X(wJz ) = k,(z) = ( X * e , , e,) = ( e , , X e , ) (compare Part I, Section Id). An analogous relation is of course obtained for Y. I n particular, if Y = X*, then Y ( w ,z ) = X ( 2 , w ) . Let Y be a properly bounded operator, and PROPERLY BOUNDED OPERATORS. let X be its restriction to (3 (so that X c Y ) . Then the two equations (4.2) define two adjoints such that Y x c X * .
X* is properly bounded.
Proof: Let g E
sp, E (5. f
Since
Y = Xf,one obtains f
from (4.2a) and (4.1)
Thus L ( f ) = (X*g,f)is a c.1. fcl. on 5y-pJand by Theorem 3.5,
i.e.,
X* is properly bounded, the constant v remaining unchanged. O n (5, Y* = X*. For properly bounded Y we shall hereafter identit? the adjoint Y * with its properly bounded extension X* on E'. (Since every element of (5' is the limit of a sequence in a-see end of Section 4.l---X* is the uniquely defined continuous extension of Y*.) Thus it becomes meaningful to speak of selfadjoint operators Y. For example, 1 * = 1 (unit operator) or, less trivially, Q: = QA if A < 1 (see Lemma 1, Section 3.9, and equation (3.23)).
THE OPERATORS Jb . Let Jb = b z, Le.,
(Jb
g)(z) = ('
'
')g(')
>
bEa3,.
53
(4..5a)
lJb&-l
5 I4 lglp >
llJb~llp-l 5 lbl llgllp
'1 Iiu5 J , i q properly bounded. Its adjoint is

Jt = b . V =
Iri fact, let h = JE g. Then
2 6, d, ,
j
rl, =
alaz,.
2,
h ( a ) = (e, , h ) = (J,e, , g) = b,<z,e,,g ) = b, a,e/au, (see equation (1.23a)). From (4.4) and (4.5a) one finds
2,
\4.5b)
llJ2 &*
5 4\/cp-l !!g!lp lb! .
For a considerably sharper bound see Section 4.8.
4.6. The operators V, be regarded as operators on
. The operators V, introduced in I, Section 3a, may

3 (here g stands for U or c) :
54
V. BARGMANN
i e . , V: = V,-l , V,* = In view of equation (4.3), it suffices to verify (4.8b), (4.9b) for h = e ,f = e ; (4.8a), (4.9a) follow then from the first equations in , , (4.6a), (4.6b). In analogy to the last equation (4.6a) we have (4.10)
VUJ,Vu-.i = J,,'
VUJ,*V,-i = . J Z ,
b' = U b ,
for the two operators introduced in Section 4.5.
LEMMA1. Let f
EP (or f E
5".
I lim, g, = g, then, for any f
(T
< p,
lim, I V g v f - V g f l , = 0 (or 1%
IIV9,f - Vgfll, = 0 ) .
(Convergence of g, is defined as convergence of the matrix elements of lJv or of the components of c, .) Proof By Lemma 2, Section 2.2 (or the last paragraph of Section 3.11), it suffices to remark that, for every z , lim, ( V g , f )( z ) = ( V , f ) ( ) and that the norms z,
IVg,flp (or 11 VgVfllp) bounded (see (4.7a), (4.7b)). are The one-parameter group V,, and its infinitesimal generator. For fixed c and real u, T ,
by (4.6b). For any f E 3 setf(T, z ) = ( V r , f ) ( z ) . It follows from the definition (4.6) that, for fixed z ,
(see Section 4.5). Furthermore, for fixed z, (4.12a)
- (V, f)= A,(',,
aT
f)=
',(*c
f)
(Derive (4.1 1) with respect to (T, and set cr = 0.) Thus A, is the infinitesimal generator of the group V,, . We note that A, is a properly bounded operator on (5'. Furthermore, by (4.12) and (4.10), (4.13a) (4.13b)
A: = - A c ,
V,A,VU-i
nuc
I
We prove next that (4.12) remains true if interpreted
iis
convergence in norm.
55
LEMMA Let f E 3p. Then (i) A, f E Sp--l, (ii)f o r real 2.

(4.14)
# 0,
a<p.
lim IT-^( VT, - 1)f

7-0
- A, f lla--l = 0 ,
Proof 1) (i) follows from (4.5a), (4.5b). 2) In view of (4.12a) we have, for fixed z ,
Since A, f E sp-l and V,,, is bounded on %--l (by (4.7b)) the right-hand side defines an integral on the Hilbert space SP-l (see Section 3.13) and hence also on any p-l,(T < p. By Lemma 1, /I (V,, - 1) A, f Ila-l < E if 171 5 1.1 < T O (E ) , say, and the assertion (ii) follows.
COROLLARY. relation The
holds in the topology o f i3 ;ff E i3, and in the topology ofi3 iff E
E.
4.7. Further relations. In analogy to equation (3.15b) of Part I we introduce the operators
(4.15)
8, = 2-ll2(dj - zi) ,
gj = 2-1 (d, + z,) ,
dj =
which are properly bounded on (3. Set
2/26 = a + ib, a, b E R , . Then
so that = ej . a and qj = e, q, where ei is the real unit vector whose k-th component equals di, . Note the relations
(4.15b)
[a, , girl = djY ,
In (4.15b), [Yl , Y2] denotes the commutator Y,Y, - Y z Y l . Equation (4.15~) follows from A: = -A, . Applying (4.13b) to real orthogonal transformations 0 one finds (4.15d)
Vo(a *
a) Vo-l = a a ,
*
aj
[q, , qr] = [a?, a,.] = 0 ,
- -
Vo(b *
g ) Vo-l = b . #,
= Oa, b
= Ob
56
V. BARGMANN
For the applications to distribution theory the following is important: Let f l = a , f , f ; = qjJ Then
(4.16)
fl-
= 2-112 di f-
f ;
= 2-112
djff ,
J"(z)
= ~ * Z 2 lfZ ( 2 )
More generally, if c = a' is real, and g = V, f, h = - 1 , f,then 1 (4.17a) (4.17b)

g - ( z ) =f-(z
- a'),
JQ(j = A (z, q ) , z
h - ( 2 ) = a'
Of-(.).
In Section 5 some of the expressions V6gwill be needed, where see (2.13), Section 2.10. Specifically, (4.18a) (4.18b)
v, JQ= J,,
,
9
0 real orthogonal,
d2c =a
v-, 8
= e i b , ( ~ - ~ 1 2 )q--a $
+ ib .
Equation (4.18a) follows from the obvious fact that ,4 is invariant urider a simultaneous orthogonal transformation of z and q, so that A ( z , q) = A ( O z , Op) and A(O-'z, p) = A ( z , Oq). Equation (4.18b) is equivalent to the identity
e-G'(Z+C/2)A(z
,q
) = e i b ' ( ~ - a / 2 ) A 4q (
-4
P 2 0 ,
p
4.8. Improved bounds for J$
1) For the norms
lJ.llp,
<O.
(4.19)
Proof: Since V C preserves norms, it follows from (4.10) {hat 6 may be chosen in the form 6 = (161, 0, * *- , 0). Then g = J$ f = 161 af/az,. Let f = C M,U, E $ P t 1 , and g = l b l & , ~ l a,dmlu,~ , where m' = ( m l 1, m 2 , * . , mn), Thus
llfll;+l = I q; :y
By (3.1999, (mi Y&,+~
l%I2
1g1 11;
5 PI22 I 4 Vf,I-l
1,"2
.
p 20,
5 ~p,ff. It follows from (3.19b)) (3.19h) that 1 rfml-l s 4

Iml Tf?nl-l Iml ?fml+l
s rlf)m+:
5 (1
+ lPU2 It4 Tpm,+l
5 (1 + IPD2$!3
<o,
which establishes (4.19). 2) For the norm ) . I p , (4.19a)
Proof: Let g = J z f
IJ$flp-l = b+Qh 6
5 2e1'2(%)1p1'2161 I f I p
# 0. For fixed z,
HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FLINCTIONS-11
57
Hence i g i z j i i m axl+,. lf(z r-l d)i. Choose Ibj Y = $e?,(z\, and use l f ( z ; \ 5 i j ;,,@,,(:). ;\ fairly straightforward analysis leads then to the estimate (4.19a).
5. Distributions
\\.e utilize the function spaces @ and (3 for a survey of some basic operations on distributions and for the proof of some general theorems (such as the representation of a distribution as the derivative of a continuou., function (Section :. 7 t and the nuclear Theorem). i1 1-hereare four parts : 5a (Sections 5.1-5.9) Basic operations (differentiation, multiplication by polynomials, Fourier transform). 5b (Sections 5.10-5.13) Tensor products. 5c (Sections 5.14-5.1 5) Bilinear forms and the Nuclear Theorem. 5d (Sections 5.16-5.17) Inversion of differentiation.
5a. Basic Operations
5.1. Complex conjugation. If y E .44, its complex conjugate Y;(qt = y ( q ) . For a distribution u we define 5 by
(5.1)
i5 given by
[,which is natural for a regular distribution), and we call u real if fi = u. Let ~1 stand for y or I ! , and set g = Ay, h = A@. Then g(z) = {p, (see __ equation (2.16j) and, since j z = h(z) = {@,x z } = {p, = g(i). To the conjugation of p corresponds thus an operation K defined by
x,>
xi,
xi>
for any g E 3. I f g = C u,u,, then Kg = C Ei,u,. K is an antitinear involution, It is obvious that it preserves both sets of norms, i.e., IKhl,, = Ih/, and l\Kh[l,, = [[hll,. Note that-in analogy to (5.1)-
(5.1b)
whenever ( , ) is defined. Kh = h-corresponding 9f if h ( z ) is real for real z. to a real y or a-if and only
5.2. Approximation by regular distributions. From the example a t the end of Section 4.1 we deduce
PRoPosinm 5.1. Every distribution u is the limit of a sequence of regular distributions
uj
, and the functions u,(qj may be chosen in 9.
58
V BARGMANN .
. Proof Let g = Av = X {v, ym}um Two sequences (hi} c (3 which converge to g are listed in Section 4.1. The corresponding functions v, = A-'hj belong to 9 ' and are constructed as follows: 1) v l = A-'g,, i.e.,
2) uA = A-lQ2,g, A < 1, lim I = 1. Now QAg E a,, if I < A' < 1 (see Lemma 3, Section 1.17) and an estimate for Iun(q)l follows from equation (2.12) in Part I (with A' instead of A). By equation (2.14) and equation (3.23),
Thus
where on(A, q, 4') is the function defined in I, equation (1.19~).
EXAMPLE.Choosev = 6, (see Section 2.10). Thenv,(q) = 2 p,(b)pl,(q) ImIs'l v,(q) = crn(A, q, b). If b = 0, then u2,(q) is the Gaussian
[n(1
and
- P)]--n/2 (3q2(1 + A"/( 1 -- A2)} . exp
53 Operations on 9 . Sections 5.4-5.8 some basic operations on .. ' In distributions will be surveyed. I t will turn out that they correspond to properly bounded operators on (3' (Section 4.4-4.5), and we draw a few general conclusions from this fact. Let g = Av, v E Y ' , and let Y be a properly bounded operator. T o the mapping g, = Y corresponds then a mapping g
(5.2)
v1 =
Pv,
F = A-lYA,
which may also be uniquely defined by (5.2a)
{Fv,y } = {v, P*y},
P* = A-lY*A.
Once the connection with a properly bounded operator has been established one may infer: 1) The mapping v1 = f v is continuous in the topology of 9 . ' 2) The mapping y1 = P*y is continuous in the topology of 9 .3) Let 8 be the ' restriction of P to 9. Then a m a p s Y into itself and is continuous in the topology of 9 ;in addition, P is the unique continuous extension of 8 to 9'. v = ' (If lim, vj , vj E 9',-as in Proposition 5.1-then Pv = limj .)
xvj
59
I t has been traditional in distribution theory to define a mapping pu by an equation of the type (5.2a) where P* is some operation of classical analysis. Generally, also 3 is an operation of classical analysis. (The best known example is differentiation.) The new feature introduced by the mapping A Y = @ is that in many cases Y itself remains an operation of classical analysis on (5..
5.4. The operators T a , b .In Sections 5.4-5.8 we shall study transforms of the operators Vintroduced in Section 4.6. Set P = A-lVA. Since V i s a properly bounded operator (i-e., defined on (5 and on E), the transformed operator p is, accordingly, defined on Y and on Y, and on 9 its action is described by operations of classical analysis. begin with p, = A-lV,A and set
(5.3)
Ta,b =
P, ,
c = 2-/2(a
+ ib) , a, b E R n.
To determine Ta,b Y let f = Ay, and y1 = T a , b ~ . on Then, by (4.9b) and (4.18bj, y l ( q ) = (6, , V , f ) = ( V J U ,f) e-ib-(q-a2) (8q-a ,f) = >
Since Vy = V-, , we have, for a distribution v ,
This equation may be taken as a definition of Ta,b Y. on
= THE TRANSLATIONS Ta . If c is real we set Ta,o T,

(5.3~)
Thus, if y
9,
= TaY 7
Yl(d
= Y ( Q- a )
PI
and we obtain the translation of the function y by a. Let p; stand for either y or u, and let = Taq. If h = AT, h, = AT,, then, by equation (4.17),
v1
(5.3d)
h;(z) = h-(z - a ) ,
a =
aldT.
5.5 Differentiation and multiplication by monomials. As an immediate consequence of Lemma 2, Section 4.6, we have
and real
(5.4)
PROPOSITION 5.2. T (# 0)
If y
stands f o r either y (E
9) v or
(E
9), r then f a
any
a, b
60
V. BARGMANN
f = A-lA_,A. For y or v the limit is taken in the topolopy o Y or Y', where respectively . Let y E Y and y 1 = A-,y. Equation (5.4) implies point-wise convergence. Thus, by (5.3a),
(5.4a) where a (5.4b)
Yl(d = a - aY(d
+ i(b
'
dY(4)
y1 = L
>
a stands for C a3 a3 .
Since A:,
= A,, by (4.13a),
hJ, y > = {v, b

L C v= a .
l >
V E Y .
For a distribution v we also write (5.4c)
aU + i ( b . q)v ,
+ a3y1, ,
*
i.e., this equation is a definition of its right-hand side, while IT-~Vin turn is defined by (5.4.b). Now is linear in the real vectors a, b. Thus we obtain
n-,
Y)V,
15.5)
(a
av,y~ = +,
- aw} ,
9
f a l v , WI =
((b '
Y > = 64 ( b * q)wI
{qP, Y > = { v , 43w)
If b = 0, Proposition 5.2 yields what L. Schwartz calls the "topological" definition of the derivative of a distribution, namely,
lim
r-ro
~ - l (
T-Ta 1 ) v = a - av -
Comparison of ( 5 . 4 ~ ) with (4.15a) shows that A 8,A-l =
zj ,
A q3A-l =
q3 .
Using (4.16) we obtain by iteration, for p = v or y, (5.6a) (5.6b)
A-(a["Ip) = 2-1"1/2
d[ml
(A-v)
>
A+(g["l,p) = 2-1"//2 d["I(A+p)
(5.6a) contains the assertion that a3(akp) a,(a,y). = (For y and for certain regular distributions, (5.6a), (5.6b) correspond to (1.12) and ( l . l l a ) , )
56 Examples. 1. Derivatives o f the &function. By (2.13), & ( z ) = n-n/4e-22. ..

Hence
21mI/z~-(&mls) = d[mlfi =
where H , is an Hermite polynomial.
(-~)[~I~-WH~~-Z',
Conversely, let g ( z )
= p ( ~ ) e - ~ ' / 2 or
g+(z) = p ( z ) , where p is a polynomial of degree 1. Then p may be expressed as a
61
linear combination of Hermite polynomials (see (A.21)), and u = A-19 = ;:y,lta["16 with suitable constants y m . I
InLISz
If a
R n , then
6, = T,6. Hence by (5.3d),
A(8"16,) = (-1)1"12-'"'/2H,(z
- a')A(z, a) ,
a' =
aid?.
2 . In order that u =
2 y m arm's, it
is necessary and sufficient that
Iml 61
q[m'lz = 0 whenever Im'l = I 1. (In fact by (5.6b) this condition amounts to d[m']g+ = 0 whenever Im'l = 1 1 (g+ = A+u) and is satisfied if and only if gf is a polynoniial of order j1.) If n = 1 one obtains the criterion qZ% = 0. 3. By 2, Section 1.13, A-(q["I) = 2-'"'/2(4n)n/4~,(z). Every polynomial of order 5 I is a linear combination of the polynomials H , with [ml 5 1 (see (A.21a)). Thus g = A-v is a polynomial of order 1 if and only if v is a polynomial of order 1. Consequently, by equation (5.6a), v is a polynomial of order 1 if and only if a[% = 0 whenever (m( = 1 1. 4. The equation q dvldq = Iv ( n = 1, 1 an arbitrary complex constant). See [I I], Volume I, p. 132, equation (V, 6 : 17). This equation has two linearly independent solutions, and Schwartz remarks that the order of the equation no longer determines the maximal number of independent solutions. In this case the classical relation is restored by the mapping g = A v , which leads to the second order equation
+ +
2q
ag = (d + . q d - .lg
d2.Y =-d 2
(22
+ qg = 2ng.
It must be proved, of course, that the two independent solutions belong to (5'
(this is discussed in Section 8.8).
5.7. The operators
Po = A-I
VoA. For a real orthogonal transformation 0,

>
w1=
Yl(q) = Y(0+3)
POW,
WEY.
This follows from equation (4.18a), since we have
Yl(4) =
(8, > V o f ) = (Vo-18, ,f) ( L l * ,fi , =
f=Ay.
For a distribution u, ( P o u , y } = {a, ?,-,y}. The case 0 = -1, though trivial, is important because P-, serves to define even and odd functions (or distributions), i.e., Q is even or odd according as = Q: or P-,cg = -q (for p = u or 111).
5.8. The Fourier transform. Let ly E 9 , let pl = B y be its Fourier ' and transform. It has been shown in Section 3b of Part I that F = P l 0 , where Uo = i . 1.
62
V. BARGMANN
E
We prefer to derive the relevant facts directly. Setting t b ( q ) = e-ZbQ, b we have
R ,
By 3, Section 1.13, ( 2 ~ r ) - ~ / ~ AVc;& , so that = t,
d P ) = ( q 4,f) (8 GJ-) =
3
Y
f=Ay.
Hence S y = A-lVu0f = A-lVuUA y = Pu0y as asserted. For distributions we maintain the notation 9 = PL,o, Thus
{ F u , y } = {u, F - l y }
and
{Fu, F y } = {u, y } .
It follows that 9is a continuous linear mapping of itself). We also set $ = VL,,, so that, for every g E 3,
Y into itself (and of Y into
(5.7)
(9&2)
= g(-iz)
If g = g
(5.7a)
Jf~ 3, then
g(2)
=f-(-i.),
g - ( 2 ) =f + ( - - i t ) .
From (4.6a) and (4.13b) we obtain
Equation (5.8~) implies that 9-l = F p - l , which in turn yields the standard inversion formula for y = F-lp, p E 9,
(27r)%+9(g)=/e-@p(-p)
dnp =
eiQv(p) * p . d
We draw further conclusions from (5.8). 1 ) By (5.8d), 39, = P o 9 , which expresses the orthogonal invariance of the Fourier transform. 2 ) Let c = 2-1/2(a ib), ic = 2-lI2(-b ia). We deduce from (5.8e), (5.8f)-using (5.3) and (5.4c)-that
(5.9a)
F T a , a F - l= T - b , a ,
(5.9b)
9 ~ ~ F - l. , = i a,
F a j F - l = ig,;.
l8 This definition of the Fourier transform suits the formalism of this paper (see equation ( 5 . 7 ) ) . It differs from the definition in [I 11 and from that in [6].
HILBERT SPACE O F ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-I1
63
5.9. Examples.
1.
9-1 =
(2n)n:2 6
F d = (2*)-"/21 .
Here 1 is the regular distribution v ( q ) = 1. By 1, Section 1.13,
~1 =
pn)n i ~ ~ - n / 4 ~ z ~ l Z
$T(arml
hence g ( A 1 ) = ( 2 ~ ) ~ / ~ 8= ( 2 ~ ) - " / ~ A l $8 , .
2.
3 T q l m I = ii"'(2n)"!2
8,
6) = ;'"l(2n)-"/2q[ml
Apply (5.9b) to example 1.

3. F t b = (2n)n'2 6,
>
96, =
(2?7)-n'2t-b,
t b ( q ) = e*D'Q.
Let t, = A t , . By 3, Section 1.13, t b ( z )= ( 2 ~ ) " / ~ A 6 ) z , ( 2 ~ ) ~ / 2 A ( - i-6), (i = z, and &,(z) = A ( z , b).
5b. Tensor Products

5.10. Tensor products on getand 1) Let 3 , 3 be the spaces of , , holomorphic functions in n1 and n2 variables with elements f ( z ' ) and g(z"), 2' E C "1 , z" E C,, Along with 3n, . we consider the space 3 = 3,, n = n, n2 , of holomorphic functions f ( 2 ) = f ( d , z") where
@Ai.
= (z', 2") =
(.I, , z n l ,z1, . ' . , z;%). .

t
It
* *
In 3,, and 3 we construct Cfiz, (E,Lz, , i = 1, 2, and (50,(5, (5' by means of the functions O i l ( z l ) , O l z ) O l z and the corresponding norms l.lp,I and ] . I p . ; ( " , ;() The brackets in 3,, and 3 will be denoted by (,)i and (,), respectively.
AN INEQUALITY. Since (zI2 = 12'12 e;,(z) if u 5 0 (see (A.5)). Hence,
+ 1z"I2, we have e;(z)
5 O ~ ( z ' ) 0 ; ( z f 15 )
L e t f ( z ) = f (d, E 3. For fixed 2") f,,2 " ) = f ( z ' , z"). Then by (5.10), ( (5.11)
Ifd1,.2
z1 we define the element f , . of
3 ,
by
5 Iflepeyz')
>
p 20.
TENSOR PRODUCT. is defined as
Iff, E 3,,
, i = 1 , 2 , their tensor productf

*
=fi g fz(E 3)
f ( 4 = (fi @fi)(z) =f1(z'lfi(z")

I t follows that f+ =f 0f : , and f - =f; 0f; . ;
64
Important examples are:
V. BARGMANN
Here rn = (rn, m) = ( m i , * Letfi (5.11a)

E
* *
r , mnl , m,rr ,
, rnlz).
and by (5.10)
J
Eg: and p = min ( p l ,p,). Thenfi E E (; ,

I f 1 @fZl$
6 / f l I p , l If2lp.2
f1
of,E Q? .
It follows that f i 0f i E E i f f , E Enz, and that g , 0g, E!t i f g , E EL, ?

Conversely, let f, E 3niand f = fl0 f2E Ep. that f l E (%El ,f2E Eiz 2) Since d,un(z) = d,unl(z) d,unI(z),
Iff
f. 0 it is easily shown
(5.12)
(91 @ g ,
,fl
of,> ( S l , f l > l - (9, ,&>,> =
whenever both factors on the right-hand side are defined. I n fact,
PROPOSITION A continuous Linear functional (g,f ) on E is uniquely deJined by 5.3. its valuesfor all f Ofthe form fl0f,,f,E Eni .
Proof: Note that g(a) = (g,e,) = (g, e,, 0 e,,,).
As a consequence we obtain from (5.12)

PROPOSITION
5.4.
Let gi
E Ek,
*
. There exists a unique element g
E which
sati?bes f1 of,> ( g l > f1)l (9, =
(92 J fz),
for a L L f ,
>
g = g 1 0g 2
We consider functions y(q), 5.11. Tensor products on %, and y(q)and y ( q ) , 4 E Rnl 3 4 E RnZ7 q E Rn > n = n 1 n 2 > where
<l.
I
+
* *
q = (q, 4) = (41 ,
* * 3
q,,
q1 >
q:J
I n particular we are concerned with the corresponding function spaces Ynf and 9 defined by the norms ]I*)\$% and I]./\,, respectively. (For distributions we write {,}% and {,}.) Let y ( q ) = y(q, q) E 9. before we define, for fixed q, the function As yot(q) y(q, 4). Then yQt ynz = E and (5.13)
Ilw,4$z
s rlylr:.
65
and the inequality (5.13) follows.
TENSOR PRODUCT.
is defined by
For y 1E
%, , i
= 1 , 2 , the tensor product y = y1 Q yz
Y(4) = Yl(Q')YZtOz(Q~') .
It is easily seen that y
9, precisely, IIyl O yzlif 5 IIyljl:l more
. jly2jjp2.
CONNECTION Ent AND E. With the help of the kernels Anl(z',q'), WITH A n 2 ( z "y"), and A ( z , q ) we define the mappings A, , A , , A , respectively, so that , A , qt, E n , a n d A Y = E. By definition (1.7), A p , q ) = A n l ( z ' ,4') .Anz(z",4"). = Thus iff, = A , y I ,y z E Yn, ,
(5.14)
A(Y1 O ~
2 = A i ~ 1 Azy2 =fi ) 0
Oh
'rENSOR PRODUCT OF DISTRIBUTIONS.
Let ui E YiLg define: . We
or, equivalently, A(u, u2) = A l v l 0 Azu2 = g, 0g2. Translating Propositions 5.3 and 5.4 into the language of distributions one obtains from (5.14), (5.15)
' PROPOSITION 5.3a. A distribution (u, y } on 9 is uniquely determined by its values for all y Ofthe form y1 8 y z , y , E Yn, .
PROPOSITION Let u, E Yn'* There exists a unique element u E 9 which 5.4a. . ' satisfies { u , v1 3 yz>= {u, , yl}l (v2 , y 2 ) , f o r all y z E Yn,namely, v = u1 @ uz . . , 5.12. Standard form of the tensor product. I t remains to express 3 uz more directly in terms of v1 and v2 ,i.e., to eliminate the operators A and A, from its definition (5.15), and thereby to recover Schwartz' original definition.
L J ~
We proceed as follows: 1) Let g, = A,u, , h an arbitrary element of (5.16) (5.1Ga)
@il, and f = A y E E.
1 >
Then
(h 0 g ,
,f) m =
66
V. BARGMANN
It follows easily from (5.1 1) t h a t j is holomorphic and belongs to all j E For h = gl,
@El , so that
{UI
0 u 2 , y> = (Sl 0g ,
,f) (91,j>l {UI > A;lj), . = =

is given by rp(q') =
2) We assert that, in close analogy to (5.16a), A? ;

(02 > W d > 2
Proof:
(a) L,,(y) = q ( q ' ) is a linear functional on
9. Assuming I ( v z , 1}21 j
c l l l , l [ 2 2 , we find from (5.13) that IL,.(y)l5 c lly,.@z c llyll$. This shows that L ,is a distribution on 9. If y = y1 0 yz , then yqj(q") yl(q')yz(qN), (b) = and hence
L'y Q(l
yz) = y1(q'){'Z
> Y2)a
= {6Q'
y} 11
('2
>
yZ}Z
I t follows from Proposition 5.4a that L , = 6,. 0 v2 . 'Thus
and, by (2.14), y = A-ti as asserted. We have proved and PROPOSITION Let ui E Yk5, y E 9. Then 5.4b.
(Apart from the notation this coincides with Schwartz' definition ([ 111, Volume I, p. log).) It is obvious that the roles of u1 and uz may be interchanged.
5.13. Additional remarks. We list a few general properties of the tensor product which are all simple consequences of its definition and of the estimate (5.1 la). (Most of these will be formulated for the spaces @ and E', the translation ' into the language of Y and 9 being straightforward.)
(a) Convergence. Letfi
,f
3,i
and hi
O h,
=XI
-f, . Then
Of2
f Of; -f1 [
O f 2 =f1
+ h1
hi
O h,.
Consider two sequences {f,,i} (Jig;, i = 1, 2, and set p = min (pl , p z ) . I n c virtue of (5.1 l a ) we infer from the last equation: if
67
As a result we have
PROPOSITION If limyji,t = f , in the topology of En*, i = 1, 2, then 5.5. limv ( f v , ,&.fV,,) =fi 8f2 in the topology .f (5. If lim, gv,i = g, in the lopology of , z = 1, 2, then limv (gv,l@ gv,2)= g, 0g2 in the topologV of(5. (b) Operations on tensor products. (Here f, E 3,, .) We mention only the following. 1) Let c = (c, c) E C , . Then V,(f, 0fi) = Vc,f, 8 VC,, , and f i ilc(J,f 2 ) = A,. f l 0f2+fl ACT, . 2) (2 E f2 Oh)= 0F2,fz . Here, is defined on 3,, by equation (5.7). Thus the Fourier transform of the tensor product is the tensor product of the Fourier transforms. is (c) A distribution u E 9 independent of q if Tau = u for any a = (a, 0 ) . For this definition we have the following criteria.
.<
(sf, sIJl
o f
PROPOSITION Each o the following conditions is equivalent to the independence 5.6. f the distribution v of q : (i) a,v = 0, 1 2 j 5 n, , (ii) u = 1 0 v2 , where u2 E .
x i
Proof
Let g = Au. By definition, v is independent ofq ifg-(z - b, z) =
<<-(z, z) for any b =
This is equivalent to: (i) d?g- = 0, 1 sj nl, (ii) g-(z, 2)= yg;(z) = A;1 8 g for some g2 E ; (with y = :47~)~1/4 I , Section 1.13). , see
a1/d2E R n l .
@k2
5c. Bilinear Forms and the Nuclear Theorem 5.14. Bilinear forms. We keep the notation used in the discussion of tensor products. The bilinear forms B ( f l ,f2), f, E to be considered are separately continuous in fl ,f2, i.e., for fixed fi , B (fi f 2 )is a c.l.fC1. on Gn1 , and , for fixed it is a c.1. fcl. on E n 2 . (A corresponding definition applies to the bilinear form b ! y l , y2) = B ( A , y l , A2y2)on SP,, x 9&.) A generalization of the proposition stated in Section 4.1 implies that for any ruch bilinear form B there exist two non-negative integers k , and a positive ]filk2,2 constant y such that IB(f,, fi)/ 5 y ljJkl,l or, equivalently,
@, & ,
f,
(5.17)
IWl?fi)l Y Ifilk,, Ifilk,Z 5
k = max ( k , , k,)
for anyf, En, (For a simple and elegant proofsee [7], Chapter I, Section 1.2.) E . The inequality (5.17) in turn implies that B is jointly continuous in fl ,f2-in the x En2-as follows from the identity standard product topology on
We shall therefore simply speak of continuous bilinear forms.
68
V. BARGMANN
LEMMA Let B, and B, be two continuous bilinear forms on 1. B2(e,, , eae)= Bl(ea. ,eae) all a, a. Then B , = B, . for
Proof: Set B = B,
enlx en, such that

)
- B, .
Then B(ear em,,) 0, and bylinearityB(s, s2) = , =
0 for all s, E ~ ~ ( 2 3 % ) . (Here
Fix Bl(B2)is the set of all ear(ea8,).) fl , fi. By the
Approximation Theorem 2.4 there exist two sequences {sV,,} c sp(%,) such that, for all k E N , lim, Isv,%- f i l r , = 0. Hence, by (5.17) and (5.17a), B ( f , )f i ) = lim, B(s,,, ,s,,~) = 0 for all fi fz , q.e.d.
)
EXAMPLE,Let ,D E G-l. Then

(5.18)
Wfl , f z )
(&.A @ f z >
f, E
en,
)
is a continuous bilinear form on Eel x (En, ,and g(a) = B ( e , , ear,) a = (a, a). if I t suffices to observe that I k , f l 0h)l 5 P 1 12 I f 1 Ofilk 5 P lgl-2 lfllk,l IfZlk,2 9where k = 2n I 1, and /? =j!2n-l,2n (see (1.22a) and (5.11a)). The Nuclear Theorem asserts that every continuous bilinear form is of the type (5.18). We formulate it for b ( y , y z ) .
+ +
NUCLEAR THEOREM. Every continuous bilinear form b(y, ,y z ) on yn, x may be expressed as {u, y1 0 y2)with a uniquely determined element u E 9.
q2
5.15. Proof of the Nuclear Theorem. Since (5 has been proved to be a nuclear space (Theorem 3.4), one may apply the general theory of nuclear spaces. We prefer a more elementary proof quite similar to the proof of Theorem 2.5 on linear functionals. As a result, the proof depends only on Section 2 (through Section 2.8) and a few simple facts on tensor products, mainly the example in Section 5.14. We proceed as follows. (a) Let B ( f l , fi) be a continuous bilinear form which satisfies the inequality (5.17). Define a = (a, a) E C n. g(a) = g(a, a) = B(e, , cum) , B (2.3), Y
(5.19)
Ig(a)I
2 Y lea, Ik.1 leu
lk,2
5 yle:(a)ek(a) 5 ~ l e , l k ( a )
with a positive constant y, . (b) Analyticity o g. For fixed a, we analyze the difference g(a f where b = (b, 6) and lbI2 = 16l2
+ b ) - g(a),
+ lbI2 2 1.
t:) = h l f k
Set ea,+b, =
2 t p ) ) and ea.ib =
v=o
2 tp)
v=l
where, by (2.5),
$0) 1
= ea, ,
t y = $2)
$2)
b,a
t p ) = ear, >
t:) = h b,o > (l)
- (2) . - rbr,,au
69
By linearity,
ria
+ b ) = IF;;
Ir.V
B,,
Jt:J,,,
tp)),
Po0 = g ( 4 .
In view of (5.17),
lBpvl =( y
. By
=
(2.5a))
lti)Ik,l
= o(lbll)
o(lblp)
>
and = 0(~6~) = O(lb]) ,

so that
lpp,l
= O(lbl+)). As a result,
g(a
+ 6 ) = d a ) + 4 b ) + o(lblz),
Bl0
-
Blo + Bol .
Since h$,)*. and h$la. (and thus and Bol) are antilinear in b and b, respectively, l ( b ) is linear in b. It follows thatg(a) is holomorphic, and, by (5.19), g E EPzk E. c (ci By (5.18)) B o ( f l,fi) (g,fl ofi) is a continuous bilinear form, and =
B(e,,,, can) = B,(e,, , ea,,) g ( a ) . We conclude from Lemma 1, Section 5.14, = that B V , ,f,j = BOK ,fJ = {g,J1 O f A q.e.d. 5d. Inversion o f Differentiation
L,
= ajw, 1
5.16. The equation ajw = u j Consider a distribution w 5 n. Then a k v j = ajvk . Conversely, we have
sj
Y, and let
PROPOSITION . Let 5.7
the integrability conditions te (E 9) that a,w = uj . sltch
5 j 5 t ( t 5 n) be distributions on 9 satisfy which a k v j = a,v, , 1 =( k , j 5 t. There exists a distribution

uj
)
By hypothesis, dkg; = djg; 1 _I k , j 2 t , and Proof Let gj = Auj ( E our task is to find h (E (-5) such that djh- = d ? g ; (equation (5.6a)). Then w, = A-lh solves the equations ajwo = u j .
(%I).
)
,dssume g j E (%-pj, pj 2 0, set p = maxi pi , y i = Igjl--pj, and y = y; (j: Then /&(z)I 5 yjf$(z)eVy2. The function h- is constructed in standard fashion by setting, for real T ,
k ( z ) =4 2
-l
U(T,
Z)
d7,
U(T, 2)
k=1
Z,&[TZ]
;*
.)I 5 yei+l(z)ey2.
h- is obviously holomorphic, and since Thus h E W-l, and lh\-p-l 5 d 2 y .
zkyk
(zkl
yIzI,
121(~,
Here g;[~z]
stands for
~ F ( T z. ~. , 7 z t , z ,
~ + .~ , , z e ) .
70
V. BARGMANN
Thus djh-(z) = fig;(z) as required. All other solutions of ajw = u j are of course obtained by adding to w o = A-lh any distribution w1 independent of q j , 1 sj 2 t, (see Proposition 5.6) or w1 = const. if t = n.
5.17. Distributions as derivatives of continuous functions. Schwartz' celebrated theorem that every tempered distribution is the derivative of a continuous function of polynomial growth may also be obtained by a fairly straightforward construction. T h e result is as follows. PROPOSITION 5.8. Let u E 9', A u EE-', 1 EN. There exists a regular and distribution v o such that u = at. ak,v0, k = 1 2, v o ( q ) is continuous, and Iuo(q)l 6 x i , , Jg1-$ 8:L+2(qj) with a constant xZ,, depending only on 1 and n.
arf
Ti
j
Proof: Let g = Au, and mo = ( k , k , * , k ) . By equation (5.6a), we have to find h- such that dcmolh- = Znk12g- (and to set u o = A-lh). A holomorphic solution of this equation is given by the integral
with real T~ (analogous to the expression for r k ( z ) in Section 1.10). T o estimate lh(z)I we note that Ig-(z)l Igl-Lf3;(z)P'2 and T;$ 5 ~ ~ +y,"). Thus ( 1
zj
2,
1,g-(7121,
.-
, T , z , ) I 5 Igl-,e;(z)
i
Ti e r j ( l + 4 ) .
j
Furthermore, lzilk
f3i(zj) and @(z) 5
e!(zj), so that, by (1.15) and (l.l5a),
71
Hence h satisfies the hypothesis of Theorem 1.4a. By Section 2.11, v, = A-lh = Whis a continuous function, and byTheorem 1.4a, Ivo(q)l a z , nlgl-z J O:z+2(qj), 5 where a!., = [e . ( 4 ~ ) ' / ~ ( 2 z+tj&+2,1]n. ~1~~~)
If -, COROLLARY. n = 1, u E SP,, and Au E E ' then any solution u ofd1+2vldgz+2= u is a continuous function, and ]v(q)/ 5 y8,OZ+,(q) for some positive constant y .
= Proof: Since dz+2(v - vo)/dgz++" 0, v differs from v o by a polynomial of order 5 1 1.
If n
> 1 the conclusion
8 m o k = u which are not yields u, assumes therefore
of the corollary no longer holds, i.e., there are solutions u of even regular distributions. The particular construction which a greater significance, and it is worthwhile to characterize u,
more directly. ], This may be done as follows. If g-(r) = ~ m / ? m z m / [ r n !then, by construction, h-+) -2kn12 = @,z["+"ol/[(m mo)!]. Thusifweseth(z) = ezs12h-(z) = X um,um,(z), then a,, = (h, urn,) = 0 unless m' 2 mO, and this condition defines a unique solution of d[mOlh- = 2k42p--. The function v, of the proposition is therefore determined by:
zm
Let, for example, u = 6. Then I = 0 (Section 2.10), and one obtains
6. Test Functions and Distributions of Compact Support

Both in 9 and in Schwartz' space 9 distributions of compact support play a ' significant role. In this section we consider the images-under the mapping A-of both test functions and distributions whose support is contained in a compact set K. For a convex K necessary and sufficient conditions of the Payley-Wiener type are derived which Ap,must satisfy in order that the support of 'p be contained in K. (Here p, E Y or 'p E Y'.) methods used were suggested by the work of The Plancherel and P6lya [lo].
6.1. Preliminary remarks on convex sets. Let K be a compact convex set in R n contained in a ball I I 5 c. (In what follows K is keptfixed.) It will be q described in terms of its support function ~ ( s : for every vector s E R M(S) = ) supneK(s q). Note that
(6. )
la(s)l
2 c Is[ ,
a ( h ) = 1a(s) if 15 0 .
~ ( s ) every s. for
A point p belongs to K if and only if s * q
72
V. BARGMANN
\Ye mention two special sets: (a) KO, the set which contains only the point q = 0. Here ~ ( s )= 0 for all s. (b) 'The closed ball B, : (1q1 2 Y ) , with EU) = r Is[. Along with K we consider the following additional compact convex sets: (i) a + K (translation by the vector a ) , consisting ofall points a q ( q E K ) with support function p ( s ) = ~ ( s ) a * s. (ii) Kc , the set of all pointb whose distance from K is E , with support function
(6.1a)
cI,(s)
4 s ) + & 14 .
6.2. The mappingf = Ay. Let y be a continuous function which vanishes outside K (i.e., supp y c K ) , I g and letff = A+y. By ( l . l l a ) , for every multiindex m ,
d["'f+(z)
= 21"''2
s,
q["'A+(z, q)y(q)d"g .
O n K , qr"l I - clrn1,and
Tn/4
q)l 5 e - Q 2 / 2 e v 2 X 4 1 < e - @ 2 / 3 e t ' 2 d Z ) I-
Setting (6.2) we obtain for every m (6.2a)

Idc"'lf+(z)I _I /3c'lmlea'(r) ,
c('(s)
=4
2 a(.) ,
c' = c v 2 ,
,-
Y ( 4 )I d"q.
I n addition we have
LEMMA Suppose that y E 9 and supp y c K (.YO that y1 E Y E 1. " merely means y E C ' ) . T h e n f = Ay E ez,and If+(z)l _I 2'12 If/, iYt(z)ea'(").
Proof: (6.2b) S i n c e f e (5' (Theorem 1.2a), we have in addition to (6.2a)
If+(z)l 2
lfll
eo,(z)rr2.
We apply the standard decomposition described in Section 1.2, i.e., we set z = (a ib (5 = 6 iq E C+), ~ ( 5 =f+((a and ) ib). By (6.1), ~ ' ( x = ) (mi = cc'(a)), so that (6.2a) reduces to ly(c)1 2 PeQ'S, form = 0. Set next
(6.3)
Yo(<) = ( A
+ 5)"-"0"Y(l)
+
'
From (6.2a), (6.2b) we obtain: 1) l y o ( < ) l 5 1 1 <Ic. 2 ) lyo(iq)l 5 2 z / 2l f l l (where (1.2) is used). It follows from the PhragmCn-Lindeliif theorem that
lS
"supp y" = support of y.
73
1;1, {<)1 in
is dominated by its bound on the imaginary axis, i.e., lye(()[ Solving 16.3) for y ( <) and using ( 1 . 2 ) we find that /y(()l - 2 l i 2 ~ f i , ( A z I
5 2'12
1c12)-i~2eao't,
which is the desired inequality. If y E Y , thenfE Q,and
If+(.)
I 5 2z/2If1 ,f3!,(z)ea'(r) for every I E N.
6.3. The mapping y = A-y. The following is a certain converse of the last lemma.
LEMMA1. Let f ~ 3 and If'(z)I , y = Wfis continuoils, and supp y c K.
5 /W,,(z) ea"')
for some p
> n.
Then
Proof: Since l ' x l 5 c' 1x1, f E QO, and it follows from Theorems 1.5 and a() 1.6 that p is continuous and bounded, and that f = Ay. For fixed x ,
f-(. = n-n/4 + tYj
J -
e~2'2~a(e--n2/2et/2x.q
Y ( d ) d"q
i.e.,f' ( Y + 11') ir essentially2'' the Fourier transform of the continuous and square integrable function yl(q) = e-q212e\ * L " ~ ( 4 ) . By the inversion formula,
(6.4j
e-i22i2y(q)
= e-thx.an-ni4
i2T)-n/~J
,-i.\/iv.o
f+( x + GJ) d"y .
If+k - Y)I = BO"- p ( Y )ev'2:a(s), it follows from (6.4) + < and for all positive 6. Hence y(qo) = 0, q.e.d. &-t ;2:1 jPp," 0
'
Let qo be a point outside K . It remains to show that y(qo)= 0. There exists a vectors such that s . qo - sI(sj = y 0. Choose x = [s, [ 0. By hypothesis,
>
>
that e-qoa/2 ly(qo)l 5
7 ;
6.4. Distributions of compact support. The mapping g = Av. Let Y ' . Then supp v c K provided the following condition is satisfied: for any y E 9 which vanishes in an open set containing K , (v, y > = 0 . \Ye shall prove analogues of the two lemmas of Sections 6.2 and 6.3.
E
lp(z)l i -
PROPOSITION 6.1. Let v E Y ' , and supp u 2 ! ~ 1 ' 2 Igl-,O~(z)e""r'.
K. I g = Av f
W, then
Proof: 1) Let v E ( q ) , 0 < E < 1, be a family of real valued functions in C" such that v,(qj = 1 if q E K,,3 , and v,(q) = 0 if q is outside K, .21 If y belongs to
?"
ix., apart from the normalization factor and the factor
d2 in the exponential.
This is a standard construction. A suitable choice is ve(q) =
i, = ~ / and pa is the function defined by L. Schwartz ( [ I l l , Volume I, p. 21). 3
6,,
pa(q
- q')
d"q', where
74
V. BARGMANN
Y so does v,y, and the function (1 - v J y vanishes in an open set containing K. Thus {u, (1 -v,)y} = 0 for all y E Y ,or {u, y } = {u, v,y}. By Proposition 5.8, u may be expressed as the derivative of a continuous function
of polynomial growth. For convenience we write u = (-l)lmliYmlw, where = a r m l / [ m !(see Section 1.3), so that {u, q } = {w,Zrm1p} any p E 9, ] for and
acml
0
{a!, } = W(Q)Y(d d"q. Y Inserting = vey and applying Leibniz' rule (Section 1.3) one finds
{u, y } = {w,&l(v,y)) =
LSm
2 {w,( % - % J e ) i[%p} .
By construction, w,,& continuous, and supp wZ,& K, is c
.
B (6.5), Y
2) Estimate
of
Igf(z)I.
Set g = Au, and h 2 , & 2-l'i'zAw 1 . E . =
We apply the following inequalities. (a) Fk is a polynomial oforder Ikl
[mi-
5 it is a multiple of the Hermite polynomial Hk-hence: IFk(z)I oO:(z), p = Iml, 0 for all k m. (b) Since supp w Z , c K, , ld["]h:,(z) I 5 T ~ ,E )~ a & ' ( X ) (see (6.2a)) & e ( with some constants T ~ , ~ . ( E ) As a result, for every E , 0 < E < 1, .
(6.6a) with a suitable (6.6b)
lg+(z)I
5 peO:(z)eaL(z),
EL(.)
= a'(x)
E'
1x1 ,
E'
= EY'2,
PE , see (6.la),
(6.2). Since g E E-P, we also have
Ig'(4I
5 1g1-,~;(Z)eX2
3) We proceed now in close analogy with the proof of Lemma 1 in Section 6.2. Using the standard decomposition z = { a ib, 5 = 6 ill, we set y ( 5 ) = g+([a ib), 5 E C + , and
75
Here cth = % ' ( a ) ,so that or'(x) = x i 6 , and x L ( x j = (xi + d ) E . From now on we assume p 2 0.22 Note that y o and y, are holomorphic on C+. In view of (1.2j, we find from (6.6a), (6.6b) (i) (ii)
b&(5)12 P,
1 1
+ 51"-"
*
Ir&(ir)l 2 lgl-,
Again we conclude from the PhragmCn-Lindelof theorem that, for every E, lus(c)l= e-"' Iyo(LJl 5 I&, on C+. Thus ]yo(5)12 Igl-, , and we obtain from (6.7a)
Ig+(.z)I = l y ( ( ) /
2 2 ' ~ 1 1g1-P(i12 + 1 5 1 2 ) p / 2 e a i c = 21p1/2 lgI-P e P ( z ) e a ' ( s ), /~ o
which proves the proposition. Remark. Let p E Y or y E 9'. If supp p c K , then supp Tag, a c Section 5.4 for the definition of the translation T,) .
+ K (see
APPLICATION. Distributions concentrated at a point. Suppose supp u = K (see. O Section 6.1), and g = Av. Since ct'(x) = 0, lg+(z)l 5 PO;(z) for some p, and g+ is a polynomial of order 1 p, so that u = y m 8"]6 (see 1, Section 5.6). If 11
lrnl51
is concentrated at the point a, it follows from the preceding remark that 2 y m 8"16, (since 6, = T J j .
l?nlS:1
u =
6.5. The mapping u = A-lg. The converse of the last proposition may be stated as follows. PROPOSITION 6.2. Let g 3, and Ig+(.z)I 5 pe;(z) ea'('). (ii j the support of the distribution u = A-lg is contained in K. Proof 1) Since Icr'(.x)l 5 c' 1x1 x2 Choose a fixed positive integer k > p + n and set for every F , 0 < E < t ,
T,(z)
Then (i) g EE-P,
+ &",
+ 1.
we have Let o ( 5 ) =
@c'g/4.
2)
c-l
sinh
5, 5 E C,
= ~2'2
=
[jr,
o(Az,)
I'
1 = t'/k'//i,
E'
It will be shown below that

(a)
I , z l 2 /5I'&, ~()
IT,(Z)l
T,(z)
(b) In addition, lim,40
YEO!ik(z)ee'lrl .
= 1 for every z.
** The proof for negative p requires only trivial changes. (Compare the proof of Lemma 1 in Section 6.2, where ,/I = -l.)
76
V. BARGMANN
Let g,(z) = T , ( Z ) g ( Z ) . We assert that lime,, g, = g in the topology of E'. (Equivalently, lim v, = 61, V , = A-l g , , in the topology of Y . ) I n fact, 1) lim g,(z) = g ( z ) for every z , 2) the norms lg,l-p are bounded. (Since E' < 1, we obtain from (a) as above lg,l-p 5 /3 exp {$(c' l)'}.) This proves the assertion (see Section 4.1). Lastly consider a function y E 9which vanishes on an open set 0 containing K . I t must be shown that ( v , y > = 0. For some positive E,, , K,, c 0, hence
K, c 0 if
E'
.By
(b), Igz(z)1
,
2 &ef?On-l(z)e"E("),since
1x1. Thus u, = A-lg, is a continuous function, and supp v, c

E
F ~
~i(x)= ~ ' ( x ) K, (Lemma 1,
Section 6.3). If
Hence {v, y } = lim {v, , y ) = 0, q.e.d.

&-+a
Proof of the inequalities (a), (b) : For
5 = [ + iq,
I n addition, (iii) lo(<)l = g;21/W'/O;([).

2
1 I l l 2 , and (iii) follows from (i). If 151 < 1, then (iii) follows from (ii).) l ~ ( A z , ) , 0 < i 5 1. Using the inFor z = ( z , , * * , zn) set s ( h ) =
> 1 + Ill2, and
(If
2 1, then 2 Illz 2
a
j
equalities
cjil 1 . ~ ~ 2 Ad;1x1, and 1

$
O!(ilzj)
2 O;(Az) 2 lf?,O(z), we
conclude
from (ii) and (iii) that

Is(ilz)l
5 ,ld%1~1,
Is(Az)I
2 2n/Vv/~Izl/ilf?;(z).
Since
T,(z)
= ( ~ ( l z this ~ ) ) yields (a), (b), with ye = 2nk'2A-".
7. Periodic Distributions and Their Fourier Expansion

Schwartz obtains the Fourier expansion of a periodic distribution by studying distributions on a torus ([ill, Volume 11, p. 80). I n keeping with the program of this paper we utilize the functionals on (2 instead. If v is a periodic distribution, then g- = A-v is periodic (with real periods) and may be expanded in a Fourier
77
series. T h e inverse transformation u = A-lg yields the Fourier expansion of u. T h e resulting explicit expression for the Fourier coefficients-(7.5)-may be of some interest.
7.1. Preliminary remarks. Let I,,

and vectors in S,,
9 the
. , I , 23 be n linearly independent lattice generated by them. (9 consists of all vectors
I =
2 v,1,
with integral coefficients v, .) In addition we consider the dual
lattice Y d A vector k belongs to 9, and only if k . 1 is integral for all 1 9. . if Yc<generated by n independent vectors k , which satisfy the relations k , . I , = is bss., 1 5 s, s n, i.e., k E Y d and only if k = if viks with integral coefficients vt . For any positive A we define A as the lattice generated by the vectors ill, ; 2 its dual is ITL?~. Specifically we set 9 = 2 - I f 2 2 , and 9; 2 1 1 2 9 d . We = write 1 = 2-It21, 1 E 3, k = 2ll2k, k 9, and . By means of 2 we decompose F ,into cells of the form W , = 2nd + ?V, , ? 1 E Y , the base cell M, containing all points x = E,1, , tS real, for which -T 5 E , < P, 1 5 s n. T h e cells W , are pairwise disjoint, their union is R, , and each one has the volume p = ( 2 ~ ) (Al, where A is the determinant of the vectors 1 , . For any summable functionf,
2,
z,3
+2
(7.1)
i. .
fdnx =
i E 9
I*,
P
f dx =
IW,J(x
4 dnx .
Throughout this section the vectors I , and the lattice 9 are kept fixed, and a complex valued function ~ ( x ) x, E R , is called periodic if it has periods 2nl, , so that y ( x - 2 7 4 = y ( x ) for all 1 E 9. a periodic q j , For
(7.2a)
(7.2b) In (7.2ai it is assumed that qj is summable on bounded sets, and a is any vector in -- . In (7.2b) we assume that q E c1,thus (b) is an immediate consequence of (a). For a later application we consider the function
I_-
,1
where .Y E P ,1 , x > 0. T h e series in (7.3) converges uniformly on bounded sets, rs:(x; 9) continuous and periodic with periods I , and o:( Y ) is finite. is
23
Here the subscript distinguishes n vectors and not the n components of one vector.
78
Proof By (A.4), O;.(x
V. BARGMANN
O;a2 ( I ) is evidently convergent. Continuity and convergence because periodicity follow immediately; they in turn imply that 0;(2) co. <
c1
- 1) 5 ~ l p ~ O ~ 7 r ( x ) O ; a zwhich (l)~
proves uniform
7.2. Periodic distributions. A distribution v has periods 2rrl--is periodic for short-if TZnlv v for all 1 E 9 (see Section 5.4). = Assume v periodic, and let g = Av. By (5.3d))g-(z - 2 ~ 1 ) g - ( z ) , I E Y, = i.e., g- is periodic with the real periods 2711. ( A function in 3 will be called periodic if it has periods 2711~) As before we introduce the cells W; (defined by the lattice 9). volume is p = 2-2p. Their For periodic u, the corresponding g will be classified by the spaces Q rather : than by (51 (see Section 1.14). I n fact we have
< 0, then g
LEMMA Suppose g E Q and g- periodic. (i) 1. = 0.
If r 2 0, then g E Q :
; (ii) ;f
(ii) For fixedy, limizi,m g-(x
+ ;r) = 0.
By periodicity, g- = 0.
I n the sequel we shall need the following result.
LEMMA Let g - ( z ) 2.
(7.4)
E3
be periodic, and set for every k

= p-Lvi
Pd(k = 2lI2k)
z =x
[g-1,
e-ikzg-(z) dx
+ @,
?;&xed.
Then [g-II, is independent ofy. Proof: The integrand h, = e-zkzg-(z) is 1) periodic, 2) analytic, so that Thus, by (7.2b),
ah,/ayj = iah,/ax,.
COROLLARY. Ifs
Proof:
2 , then [eisz]k = 68, :
Sety = 0 in (7.4)) and use the standard orthogonality relations.
79
7 3 Fourier expansion of g-. ..

LEMMA1. Let g ED;*,
kE9pd
Ig-(z)l
s yO:(y)
and g- periodic.
Then g-(zj =
&?k.z,
with constant coeficients
BK = [g-]!,
, and lj,l
y9iZ($k).
Proof: For fixed y , g-(x 6 ) is periodic in x and has continuous bounded partial derivatives (with respect to x ) of all orders. According to the elementary theory of Fourier series, g- has the absolutely converging expansion g-(x ;Y) = b,i -y)e2kx,where
zk
By (7.4), b,(y) = e-v[g-]k ; thusg-(z) = /?ke2K.zasasserted. an estimate For of /, I sety = -$k in (7.4). Then the integrand is bounded by ye-k22ei(&k), and hence l@Kl 5 y6;z(4k).
zk
LEMMA Let /?,,k 2.
A?d, be a
set
of coeficients
such that
lpkl 5 eiz(+k).
(i) The series /?,ezk converges absolutely and uniformly (on bounded sets) to a periodic holomorphic function g-, and g = eZ2l2g- E Q , (ii) The series ezZ1 .; BkeikZ converges in the topology of@.
2k
zk
Proof
(i) Set ak = e--Y2&etk.z. By hypothesis,

laKl
iy e ; ( g k y q 2 ( y + $k) 5 yK14;(y)eL!(y i k ) . +
Since Oi-;f(y ikj are the terms of the series orpl(y; +A?:) (see equation (7.3)) the last inequality establishes absolute and uniform convergence of the series BKeZk.2, and its holomorphic periodic limit function g- satisfies the inequality Ig-(z)l 5 ylOi(y) (with yl = ~ K I U ~ O ~ ~ , ( & Y ~so )that g E Q . (ii) For an appli) , .; cation to the next lemma we formulate the second part, somewhat pedantically, as followo: Let A, , v E N,be finite subsets of -Yd such that (a) d, c ( (b) U v A v y d Set h; = = . pKeikz, and h , = eze12h;. For any choice of
zk
kedV
the sets -,lim,-= ,= g i n the topology of (5. In fact, for every z, lim, h,(z) = & h, I
g(z), and Ih;(z)l or ,u 0.
<
s y 1 6 t ( y ) ,so that lhvl-v
y1 or lhvlo 9 y1 according as p
&0
LEMMA 3.
(Uniqueness o f the Fourier coeficients.) Let
(4) sequence of be ajixed

=
kdl,
sets as just described, h;ez212.

BK
,Bk( k E Y d ) set o f coeficients, h; a
,5keiR, and h , =
If the sequence {h,}
has a limit g in the topologV o (5, then g- is periodic, and f
= [g-I,.
80
V. BARGMANN
Proof: Fix k. For some y o , k E Avo hence k E A,if v 2 y o . I t follows ; from the corollary to Lemma 2 , Section 7.2, that [h;], = Pk if v 2 v,, . O n any bounded set, g- is the uniform limit of h; ; hence g- is periodic, and [g-Ik = lim, [h;ll, = p k , q.e.d.
7.4. Formulation on Y'. Let v be a periodic distribution, and g = Av. By Lemma 1, Section 7.3, g ( z ) = ezz/2g-(z) = CPk(eg2/2eik"z), and by 3, Section
1.13,
eZ2/2eik'.Z
= Tn14ek2/2A(iL, k) = 2-n/271-nf4ek2/2A
('?k)
where tk(q) = eik'p. 'Thus
Since /Ik = [g-Ik and p' = 2-"I2p, one finds from 117.4)
xk = p-l
Jw;
A ( z , -ik)g ( z ) d n x ,
z =x
+ ;Y,y fixed .
I n terms of distributions our results may be stated as follows.
PROPOSITION Let u be a periodic distribution, so that TZblv u for every vector 7.1. = 1 of the lattice 9. Then u has the unique Fourier expansion u = 2 a k t k , k E Sd , tk(q) = eik'q, converging to v in Y'. The coeficients are (7.5)
z=x+iy.
Here p is the uolume .f the base cell of 2, is the base cell of 2 = 2-1/22', and y is W,' ' jixed but arbitrary. If g = A E v then Iuk[ 5 yleg(k), with some constant y1 . Conversely any set {uk} chosen that Iukl 5 ylOE(k) ( f o r some y1 and some p) determines so
nip,
a unique periodic distribution u with Fourier expansion u = C uktk , and g = Au Since 9 t k = (277)nJ28k, v has the Fourier transfoarm F = (271)n/2CukBk v .
7.5. The case of a regular distribution. If v(q) is summable over W , , equation (7.5) is easily transformed into the conventional formula for the Fourier coefficients. Fix k , and s e t y = 0. Defining B ( x , q) = A ( x , - i k ) A( x , q ) , one finds
P%
=I
wo ,[J-f% q)v(q) d"q] dnx

-
Now B ( x , q ) = ce-ik"xO;l(q - d 2 x) = ce-ik" xO;2(x -- q / d ? ) , where k' = d / 2 k and = T - n / 2 e k 2 / 2 . Since e2i?ik'.l' = 1 , we have B ( x , q - 27r1) = B(x 2 ~ 1 ' q) ,
HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS--I1
81
if I E 9,= 2-'i21 1' of v,
9'. one obtains from (7.1), in view of the periodicity Thus
By (1.19), the inner integral equals e--ik'q; hence
uk = p - l ~ w ~ - i k ~ g v (dnq q)
7.6. A special class of periodic distributions. Let vo E 9 'Then '. v = T2n1voperiodic distribution (generated by vo) if the series converges is a in Y'. This is always the case if v o has compact support. In fact, let g o = Avo E E-p and g = Av. Then A-(T,,,v,) = g;(z - Z d ' ) , and g-(z) = z g ; ( z - 2 7 4 . The support of uo is contained in some ball (141 =( Y), so that, by
zle2
Proposition 6.1,
lg;(z)i =(
re;(z)ec'E'
-2
yec2/2e;(z)eze/z 5
rle;(y)e[v, ( x ) ,
where c = d?, &lyecai2. Hence l;zl y1 = g()
ylO;(y)OiJ(x),and
4 (= rle;(r)ey;;(x
- 2n17 .
As in the proof of Lemma 2, Section 7.3, we conclude from (7.3)that Z gz - 2971') ; ( converges absolutely and uniformly (on bounded sets) to the pqiodic function T2nlv0 converges in 9 ' v. 'to g-(z), that g E Q ; p , and that For the Fourier coefficients one finds
(ii)
uk = p-l
sin
+
A ( z , -ik)g,(z) d"x = p-'
s;
A ( z , -ik){v,,
fl
xz}d n x .
In (i) and (ii), z = x b; y is fixed but arbitrary. If v o is regular and vo(q) summable over R 71 , then
82
V. BARGMANN
EXAMPLE.Choose uo = 6. Set, in (ii), y = 0. Then { u o , and uk = p-l. One obtains the well known formula 62r1 p-l =
z1
x,} = 24(x, 0 ) , Zk .
eik.q
8. Homogeneous Distributions
A distribution u is homogeneous of order i if it satisfies Euler's equation l
l where i may be any complex number ( [ 6 ] , Volume I, Chapter 111, its Fourier transform F this implies that l S v = 9 ( q . 8 ~ = - 8 . u ) (5.9)) or
(8.la)
q
q(slJ)
1.1). For (by
- a(Fv) = - ( n + A ) F u .
A well known example is the distribution
which is regular if 9 e i > -n and which may be defined by analytic continuation l for other values of A. I n addition, rA is orthogonal-invariant, i.e., P,rA = r A for every real orthogonal transformation 0. I n the first part of this section the distributions rA are studied by means of an analysis of their transforms f = Arl. The second part deals with a classification , of homogeneous distributions with respect to the orthogonal group. The main analytic tool is the use of harmonic polynomials and the corresponding decomposition of 3 and of its various subspaces. The distributions y L appear then as primitive building blocks.
8a. Orthogonal-Invariant Distributions

( E ) = ~
8.1. Formal preliminaries. (a) For any complex I?(% k ) / r ( a ) ,SO that
CI
and any k
N we set
(b) In this section we write z2 = w. We recall that the Laplacian of an analytic function h(w) may be expressed as
83
For any positive integer k , A(wkj = 4k(k - 1 (8.3a)

4(wX/an,k)
+ $n)wk-l,or
>
= wk-'/Gn,k-l
cn,?; 4'k! ( i n ) k . =
Note that
(T,~,~
= 1, and crl,k = ( 2 k ) ! .
8.2. Orthogonal-invariant functions in 3. Throughout this section 0 denotes an element of the real orthogonal group O(n, R). L e t f e 3, and let f = be its expansion in homogeneous polynomials of order X- (i.e., pk E )uk ; see Section 3.6). Then V, f = V,p, . Hence V ,f =f if and only if I& .' = pn for all k , and f is orthogonal-invariant (ix., V, f =f for all 0 ) if and only if 1) pk = 0 for odd k, 2) pk = c l p l if k = 21, c l L = const. T h e relations (8.3a) suggest writing a n orthogonal-invariant f in the form f= ykwk//a,,k that so
zkFk
zk
zk
(8.3h)
'lf=
Ykttwklbnsk
It follows that htf(0) = y l , and hence (8.3c)
f = z:@ .A m ,l d
Rrmark. If n 2, it suffices to assume that V,f = f f o r all 0 E SO(n, R ) (the group oforthogonal transformations ofdeterminant 1). Onlyif n = 1 is it necessary to require invariance under the full group (which consists of 1 and - l ) , and a n orthogonal-invariant function is then merely a n even function. 8.3. The distributions r'. (See [GI, Volume I, Chapter I, Volume I, Chapter 11, 4 3.) For complex I,
9, and [ll],
defines a honiogeneous regular distribution which is orthogonal-invariant ({P, fov) = {r", y } ) . In addition it is analytic in A if i%x A > -n, i.e., for every
y E ,Lo, { r l , y} is analytic in I (see Section 4.2). I t suffices to observe that IrAy(q)l is uniformly bounded by the summable function ( ( y ( ( f ( r Y 1 r")@k(q) if % i! y 2 , and k n yz . --n yl
<
> +
, THE MAP ArA. Let f = AP. Then
i.e.,
(8.4a)
84
V. BARGMANN
(see (A.12)). Thusf,(O) may be extended to a meromorphic function with simple poles at 1 = -n - 2k, k E N . The poles are removed by setting , (8.5)
un,a
= (B,(1))-lra
>
gn,A
= Avn,a ,
gn,,(O) = 1 >
and we shall study the analytic continuation of u,., or ofg,,, . As long as 9 8 1 > -n, v n , a satisfies Euler's equation (8.1), and the following conditions are obtained for g n , , (see Sections 5.5 and 4.7) :
*
(8.6)
(a) gn,a(O) = 1 >
(b)
V0gn.A
= gn,a9
(c)
4".
agn.2
= 1gn.n
SOLUTION ( 8 . 6 ) . We drop the restriction 9 4 1 > - n and show: for OF every complex A the equations (8.6) have a unique solution gn,A 3. It follows E that any orthogonal-invariant homogeneous distribution of order A must have the form uA-lgn,A,cc = const. By equation (4.15),
9". 2 = 2 (?, &
=4
Set g;,, = efw/2g *,,, and z * d = E z j dj . Then by (8.6), (8.7)
..
2 (d, + ZJ (d, - z,) .

Ag:,,
2 d,(d, - 2z,)g:,,
rI,k+l= 4(k
= 2Ag:,,
or
= 2(1
+ n + z . d)gl,, .
*
As indicated in Section 8.2, we write g:,, = 2kwk we obtain, using (8.3b),
zky ; z f k ~ k l ~.n ,Since z k

=
n))k
9
dwk =
+ '))yt,k
W)
3
(8.8a)
g:,A
= lFl(=k(A
+ n), in,
+ gn,, = e-"/'lF1(fr(1+ n), 4n, w)

>
yT,k
Here ,Fl is the confluent hypergeometric function
Similarly one finds Ag;,A = 2(1 - z . (8.8b)

g, ; a
Y ; , ~=
gnBn ew/21Fl(-&~, -w) = an,
= ,F,(-$A,
in, - w )
.
This
Comparison of (8.8a) and (8.8b) shows that gn,n( -w) = g,,-,-,(w). implies that, for every complex 1,gn,, E E'.
Proof: By construction, gn,A 6 if 9 4 1> -n. Since the transformation E ' w -+ -w (equivalently, z -+ -iz) preserves the norms I.I,, it follows that gn,, also belongs to 6 if 9 ( - n) > --n, Le., 9 4 A < 0. ' ,-1 Consequently we may extend the definition of vaz.z to all complex A by setting v n . 2 = A-lgn.2 *
85
FOURIER TRANSFORM. By equation (5.7), ($g,,,)(zu) find for all I,, in accordance with (&la),
(8.9)
$gn,i
= g n , J - w ) . Thus we
= gn.-a-n
gun,,
= un,-i-n.
ANALYTICITYu ~ , (OR, g,,J. For every f E @, (f, n , A )is an entire analytic OF ~ g function in 1 (i.e., u n , , is analytic in the whole A-plane). Proof: For 9 8 1 -n the analyticity has been established (in the first paragraph of the present subsection). If W E1 < 0, then (5 g n , a ) = (J$gn,-a-n, \ - /S-l gn,-n-n) is holomorphic because We (-3.. - n) > -n, f,
>
q.e.d.
8.4. Further discussion. If
9 k
>2
- n, then by (8.5)
(8.10a)
(8.10b)
q2un,A
= Jun,a--2 = (1
n)un.l+2 >
where A, = a2/aq3 , the symbol h being reserved for the Laplacian a2/azg. By analyticity these equations extend to all 1. (They also follow from (8.8) and (8.3b), since they correspond to Ag;,, = 2Ag;,n-2 and As:,, = 2 ( A n)g:,j+2 or Y ; , , ~= 2Ay;-,,, and yT,lc+l= 2(A n)yT+,,, , respectively.) In addition, ~
zj
zj
(8.10~) I n fact, log r = a,rA
A, log = B n ( O f U n , - 2
/?,(0) = (47r)n'a.
la=o, with 2,
= 2/81. Hence, = ~ ~ ( A B n ( J - ) u n . ~ - J = Bn(O)un,-z (,?=a

*
log = a a ( B n ( 1 ) A p u n , a )
ll=o
\tre conclude from (8.10) that every v ~may be expressed by regular distri, ~ butions as follows. 1) If &?e 3, > -n, then u ~ = , (/?n(l))-lrA, and ra is regular. ~ 2) If 9 3, 2 % -n,
3, one may always use the first expression for where s is a positive integer. If n a suitable s such that -n < 2s + ,% 0. If n 2 2, the first expression is ! 1< i valid unless 3. is an even negative integer.
DETERMINATION , ~ ~k = -n OF u , , ? . so that
ZJ,,-~
- 2k.
1 ) By (8.8a), gn,-n = e--pc12 = ,n%,
=~
r6. ~ follows from It / ~
(8.10a) that
0;,9r"/~
(8.1 1)
vzz,Ak (-2)'k! =
At 6 ,
Ak = -n - 2 k .
86
V. BARGMANN
2) The residue of rA = ,Bn(A)vn,, at A, is therefore

Res ra
lk
= cr;;,\wn A: 6 ,
An = -n
-2k,
y> n ) ) has the residue 2 ( - l ) k / k ! . (Thus {TI, is a since, at A,, I'(g(i meromorphic function of A with-at most-simple poles at Ak and residues
L D nA : Y ( o ) / b n , k
') From (8.10) and (8.5) one obtains the classical relations
A,+"
= wn7rnJ4 A,vn,,-, = (2
- n)w, S ,
and A, log r = w,S if n = 2.
BOUNDS g, . I t follows from Theorem 4.2, that, on every bounded set FOR ,, in the A-plane, g n a Ais bounded in some norm. More specifically, if -n - p 5 228 i p and 19~ 5 p, then Ign,l)-p 5 bn,p for a suitable constant or, A) equivalently,
8.5. Remarks on , F , . An alternative method of deriving (8.8a) is the following. Insert in (8.7) the formula (8.3) for the Laplacian and 2wd/dw for z d. Then R(A+n),2,n,2gi,, 0, where =
(8.13) If b + k # 0 for all k E N , then the equations f (0) = c, Ra,bf = 0, have the unique holomorphic solutionf(w) = c lFl(a,b, w). Note the identity eWIFl(a, , -w) = ,F,(b - a, b, w),for which (8.8a), (8.8b) 6 provide an example. (Proof For g(w) = eMIFl(a, 6, -w) one finds g(0j = 1, R,-,,,g = 0.) For the derivatives one obtains (8.13a)
-F
dwkl
dk
'
(a, by w) = gk1Fl(a
(b)k
+ k, b + k , w) .
a = -k.
,F1(a, POLYNOMIALS. 6, w) is a polynomial of order k if and only if In terms of Laguerre polynomials

(8.13b)
(y
1)k
iFi(--k, y
+ 1,
W)
= k ! Lg(w) .
** If W e A
)= 0, one may use the estimate (1.1 Id) and a similar estimate applies to the interval
0 2 9 8 2 2 -&z. Since the Fourier transform preserves norms, it follows from equation (8.9) that lgn,II-p 6 n , p as asserted.
87
The expressions for g n , A yield some well known relations for Hermite polynomials. By (8.8a), g;,-n = cW, g&+ = e-" ,F,(-k, &z, w ) , and by (8.10a),
4 k gn,-n
(-4)k(in)kgn,-n-2k
. Thus
(8.14)
eU'(Akcza) (-4)k(&n)k1F1(-k, w ) = (-4)'k! Lp-z)'z(w) = in,
. .
If n = 1, then elu(akP) H , k ( z ) . Since dH,,+,/dz = 4(k f l)Hzk+, (see = (A.22)), one obtains from (8.13a)
(8.14a)
H2k+l(z)= ( - 4 ) k ( ~ n ) , 2 z , F 1 ( - - k , w ) = (-4)'k! 8,
~ZJ$~(W)
(See, for example, Szego [ 111, Chapter V.)
8b. Classitication of Homogeneous Distributionsz5 8.6. Harmonic polynomials and the spaces 3,. Throughout this subsection we assume n 2. 1) Harmonic polynomials of order &denoted by Y,(z)-are homogeneous polynomials o I-th degree which satisfy the Laplace equation A Y , = 0. They f form a linear subspace p of 'p, (see Section 3.6). ': It is a basic fact that every polynomialp E ! has a unique decomposition: &
(8.15) (For a simple proof, see van der Waerden [13], p. 13.) This implies for
vi = dim
(8.15a)
9' ;
vb=1, vi=n,
V ~ = V ~ - V ~ if ~1 5 2 , -
v,=dirn!Jlp,.
For any positive integer k and any Y , E @ ,
A(wkYY,) 4k(k - 1 =
+ &n + I)wL-'Y,,
'
as is readily verified. I n analogy to (8.3a) we may write
(8.16)
A(wkyt/on+21,k)
= wk-lyl/Gn+Zt,k-l
2 ) If 1 # 1', then ( Y z, Yi.) = 0 because Y , and Yip are homogeneous polynomials of different degrees. Consider next u = ( W ' Y , , wk'Y;,), and assume Let k' 2 k. Since zj and d, are (X f 0, which implies that 2k + I = 2k' + I'. adjoint (see end of Section 4.5), u = ( Y , , Ak((wk'Yi,)).By (8.16), Ak(wk'Yl'.) 0 = if k > k'. Thus k = k', 1 = l', and 0: = C I , + ~ , , ~ , Y,'). {Y~
25 In this part a number of derivations are omitted or only briefly sketched. Most of them, however, are fairly straightforward.
88
V. BARGMANN
Choose in every ! a fixed basis of orthonormal elements Y , , , 1 # i.e., such that ( Y l t ,Y L f , = d,,. . l h e n we have )
2t
v; ,
It follows that the elements wkY,, are pairwise orthogonal in every IlwY,tIIi = ,+2l,k$+2k (see (3.13a)) 3) A dzferentiationformula.26 For any holomorphic g(w)
5*and
that
( Y , ( d ) is constructed by substituting the differential operators d j for the variables (8.18) is a special case of Hobsons differentiation formula, but it is easy to obtain it directly by induction on I , the case I = 0 being trivial. (Let I > 0, and assume (8.18) for 1 - 1 . Set X , = diY, so that LY, = z j X j , and lY,(d)g = d,(X,(d)g). Since X j E YE,, X , ( d ) g may be computed from (8.18), and the desired result follows.) 4) For harmonic polynomials Y,(q) of real variables-equivalently for spherical harmonics r-Y,(q)-an inner product is naturally defined by an average over the unit sphere in R, ,
ti.) Equation
zi
I9
(8.19)
(do(q) = Euclidean measure). One finds that
Proof: Hence,
For y o = ~
- ~ f ~ e Avo = l1 ~ , - ~ ~ and
Afp,, eu12, by 5, Section 1.13. =
A+(Y,(q)yo) 2-z2Y,(d)eW2= 2-r/zYL(z)ew/2 = ,

by (8.18), i.e., A( Y,p,) = 2-12Yl(z). Thus, with s = g ( l
+ l),
and (8.19a) follows (from on = 2 ~ ~ / r ( i n ) )

p6
See Hobson
31, p.
124.
a9
\Ve mention that A-l maps the functions w k Y z t / Z / d n 1 2 1 , k the complete into orthonormal system
on ! J~ L 2 ( ! R n(see (8.13b)). Here y = 1 +n - 1. ? ,= ) cij The spaces 3. Let f = C p, E 3, ps E 12,. Every p, may be decomposed according to (8.15) so that, in terms of the basic functions Y,, ,ps = C ak,twk1711t, I 2X; = s, with uniquely determined coefficients M . Hence
As can be shown, the series converges absolutely and uniformly on bounded sets in
C . Finally, setting f i t =
2 akltwk,we obtain
k=O
To express the coefficients x by the derivatives off a t 0, note that, by (8.17),

bn4ZZ,kaklt
= (wky,t> Ps) = (1, y ~ t ( dAkPs>= P,t(d) AkPs(0)* )
Here s = 1 2k, and P,, = KY,, (Section 5.1). Since, at z = 0, the s-th order derivatives off and of p , coincide, (8.20b) Let
v;
ClkZt
(n4-2L.k)-PZt(d)
Afo)
*
szbe the linear subspace of 3 containing all functions of the form g =

~ ~
h , ( w ) Y , , , the functions h, being necessarily holomorphic. Equation (8.20aj
t=l
is then the decomposition of any f E 3 into its components in 3L( 3 contains all orthogonal-invariant elements of 3). Every 3p admits the corresponding decomposition 5= C @ into the pairwise orthogonal subspaces C,p,L= 3p n 3. \Ye mention the following. I f f 5p(@), then in (8.20a)f i t E 5p+z (WL) for every 1 and t . 6) Group-theoretical remarks. The decomposition into the subspaces 3zhas primarily a group theoretical significance. Every CF is invariant under all p operations V , , and the operators Yo restricted to q define an irreducible represen; tation, say 9;, O(n, R). Moreover, two different representations 9;and of
90
V. BARGMANN
9:,# If, are inequi~alent.~' (For n 2 3 this remains true if O ( n , R ) is replaced 1 by SO(n, R ) . For n = 2, different 9; remain inequivalent, but they are no longer irreducible if restricted to the Abelian group SO(2, R ) , excepting the trivial case 1 = 0.) Similarly, ~ ~ ' $ 3 : ~ i.e., the space of all w k Y , , is invariant under all Vo and carries the representation 53;. (Thus, for example, is decomposed into the pairwise orthogonal subspaces each of which carries the same irreducible representation of O(n, R ) . ) As a simple consequence of Schur's lemma we have the following proposition : Let T be a linear operator mapping 3-or any of its subspaces which are invariant under Vo (such as Q, Q', BP)-into 3, and assume that TV, = V,T for all 0. Then f E implies that T E 3,. More precisely, if, for fixed g (E 3 ) and 1, f O gY,, are in the domain of T, then T(gY,,) = hY,, (for all t ) where h (E 3') depends only on I and on g. Note that no further restrictions are placed on T. I n essence our discussion of homogeneous distributions is based on this proposition since the operator T = * 8 by which these distributions are defined satisfies the hypothesis TV, = VoT. The proposition, however, will not be used explicitly; the relevant results will be obtained by direct construction. 7 ) The operators M , . For any f E 3 we define, in terms of the decomposition
iriPr1
sz
(8.20a), M ,f =
2 fltY1,.
t=1
"1
Evidently the linear projections M , satisfy the
following conditions: (a) M , 3 = f E 3" and 1' # 1. Using (8.20b) one obtains M ,f =
sz,(b) M , f =J'
iff
3',
(c) M l f = 0 if
z:k,t
u,,,wkYy,, i.e., ,
for all f E 3. If 1 = 0, Adof = c;,lpk A"f(O), and equation ( 8 . 3 ~ ) appears as k=O a special case for f E 3'. Representation theory yields a second expression for M , : (8.21a) Here dO denotes invariant (Haar) integration on O ( n , R),the integral extends over the whole group (whose measure is normalized to unity), and xf is the character of the representation 9; . (For 1 = 0, v; := 1 and x: = 1.)
2 7 This may be established in a fairly simple way by induction on the dimension n. One may of course also use the results of representation theory. Harmonic polynomials of order 1 can be identified with symmetric tensors (of rank I ) with vanishing traces. In Weyl's notation the representation 9 , 2 3, is characterized by the following choice off,: fl = I, fa = . . . = 0. (See :n [ 4 , Chapter VII, 0 9.) 1]
91
It is easily shown that every M , is a properly bounded operator on (5 and that M = hf, (see Sections 4.4, and 4.5). On every : M , is the orthogonal pro-
jection onto 3 P , , . In the notation of Section 3.13,
sp,
M, = vi fxt(0-l) V , dO ,
Thus Mafis simply the group average of V0$
Mo =/vo d o .
8 7 The case n = 1. If n = 1, the decomposition into the subspaces 3, .. degenerates into the trivial decomposition 3 = 3 0 3l, where 3 and 3 consist O of even and odd functions, respectively. The formal machinery, however, remains applicable, and it is not necessary to treat the one-dimensional case separately. In fact, here A Y , = d2Y,/dz2= 0 ; hence 1 = 0 or 1, vi = v; = 1, and there are only two functions Y,, , namely, Yo, = 1, Y,, = z. Equation (8.21a) reduces to 1 =0, 1 * ( M , f)(4= t ( . f ( z ) ( - l ) Y ( - 4 ) 5
f + eu2f. Then =
8.8. Homogeneous distributions. Let q * = Iv. Set f = Av, and ( g * 2 - A ) f = 0 or, by equation (8.7),
av
R,f+ = (A - 2(1
+n + ~.d))j+ 0. =
and
so that, by (8.13),
BA(~Y= 4(R(~+,+,),~,~+~/zh)Y~. ,)
Writing f = C f l t ( w ) Y , ,andf+ = Z f $ Y , ,
( : = ew2fit), we have therefore f
B,f+ = P A ( f t , Y , t ) = 4
l,t
z (R(nsr+,),z.l+n,2f$)Ylt :
l,t
w:+2,,,-1
Thus B , f+ = 0 ifand only if Rcl+n+,)/2,1+n,2f$ 1 and t-equivalently = 0 for all if and only if
ftt(w) = E l f 1&(B(n
+ n + 4 1 + 4% 4 =
(4
(see equation (8.8a)) with some constant m l t . Setting state the following result:
Et M , ~ Y= ,Y , we may &
92
V. BARGMANN
A distribution u is homogeneous of order 31 zfand onb ;ff Av has the form =

(8.22)
f(Z)
= ZI&(w)Y,(4
gF,,,(w)
= gn-72z.1-1(4 .
Since Y 1 ( - i z ) = i - ' Y Z ( z ) ,and g L , A ( - ~ ) = gk,-n.-,(w), by (8.9), one obtains for the Fourier transform (8.22a)
($3 z ) = 2 i-zg:,-n-,(4 ( 1
Y,(Z)'
ANALYTICITY gi,AYz It follows from the estimate (8.12) that, for fixed OF . Y , , g f , , A Ydefines a family of distributions which, in the whole d-plane, is analytic , in L. Remark on the one-dimensional case. For n = 1, equation (8.22) solves the problem mentioned in 4, Section 5.6. For every A the equation ( q . a - 31)g = 0 has precisely two linearly independent solutions in E', namely, g,,,(z2) and Z ~ ~ , , - ~ ( Z ~ ) .
8.9. Connection with the distributions r'. I t remains to relate the distributions just obtained to 7'. Let Y , be a harmonic polynomial to be keptjxed. Then the following two distributions are homogeneous of order 2:
(8.23)
(a) Y1(q)rk--l,
(b) Y,(a)rA++l.
At first we assume 94~ > 1. The differentiation forrnula (8.18) is applicable to I (b) and yields
I we , by (8.18), (8.13a) and (8.22). Inserting the value of / , obtain, for W e J
> 1,
Set for all d
93
so that u ; , is a holomorphic family of homogeneous distributions. Then, by (8.24), ~
(8.25a)
Y1(q)rL-z= P n * L ( 1 ) 4 , A
if 9?e 3, > 1. This equation also defines a meromorphic extension of Y,r"-l with simple poles at A = 1 - 1 = -n - 2k - I , k E N (see Section 8.4). , \Ve note the following relations:
(8.26a) (8.26b)
A,uf,, = (1 - O U f , & 2
They follow from (8.25a), (8.23c), and (8.5) for 928 1 > I, and by analyticity for all 1. For the Fourier transform one finds S V ; , ~ = i-zuk,-n-L (see (8.22a)).
(i(1.
8.10. Further discussion. 1) Determination O ~ V ~ , , , ~ . If 1 = 1 - I, then , - 1 2)), = (-1)"(&(n 2 k ) ) , . Hence, from (8.11) and (8.26b),
Un, 1 h-
( o n + Z l , k ) - 1(
- 1 ) ,+12,-1/2k! r"/4yl(') A: 6
and one obtains the residue (8.27)
2) It is instructive to examine the integral I(1,y ) = jY,(q)ia--ly(q) dnq directly ( y E 9 While 1(1,y ) , in general, fails to converge absolutely if 928 1 ) . -n, its principal value I,,(& y) is defined for W e 1> -n - I , and Io(A,y ) also
furnishes the analytic continuation of the distribution YLrA-z, including the residues (8.27). Set u i ( q ) = rA-lY,(q) and, for 0 < e < 1,
u1,w) =
\\'rite where
jIdP i
d"q
>
441, Y ) = lim U J , w)
E-0
1AA w)
~ ~ y) = (1,
y)
+ v ,) y
>
uA+ dnq and
b ( 1 , y )=
ESIPI 2 1
tat21
uA+dnq.
The integral b ( 1 , y ) is absolutely convergent for every 1, and b(1,y) is holomorphic in A. As usual we separate from y a section of its Taylor series:
y =
5,
+ ys,
Cs(4) =
Iml
2 s u["'~[mlY(o)l[m!l 5
Y
94
V. BARGMANN
V'
Assume Y , =
t=1
PtY,, . Then
If s 1 - 1, the inner integral vanishes (as follows from (8.15) and (8.19a)) so that a e ( l , 5,) = 0, and Io(l,y ) = u o ( l , y s ) b(1,y ) is holomorphic if 9?e 1 > - n - 1 as asserted. In order to evaluate ~ ~ (5,) ,we set 5, = G L X ~ ~ , ,~ 1'J ~ 2k Y s. ~ , 1 ~ ~ According to (8.17) and (8.19a),
so that
If W e 1 > -1 - n, then ue(A, 5,) converges to a,(&
c,), and
(To obtain pk apply (8.20b) to

Iml
5,
and use the fact that a c m l ~ , ( 0 ) &"]y(O) if =
5.)
SUMMARY. If B?e 1 > -n, then { Y L y A - ' , y > = I(A, y ) . Here I(1,y ) is (a) an absolutely converging integral which is holomorphic in A,and I ( 1, y ) = I,( 1,y ). (b) Io(L, y ) remains well defined and holomorphic as long as 9 e L > -n - I, and it admits then for every s the decomposition
(c) The right-hand side of this equation defines a meromorphic analytic continuation of I , into the half-plane W e 1 > --n - s - 1. Only the first term u o ( l , 5,) has poles (at 3Lk - I, see (8.28a)), and the residues pk are consistent with (8.27). (d) For the distributions v : , ~we find: 1) If :%e 1 > -n - I, { u : , ~ , y } = -(/ln,z(il))-lZo(A,. 2) If .C~?EA < --I, we may use (8.2613) because then g # 0. y) :
95
Thus {u:,~, y } = (-1)'(a:)-l{~~,~+~, and integral representations for P,(a)y}, I have been determined in Section 8.4. u n,
8.11. The one-dimensional case (see Section 8.7) is of course well known. Here we deal with the distributions lqlA, 1 = 0, and q . lqlA-l = (sgn q ) lqlA, 1 = 1. Equation ( 8 . 2 3 ~reduces to )
d IqlA++l/4 (1 =
+ l)(sgn 9 ) 1qIA.
= (2k) !, and = (2k
To transcribe (8.27) we note that w1 = 2, Thus, with 1 = -1 - 2k, ,
+ 1) !.
~ 3 ~ ' "denoting the m-th derivative of 6. )
Appendix
AI. Scheme for a convergence proof. The following elementary scheme is used on several occasions and is formulated here for easier reference. Given a sequence {ai} and two double sequences {bij} and { c i j } of non-negative real numbers such that
(i) bij (iij cij If ai 2 bij
< E for all i i f j 2 j,,(E) < if i 2 io(j,E ) .

E
(uniform convergence),
+ cij (for all i , j ) , then limi ai
= 0.
1. + 8.
Proof: Set j , = j O ( Q e ) , and i, = io(jl,4 ~ ) . Then, for i 2 i, = 8 , q.e.d.
ai 5 b i, j,
+ ci,jl <
Remarks. 1. There is an obvious generalization to the case where i, j or both are continuous variables. 2. The scheme clearly applies if ai 5 max (bij , c i j ) .
AIL The functions 5 (see Section 1.4).

a. BASICINEQUALITIES. 1. For u, v E
(A.1)
1
cn,
+ IU + 2I.
4(1
5 K2(1
lUI2)(1
lVl2) >
= ($)'I2.
Proof
The difference
A
= i
+ lulz)(l + 1~1') - 3(1 + + 4')

lil
may be written as the sum of three non-negative terms,
A = I U - uI2
Equality holds if u = u, /uI2 =
+ 12U. u - 1la + 4(luf21 ~ - (U~ . ~1') 1
4.
96
2. For any two vectors a, b E (.4.2a) (A.2b)
la
V. B A R G M A N N
c,and 0 < 1 < 1,

2 I la12
+ b12
la
- -lbI2 1-1
- Ibl2,
+ bI2 I- $ la\
=1 .
3 . If the vectors a, b, c satisfy the equation a
+ b + c = 0, then by (A.l)
1
Hence
+ la12 s 271 + lb12)(1 +
Icl2)
lb12
5 ,a(l
Ia12)(1
lc12)
(A.6b)
INEQUALITIES. 1 For a complex number y # 0 set ,1 = min . ! I b. FURTHER and p2 = max ( I y l , 1rl-l). For real p one readily finds
(/?I, 1yI-l)
(A.7)
2. If u
pple;(a)
> 0, then 0Fa(s), s E R ,
T;
s qya) ! $ ~ ; ( ~.) 5p
is bounded. Its maximum
=1
T;
is
= O;.(O)
if
6u,
(4.8)
97
Proof:
@ , ( u i 1 9 , ~ ( u ) = OFf.,(ui
5TZ-~.
c. IUTEGR~L INEQUALITIES. 1. Dq5nition. Let (.4.10) (The integral converges (a) if a

= T-""
> 0, (b) if
s
GL
6;'(q) dnq ,
go.
= 0, p
< -n.)
For any a E
R nand 0~ 2 0,
Proof: BY (x.3),e;(q
+ a ) 0 T U ( q ) s . l ~ l e ~ ( ~ ) e p , , ( q ) e= ( ~ ~ d
-it,- = (Z/a)"", jf,n < ~ f ~ ( 4 / a ) ~ / ~ .
KIPIo;(a)e;;IPI(q).
2. The case a
(X.lla) (h.llb1 Proof:
Ta/Z,+2
> 0.
(a, ",;;
is a Laplacian integral.
( q j , we havejf,,
< ~;'"j!i .
(b) Since O;'(q)
= e;a'2(q)0,a'2(q)
3. Set v = q2 and introduce polar coordinates. The Euclidean area of the unit sphere (141 = 1; equals
(.4.12)
Hence, if
(A. 12a)
(x
w, = 2 x n / 2 / r ( ; 4
0,
jz,fl = (r(&nj)-l
(Note that this holds also for n = 1, with the choice w = 2 in accordance with (A.12j.)
e-a"'2(1
+ v)pi2v(n-2)/2dv.
4. The case GL
> 0, p > 0, n
2 2. Here
du
Setting
UJ
= 1
1% +
e-aui2U(~+n-2)12
< r(gn)GSn gS,
05
e-a8/2(l
+ ,)(p+n-z)/zdu.
D,
one obtains for the right-hand integral dw
ea:21ee-a"'Z111(p+"~z)iz
< ea/2
'Thus (A.131
(2/ai(p+n)izr(q(p n))
Ix
e-aw/2W(p+n-z)/2
dLe,.
< r(&n)j;,nea/2(2/~)(P+n)i2T(~(p) . < + n)

1. For
ti
5 . The case a = 1, p the rough estimate

(A. 13a)
> 0, n
= 1 we mention, without detailed derivation,
2(P+1)'2r(B(p + I ) )
< r(B)&< e1122(p+*)'2r(4(p + 1))
which is used in Section 1.12.
98
6. The case cz = 0, p
(A.14)
V. BARGMANN
<
-n.
IN,v
=I
m
We need here the formula u"-l(l
+ u)-v
dv = B ( p , 'V
(Setting
- p) ,
v>p>O,
we obtain IN,"=
where B denotes Euler's Beta function. p ( 1
= v/(l
+ u)
QV-fl-1
dt.)
Let p = (A.15)
-0, 0
> n.
Then
.L,n =
r(t(a- n))/r(+) .
= In12,012 B(&, :=
Proof: By (A.12a) and (A.14), I'(gn)j?,,, Let /3 > 0. Then
- n)).
(A.16)
F " / ~ J (+ ? ~ / q2)-"'2 dnq = /?n-"jp_,,n
.
.
Thus
7. Integrals over E n . These correspond to integrals over R ,

n
(A.17)
Since Qn(z) = nn e-lz12 dnz,one finds for example
AIII. Hermite polynomials.

a. DEFINITION AND (A.18) If rn = (inl, *
* *
GENERATING FUNCTION.
1. For any multi-index m define :

ZEC,.
e - Z 2 f f m ( z ) = ( - 1 ) l m l dim] e--2',
, m,) and z = (zl,
- - , z,),
*
then
(A.18a)
2. Generating function G ( t , z ) . Let t E t [ " ] f f m ( z ) / [ r n ! ] .Thus
e-za
zm
Ea.
The Taylor expansion of e-(z-t)z (in t ) is
(A.19) Expand both factors of G, e-ta and e 2 t ' z , in powers o f t : (A.20)
99
e@G(t,z ) yields the
where (2z)Ikl = equations
( Z Z ? ) ~ ? 21kl~[k1. = Similarly, the relation

j
2t.z =
(A.21:
expressing the monomials zrm] as linear combinations of Hermite polynomials. b. THE MODIFIED
HERMITE POLYNOMIALS
H,
. DeJnition:
In analogy to (L4.19)-(A.21)we have
ezz&m(z) = dcm] eza .
It is readily verified that
k m ( z ) = ilmlHm(-iz).
(A. 19a)
(A.20a)
( A 2 1a)
c. RECURSION RELATIONS FOR n = 1. From the identities (i) aG/az = 2tG, (ii) .3G/at = - t ) G one obtains the classical relations
2(z
(i2.22)
(.A. 2 3 ;I
dH,.+Jdz
= 2(m
+ 1)H, ,
dH,/dz = 0 ,
f
Hl = ZzH,,
Hm+l= 2(zHm - mH,-,)
m h l .
d . ESTIMATES n = 1. The following inequalities hold: FOR
(.4.24)
I H ~ ~ ( 2 ) I2 , e,z Z2 ~ () ;
I H ~ ~ + ~ ( Z ) I22s++'(s
+ I ) ! it1 e;s(z) .
They are obvious for s = 0 (H, = 1, Hl = 22) and follow for all other s by induction from (A.23). Replace the second inequality in (A.24) by
IH2s+l(z)I 5 22s+1(s
Then for all m (A.24a)
+ I ) ! Ols+l(z) . + I ) ] ! eL(zj ,
ZC,
IH,(z)l 5 Zm[+(m
where [ [ I denotes the integral part of the real number E , i.e., the largest integer not exceeding 5. e. ESTIMATES FOR
ARBITRARY
n. From (A.18a) and (A.24a) one obtains, for all z

Y
Cn,
9
(A.25)
IHm(4
s 2'm'B,m,eo,,(Z)
(i)
!k
by means of the inequalities: (iii) r]: kj! 2 k ? ) ! ,kj E N.
(29
zj 2 [zj] , [tj] tj
[h(k + n)l!
if
/A
(ii) O:(zj)
O() :t
2 0,
100
V. BARGMANN
List of Symbols and Definitions 28

1. SETSAND
FUNCTION SPACES.
IR, R+, R,, C, C,, (Section l . l ) , @+ (Section 1,2), Ck, 9; N C, (Section 1.5), Y, (Section 1.6), Y 9 (Section 2.5), 3 (Section 1.7), Q (Section 1.14), ;
Ep, E (Section 1.15), E(Section 2.12), (Section 1.17), 9, (Section 2.1), 113 ps (Section 3.6), Bp (Section 3.8), 3 (Section O.l), 5 (Section 3,1), (Section 3.12).
(sp)
2. MEASURES.
dq ((1.7), Section 1.8),dz, dp, ((1.22), Section 1.18), d U ,((3q1), pP Section3.1).
3. NORMS.
Jnl
Il.llb
(Section l.l), 1 .1 ; (Section 3.12).
(Section 1.6),
1.1
(Section 1.15), J j - J J p (Section 3.1),

FORMS.
PRODUCTS ; HERMITIAN 4. INNER
(SESQUILINEAR)
a . b (Section l . l ) , (
,)
(Section 1.18), { , } (Section 2.5), (
,) p
(Section 3.1).
5. OPERATIONS.
drnl (Section 1.3), A, A+, A- (Sections 1.8 and 2.12), Q (Section 1.17), , W (Section 1.19), J b , JF (Section 4.5), V,, V , , V,, A, (Section 4.6), q, $ (Section 4.7), P = A-lVA, T a , b T, (Section 5.4), Po (Section 5.7), 9, , 5
(Section 5.8). 6. FUNCTIONS AND
DISTRIBUTIONS.
qCml, zCml (Section
1.3), u (Section 1.7), A , A+, ,

A
it-,
v m (Section 1.8), x,, e , ,

t p (Section
t , (Section 1.13), H,, H , (AIII), 0; (Section 1.4 and AII), e,P, 3.8), 6 , 6 , , 8, 8, (Section 2.10), u k (Section 3.6).
7. CONSTANTS.
(A.8), CO, (A.12),& K (A.l), 3.7), a. ((8.3a), Section 8.1). ,
8. OTHER SYMBOLS. [mi,[m!] (Section 1.3),f+, f- (Section 1.7), M ( r , f ) (Section 1.15), sp(m) (Section 2.1), 0 (Section 5.10, l l ) , (Section 1.16, footnote 6).
(A.10),
vsp (Section
3.6),cp
,ci,
c ;
(Section
9. DEFINITIONS.
Multi-index (Section 1.3). Convergence in eP(Section 2.2), in (5 (Section 2.3), in a (Section 4.1). Fundamental set (Section 2.1), I-invariant set (Section
** In general only those symbols and definitions are mentioned which are used in several sections.
101
2.1), ,?-regular element (Section 2.1), analytic functionals (Section 4.2), f'unctionals on (5' (Section 4.3). Linear operators on (5 and (5' (Section 4.4), properly bounded operators (Section 4.4), adjoint operators (Section 4.5).
Bibliography
[ l ] .\ronszajn, N., Theocy o reproducing kernels, Trans. Amer. hlath. SOC.,\'oL 68, 1950, pp. 337f 404. [2] Bargmann, I. On a Hilbert space of analytic functions and an associated integral transform. Part I , ', Clomm. Pure Appl. Math., 1'01. 14, 1961, pp. 187-214. [3] Bargmann, \'., On the representations of the rotation group, Rev. of Mod. Phys., Vol. 34, 1962, pp. 829-845. [4] Bergman, S., T h e Kernel Function and Conformal Mapping, Mathematical Surveys No. V, .American Mathematical Society, S e w York 1950. [5] Dunford, N. and Schwartz, J. T., Linear Operators, Part I . Interscience Publishers, New York, 1958. [6] Gel'fand, I. M. and Shilov, G. E., Generalized Functions, Vol. I, 11, Fizmatgiz, Moscow, 1959, 1958. (In Russian.) [7] Gel'fand, I. M. and Vilenkin, N. Y., GeneralizedFunctions, 1'01. IV, Fizmatzig, Moscow, 1961. (See also the English translation of Vols. I and IV: Generalized Functions. Academic Press, New York, 1964, and the French translation of Vol. 11, Les Distributions, Dunod, Paris, 1962.) [8] Grossmann, A., Hilbert spaces oftype S , Journ. of Math. Phys. Vol. 6, 1965, pp. 54-67. f [9] Hobson, E. LV., T h e Theor). o Spherical and Ellipsoidal Harmonics, Cambridge University Press, 1931. [ 101 Plancherel, hl. and Pblya, G., Fonctions entiires et inte'grales de Fourier multiples, Comment. Math. Helv. Vol. 9, 1936, pp. 224-2.18; Vol. 10, 1937, pp. 110-163. [ 111 Schwartz, L., The'orie des Distributions, Hermann, Paris, 1957, 1959. [ 121 Szego, G., Orthogonal Pobnomials, Colloquium Publications, '4merican Mathematical Society, New York, 1959. [ 131 Van der LVaerden, B. L., Die Gruppentheoretische A4ethode i n der Quantenmechanik, Springer, Berlin, 1932. [14] IVeyI, H., The Classical Groups, Princeton University Press, 1946.
Received June, 1966.

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COMMUNICATIONS ON PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS, VOL XX,

On a Hilbert Space of Analytic Functions and an Associated Integral Transform

C , is the n-dimensional complex Euclidean space, (zI2=

The mapping f = Ay is defined by

where z2 = 2 z; , q2 = E 4 5 , z * q = functions xz(q) = A(Z, q ) , (0.2a)

I t will be convenient to define, for f E

The distribution v is regular if, for a suitable function u ( q ) ,

If u ( q ) E &, then {u, Y > = ( v , Y)E, = (g,f

xz)is holomorphic (see (O.Za)), and

HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-I1

or equivalently, since CP+l c

(Ay)(z) {y, x Z > =

As was proved in Part I, Section 1, the monomials

Lastly we recall from Part I that

H,,, (4,) are Hermite poIynomials.

HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-11

- 6 = 2 ajbi for the inner product

of two vectors a, b and la] for the norm

(Ija j ( 2 ) 1 /of a (both in the real and the complex case); ( 2

+ 6, x,y E IR,, so that, for

HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-I1

The monomials qIml and zLmlare defined as

zim, . The operators

a/aqi and a/ati are denoted, respectively, by aj and d j .

Occasionally it is useful to introduce (1.3a)

so that the Leibniz rule takes the simple form

For any u in IR, or C m define we (1.4a) In particular, (1.4b) (1.4c)

e p ) = (I + e; = Clearly, 0;. q; = P+P e; e1; = I ,

9; consists of all functions y

which satisfy an inequality of the form

9; (i) y E Ck, (ii) there exists a if

The following simple result will be useful.

2 0, 9; l=O L Y ~ + ~ - ~ ,(1.5) c n i.e.,

implies the additional

, k , with suitable positive

HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-I1

DEFINITION For any y 1.

i DEFINITION Y ks the set of all functions y 2.

i.e., DEFINITION Y = y k , Y consists 3. all norm 11 y 1; arejnite. =O

of those functions y E C for

f(z ) on C, denoted by 3 (or 3) is ,

An element f of 3 may be expressed as f ( 2 ) = however, we shall write (1.6b)

2, amz[ml. More frequently,

lb. The Mapping f = Ay

HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-11

and on inserting the expansion (1.9d) in the integral (1.7) we find

Then, by (1.lOa)) If-(z)l jy ~ r - ~ / ~ e "O;(q)f&'(q J * (I.lld) (I.lle)

- xd2) dnq, hence

y K I P ' 7 f n ' 4 - l'l [ , n ip

Ifqz(z)is a bound for all Id["]f-(z)l with Iml = 1, we find

By Taylor's formula,f-(z) = F(1) = p , ( z )

we find from (1.13a)

Note that erz'vz 5 ery2 5 e r ( l i V a ) -

1. Hence Irk(z)l is majorized by

Then, for positive u,

Hence w,(l + y 2 ) 2 eO?,,(y), and we find the desired estimate

HILBERT SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS-11

1.11. We may now prove the following result.

> 0, p 2 0 , then f = Ay is holomorphic, and I() 5 y ' e t + k ( x ) e y k ( y ) f'/

with some constant y'.

ple;(x)O!zk(~)O;(z) for some p1 .

< O:(z), (1.15b) implies that Ir,(r)l 2