06/10/2010

Seismic Interpretation
QAB 2054 Seismic Spectral Attributes Geoscience and Petroleum Engineering Department
6th October 2010

Outline of lecture:o Seismic attributes in perspective o Seismic stratigraphic analysis o Seismic wave propagation o Seismic spectral analysis o Spectral decomposition (specdecom) attributes o Application of specdecom attributes
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Outcomesofthelecture:
Knowledgeofseismicwavespectrums Awareofspectralanalysisprocedures Describeapplicationofspecdecom in seismicinterpretationjob Interpretation skill in seismic Interpretationskillinseismic stratigraphic domains

SeismicAttributesarespecificmeasuresof geometric,kinematic,dynamic,and statisticalfeaturesderivedfromseismicdata

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Measuresof: Reflectoramplitudeandtime,energybetweenformationtopand

bottom(reflectors),reflectordipandazimuth,illumination, coherence,amplitudeversusoffsetandspectraldecomposition
Th Thegeneralattributescanrelatedirectlytostratigraphic l tt ib t l t di tl t t ti hi deposition(depositionalfacies),tectonicdeformation,and reservoirproperties

ATTRIBUTE CLASSIFICATION

GEOMETRIC

SPECTRAL

AVO

. . .

DIP / AZIMUTH CURVATURE COHERENCY

. .

INSTANTANEOUS (Amp, freq, phase) SPEC. DECOMP

Acoustic Impedance Elastic Impedance Intercept Gradient

WAVEFORM CLASS

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GEOPHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION

GEOPHYSICAL EXPERTISE
SEISMOLOGY - Seismic Survey Design - Survey and Positioning y g - Seismic Data Acquisition - Seismic Data Processing - OBC 4 C / Shear Seismic 3D Visualisation Volume Interpretation - AVO & Rock Physics - Seismic Inversion - Structural Modeling & Imaging - Seismic Attribute Analysis - Time Lapse Seismic

GEOPHYSICS

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

QUATITATIVE GEOPHYSICS

Exploration Success Through Innovative Solutions

GEOMORPHOLOGY

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: : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Erosional Truncation

Top Lap

Concordance
Seismic Attributes should able to Help the identification of these Geological fealures. Dip / Azimuth Coherency Instantaneous Attribute

: : : :: : : : : : :: :: : : : : : :: :: : : : On lap

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: : : :

: : : : :

: : : :

: : ::: :::::::: : ::: :::::::: : ::: :::::::: : Down lap

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SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

Classify the Seismic Section into Geological Units based on

Amplitude Frequency Continuity

Amplitude

Frequency

Continuity

L M H

L M H

L M H
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Seismic Waves
Surface Waves

Body Waves

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Body Wave Types

wave direction

1. P-waves
Particle motion parallel to wave propagation

2. S-waves
Particle motion perpendicular to wave propagation

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Seismic Wave Propagation

An impulsive force like a blast from dynamite source or Air gun creates a seismic wave that propagates in the earth . Waves can travel inside the earths body or on the surface of the earth Wave t pes : Wa e types There are two types of waves : Body waves like P Longitudinal waves and S: Shear waves .Surface waves are called Rayleigh and Love waves. In contrast to body waves ( in seismic band ) surface waves are attenuative and dispersive.

BODY WAVE : P & S Particle motion in P waves is in the same direction as the wave, . P waves are caused primarily by change in volume . P wave velocity depend hence on Bulk modulus K Longitudinal P wave (Compressional & Refraction)

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TRANSVERSE OR SHEAR WAVE

Shear Wave on the other hand are created due to shape change caused by shear rigidity () Particle (). motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave.

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SEISMIC REFLECTION PROCESS IN EXPLORATION

Fig 1(b)

Fig 1(a) The physical process of reflection is illustrated above for one reflector in (a) and several successive reflector in depth in ( b), There are commonly several layers beneath the earth's surface that contribute reflections to a single seismogram. The unique advantage of seismic reflection data is that it permits mapping of many horizon or layers with each shot.

Figure 2 indicates the arrivals that recorded on a multichannel seismograph. Note that the subsurface coverage is exactly one-half of the surface distance across the geophone spread. The subsurface sampling interval is one-half of the distance between geophones on the surface

Multi-channel recordings for seismic reflection

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Vertical (Temporal) Resolution Limits

Resolved Layer Full Wavelength Resolved Layer Half Wavelength Unresolved Layer (Detected) Quarter Wavelength No Layer Single Reflection

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Physical Factors Affecting Seismic Wave Propagation

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Convolutional Model

Time

*
Earth

+
Noise

=
Seismic traces

Source Input

SEISMIC TRACE (Soft)

Polarity (Hard)

High Frequency 10 60 Hz (Cycles/sec) Amplitude (-) (Reservoir)

0 Phase 90 Phase
Low Frequency 6 35 Hz

180 Ph Phase Wavelength =v/ = 3000/30 = 100 m Resolution = 25 m

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Possible Seismic Signatures

Wavelet shape

Acoustic I A ti Impedance d

Reflectivity

Time Dip

Curvature

0 time

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Spectrumisamplitudeandphasecharacteristicsasa functionoffrequencyforthecomponentsofawave trainorwavelet Fourieranalysisinvolvefindingfrequency componentsforawaveform Fouriertransformisconversionoftimefunctioninto frequencydomainrepresentationandviceversa

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Decompositionofmeasuredsignalsintospectral (Fourier)componentstoattenuatelowfrequency (F i ) t t tt t l f groundrole(culturalnoise),andhighfrequency randomnoise. Spectraldecompositionisalsoknownasshortwindow discretetransforms U fi l Usesfixlengthanalysiswindowforallfrequencies, h l i i d f llf i allowingustocomparewhichfrequencycomponentis moredominantinageologicformation Interpretersareconcernwithwhatfrequencytuning occurs

DiscreteFouriertransformdecomposethedatainto sinusoidalcomponentsseparatedby1to2Hzforfiner i id l t t db t H f fi featuresofinterest,otherwiseweneedonlyto decomposedataat10Hzintervalsforbandlimited seismicdataof100mswindow Spectralcomponentimageswithhigherlateral resolutionthanasimplehorizonslicethroughseismic amplitudedataprovided. Appropriateforformationbasedattributessuchas tuningthicknessandmappingstratigraphic variability.
(Marfut,2006,SEGDISNo.9)

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Concept of Spectral analysis

50HZ 20ms

DB 50 MS

20 Hz FREQ.

20 ms
FREQ. Shale THIN

TUNNING Amp

50 ms

THICK

THICKNESS

(MS)

THIN BED TUNNING & RESPONSE

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SPECTRAL ANALYSIS SPECDECOMP

WELL A WELL B Low Frequency

55Hz

High Frequency

35Hz

FREQUENCY

Courtesy Petrofac

Two wells show different facies. Well A is high frequency. B low frequency. Well A peaks at 55hz and B at 35hz Specdecomp Spectral analysis ( extreme right ) reveals the channel. Thinner beds respond to high frequency.

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NUMERICAL GEOLOGICAL MODELLING

VALLEY TRANSFER FUNCTION CHANNEL

CHANNEL MODELLING
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Wavelet Classification (Seismic-Facies)

B100CL 5to25ms 12 class

B80-B100cl, 12 classes

Classify seismic trace shapes into seismic facies within an interval (constant or variable thickness) using Neural Network T h l i N lN t k Technology

Channel signature

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Specific Examples of Seismic Attributes Maps

Channel paths

Rms amplitude

Wavelet class

specdecomp

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Thankyou
FORYOURATTENTION

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