cal predictions, approaching the worst case.

It is anticipated that, if the properties and thickness of layers 3 and 5 were met, the experimental results would approach that of the best theoretical values.
CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we have presented the experimental investigations of the effect of an FSS on carbon ber composite samples for microwave absorber design. Metal-backed samples were made with different combinations of epoxy, Duroid, carbon ber, and FSSs. Comparisons were made with the reection coefcients of the CF composite with FSSs of different patterns and different positions in multilayer absorbers. The experiment results show that the incorporation of an FSS can effectively change the reection property of the CF composite. With proper design, the required bandwidth and resonant frequency can be achieved using an FSS and a composite absorber. The measured results were compared with the theoretical predictions using the MGA, and are in good agreement.
REFERENCES 1. K.J. Vinoy and R.M. Jha, Radar absorbing materials, Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA, 1996. 2. F. Terracher and G. Berginc, Thin electromagnetic absorber using frequency selective surface, Proc IEEE AP-S Int Symp, U.S., 2000, pp. 846 849. 3. T.K. Wu, Frequency selective surface and grid array, Wiley, New York, 1995. 4. S. Chakravarty, Synthesis of spatial lters and broadband microwave absorbers using micro-genetic algorithm, Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, May 2001. 5. V.K. Varadan, A. Lakhtakia, and V.V. Varadan, On the possibility of designing anti-reection coatings made of chiral composites, J Wave-Mater Interaction 2 1987., 71 81. 6. K.A. Jose, V.K. Varadan, and V.V. Varadan, Radar cross section reduction of at metallic surfaces using chiral composite coatings, J Wave-Mater Interaction 8 1993., 252 261. 7. S. Chakravarty, R. Mittra, and N.R. Williams, On the application of the micro-genetic algorithm MGA. to the design of broadband microwave absorbers comprising frequency selective surface FSS. embedded in multilayered dielectric media, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 49 2001., 1050 1059. 8. C.P. Neo and V.K. Varadan, Optimization of carbon ber composite for microwave absorber, IEEE Trans Electromag Compat to be published.. 9. R. Tellakula, Fabrication and experimental studies on polymer based electromagnetic and acoustic wave absorbers, M.S. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, May 2001. 10. K.A. Jose, V.K. Varadan, and V.V. Varadan, Free space vs one horn interferometer techniques for radar absorber measurements, Microwave J 14 1998., 148 154. 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ABSTRACT: Signicant effects of ground-plane dimensions on the impedance bandwidth of a planar in erted-F antenna for a UMTS (1920 2170 MHz) mobile handset are presented. Experimental results show that, by arying the ground-plane length, the antenna studied can ha e an impedance bandwidth (10 dB return-loss bandwidth) arying from about 150 to 490 MHz, a ariation of more than 300%. Similar beha ior has also been obser ed for the case of arying the ground-plane width. Details of the experimental results are presented and discussed. 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 249 251, 2002. Key words: planar in erted-F antennas; internal mobile handset antennas DOI 10.1002 r mop.10145 1. INTRODUCTION

Owing to its compact size and wide bandwidth, the planar inverted-F antenna PIFA. has been applied as an internal or built-in mobile handset antenna, and many related studies on the PIFA for applications in mobile handsets have also been reported w1 8x. However, the related studies usually consider the PIFA mounted on a ground plane of a xed size, and very little information about the ground-plane dimension variations on the PIFAs characteristics is available. In this paper, we present an experimental study of the impedance bandwidth of the PIFA for a UMTS universal mobile telecommunication system, 1920 2170 MHz. mobile handset. It has been found that, by varying either the ground-plane length or width, the PIFAs impedance bandwidth can be signicantly varied. The bandwidth variations are larger than 300 MHz for the PIFA with a center operating frequency at about 2 GHz for a UMTS mobile handset, and there exists an optimal ground-plane length for obtaining the maximum impedance bandwidth. Experimental results for the measured impedance bandwidth, including the measured center operating frequency, as a function of ground-plane length and width are presented and discussed.
2. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION IN THE STUDY

Figure 1 shows the conguration of the PIFA mounted on the top portion of a ground plane of length L and width W, which can be considered to be the ground plane of a mobile handset. For applications in the UMTS band, whose center frequency is at 2050 MHz and whose required bandwidth is 250 MHz, the PIFA was chosen to have a length of 24 mm and a width of 18 mm, and has an air layer substrate of thickness 6.4 mm, that is, the PIFA had an antenna volume of 24 = 18 = 6.4 mm3. To excite the antenna, a probe feed is placed at the center of the radiating patch, which is short circuited to the ground plane using a shorting pin placed close to the feed position at a distance of d. It should be noted that, in order to achieve optimal impedance matching for the PIFA with various ground-plane dimensions, the distance d was not xed, and was slightly varied from about 0.75 to 2 mm in the experiment.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ON THE IMPEDANCE BANDWIDTH OF A PLANAR INVERTED-F ANTENNA FOR MOBILE HANDSETS

Tzuenn-Yih Wu1 and Kin-Lu Wong1 1 Department of Electrical Engineering National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R.O.C. Recei ed 22 August 2001

The PIFA shown in Figure 1 with various ground-plane lengths and widths was experimentally studied. To begin the study, the ground-plane width was rst xed to be 30 mm, and Figure 2 shows the measured return loss against frequency for the PIFA with various ground-plane lengths of 65 90 mm. It is clearly seen that the measured return loss is signicantly affected by the variation in the ground-plane

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Figure 1 Geometry of a planar inverted-F antenna for a UMTS mobile handset. a. Top view. b. Side view

Figure 3 Measured a. impedance bandwidth and b. center operating frequency for the antenna shown in Figure 1 with W s 30 mm

Figure 2 Measured return loss for the antenna shown in Figure 1 with W s 30 mm

length. The obtained impedance bandwidth, determined by 10 dB return loss, and the center operating frequency, dened to be the average of the lower and higher frequencies with 10 dB return loss, as a function of the possible groundplane length for a mobile handset are presented in Figure 3. It is observed that, for L varying from 50 to 105 mm, the obtained impedance bandwidths vary from about 150 to 490 MHz, a variation of over 300%. The optimal impedance bandwidth occurs at about L s 65 mm, which corresponds to be about 45% of the free-space wavelength at 2050 MHz, the center frequency of the UMTS band 1920 2170 MHz.. It should also be noted that, for the cases with L s 51 83 mm, the obtained impedance bandwidths are all greater than 250 MHz, the required bandwidth for UMTS operation. As for the center operating frequency shown in Figure 3b., the variations in the ground-plane length also cause a variation of about 70 MHz, from about 2045 to 2115 MHz. The effects of various ground-plane widths on the measured impedance bandwidth and the center operating fre-

quency have also been studied. Figure 4 shows the results for the case with the ground-plane length xed to be 65 mm, which is the optimal length in the study shown in Figure 3. Measured results show that both the impedance bandwidth and the center operating frequency are increased monotonically with decreasing ground-plane width, which is quite different from the results of the ground-plane length variations observed in Figure 3. It is also seen that, when the groundplane width is smaller than 40 mm about 27% of the freespace wavelength at 2050 MHz., a relatively very sharp variation from about 1945 to 2105 MHz for the center operating frequency is observed for a small variation of 10 mm W from 40 to 30 mm.. Similarly, for W varied from 40 to 30 mm, the variations in the measured impedance bandwidth are as large as about 250 MHz from about 240 to 490 MHz.. This suggests that there exists a critical ground-plane width for large variations in the impedance bandwidth and the center operating frequency of the PIFA. Also note that, since it becomes impractical for the ground-plane width of a mobile handset to be smaller than 30 mm, the cases with W less than 30 mm are not studied here.
4. CONCLUSIONS

The impedance bandwidth of the PIFA employed as an internal UMTS mobile handset antenna has been investigated experimentally. Very large ground-plane effects have been observed. Results indicate that there exists an optimal

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8. D. Manteuffel, A. Bahr, D. Heberling, and I. Wolff, Design considerations for integrated mobile phone antennas, Proc 2001 IEE Int Conf Antennas Propagat, Manchester, England, pp. 252 254. 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

TIME-DOMAIN FINITE-ELEMENT SIMULATION OF CAVITY-BACKED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

1

Dan Jiao1 and Jian-Ming Jin1 Center for Computational Electromagnetics Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana, Illinois 61801-2991 Recei ed 30 August 2001

ABSTRACT: A time-domain nite-element method (TDFEM) is presented for simulating the radiation and scattering from ca ity-backed microstrip patch antennas. The perfectly matched layer (PML) is utilized to efciently truncate the TDFEM solution domain. The higher order ector basis functions are adopted to accurately represent unknown 2002 elds. Numerical examples are gi en to demonstrate its efcacy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 251 254, 2002. Key words: nite-element method; microstrip patch antennas; scattering time domain DOI 10.1002 r mop.10146 1. INTRODUCTION

Figure 4 Measured a. impedance bandwidth and b. center operating frequency for the antenna shown in Figure 1 with L s 65 mm

ground-plane length about 45% of the free-space wavelength at 2050 MHz. for achieving maximum impedance bandwidth. On the other hand, there is a critical value for the groundplane width about 27% of the free-space wavelength at 2050 MHz.; when the ground-plane width is less than the critical value, relatively very sharp variations in the impedance bandwidth have been seen.
REFERENCES 1. S. Tarvas and A. Isohatala, An internal dual-band mobile phone antenna, 2000 IEEE Antennas Propagat Soc Int Symp Dig, Salt Lake City, UT, pp. 266 269. 2. Z.D. Liu, P.S. Hall, and D. Wake, Dual-frequency planar invertedF antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 45 1997., 1451 1458. 3. C.R. Rowell and R.D. Murch, A capacitively loaded PIFA for compact mobile telephone handsets, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 45 1997., 837 842. 4. W.P. Dou and Y.W.M. Chia, Novel meandered planar inverted-F antenna for triple-frequency operation, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 27 2000., 58 60. 5. P. Salonen, M. Keskilammi, and M. Kivikoski, New slot congurations for dual-band planar inverted-F antenna, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 28 2001., 293 298. 6. G.K.H. Lui and R.D. Murch, Compact dual-frequency PIFA designs using LC resonators, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 49 2001., 1016 1019. 7. M. Martinez-Vazquez, M. Geissler, and D. Heberling, Volume considerations in the design of dual-band handset antennas, 2001 IEEE Antennas Propagat Soc Int Symp Dig, Boston, MA, pp. 112 115.

Cavity-backed microstrip patch antennas are highly resonant structures. Their characteristics, such as the input impedance, vary drastically as a function of frequency. This increases the modeling difculty when conventional frequency-domainbased methods are used for simulation since a set of algebraic equations must be solved repeatedly at many isolated frequency points. In this paper, a time-domain nite-element method TDFEM. is presented to analyze the radiation and scattering from cavity-backed microstrip patch antennas. This method utilizes the perfectly matched layers PMLs. to truncate the TDFEM solution domain, and the implementation is based on a recently developed algorithm in w1, 2x. The timedomain simulation captures the drastically varying frequency responses with one calculation. The nite-element analysis enhances the geometry-modeling capability. The adoption of higher order vector basis functions accurately describes the unknown elds. The utilization of PMLs permits the absorption of outgoing waves with any polarizations and at any frequencies and angles of incidence. Numerical results are compared with those obtained by measurements and the frequency-domain nite-element boundary-integral FDFE BI. method.
2. FORMULATION

Consider a cavity-backed microstrip patch antenna recessed in a ground plane Fig. 1.. To formulate the TDFEM solution, we introduce a PML over the aperture S a to entirely enclose the computational domain Vo . Inside Vo , the electric

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