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Spin states Jablonski diagram Comparison to phosphorescence Quantum yield Emission, lifetime, and quantum yield spectroscopy Broadband internet applications Bioapplications Quantum cutters
Chem 312, Spring 2007
- First
- Second
Phosphorescence decay is similar to fluorescence, except the electron undergoes a spin conversion into a "forbidden" triplet state (T(1)) instead of the lowest singlet excited state, a process known as intersystem crossing. Emission from the triplet state occurs with lower energy relative to fluorescence, hence emitted photons have longer wavelengths.
So how do we measure the efficiency of the emission process? By calculating the Quantum Efficiency (also known as a Quantum Yield, ")
Or in other words:
" = photons emitted photons absorbed and the maximum value attainable is 1 (100% efficiency).
An Introduction to Fluorescence Spectroscopy So in relation to fluorescence and phosphorescence, where do the three factors appear?
where # is the characteristic fluorescence lifetime and f(0) is the fluorescence intensity at time zero. More complex fluorescence decays can be represented by a sum of up to four exponential terms, and by a constant background, (A):
In practice, instrumental processes affect the measured fluorescence decay. The theoretical fluorescence decay is superimposed by noise (Poisson noise), and the initial part of the decay can be broadened by the finite pulse width of the excitation source, the transit time spread of the detector, and other potential optical and electronic contributions.
Chem 312, Spring 2007
The aim of the numerical analysis is to fit the function F(t) to the measured sample decay, thus extracting the theoretical fluorescence decay model f(t) by eliminating the effects of the instrumental response function and the effects of the noise.
February 15, 2007 Chem 312, Spring 2007
Up-conversion processes
Many luminescent lanthanide ions have desirable properties, such as luminescence ranging from the visible to the near-infrared, long-lived luminescent lifetimes, and resilience to photobleaching, yet use of these ions has often been limited due to their low molar absorption coefficients.