Chapter 6 : Examples

6.1 Basic connecting of the microcontroller 6.2 Additional components 6.3 Examples

Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to provide basic information about microcontrollers that one needs to know in order to be able to use them successfully in practice. This is why this chapter doesn't contain any super interesting program or device schematic with amazing solutions. Instead, the following examples are better proof that program writing is neither a privilege nor a talent issue, but the ability of simply putting puzzle pieces together using directives. Rest assured that design and development of devices mainly consists of the following method test-correct-repeat. Of course, the more you are in it, the more complicated it becomes since the puzzle pieces are put together by both children and firstclass architects...

6.1 Basic connecting

As seen in the figure above, in order to enable the microcontroller to operate properly it is necessary to provide:

Power supply: Reset signal: and Clock signal.

Clearly, it is about very simple circuits, but it does not have to be always like that. If the target device is used for controlling expensive machines or maintaining vital functions, everything gets increasingly complicated. However, this solution is sufficient for the time being... Power supply Even though this microcontroller can operate at different power supply voltages, why to test Murphys low?! A 5V DC is most commonly used. The circuit, shown in the figure, uses a cheap integrated three-terminal positive regulator LM7805, and provides highquality voltage stability and quite enough current to enable the microcontroller and peripheral electronics to operate normally (enough current in this case means 1Amp). Reset signal In order that the mucrocontroller can operate properly, a logic 0 (0V) must be applied to the reset pin RS. The push button connecting the reset pin RS to power supply VCC is not necessary. However, it is almost always provided because it enables the microcontroller safe return to normal operating conditions if something goes wrong. 5V is brought to this pin, the microcontroller is reset and program starts execution from the beginning. Clock signal Even though the microcontroller has a built-in oscillator, it cannot operate without two external capacitors and quartz crystal which stabilize its operation and determines its frequency (operating speed of the microcontroller).

Of course, it is not always possible to apply this solution so that there are always alternative ones. One of them is to provide clock signal from a special source through invertor. See the figure on the left.

6.2 Additional components

Regardless of the fact that the microcontroller is a product of modern technology, it is of no use without being connected to additional components. Simply put, the appearance of voltage on its pins means nothing if not used for performing certain operations (turn something on/off, shift, display etc.). Switches and Push buttons There are no simpler devices than switches and push-buttons. This is the simplest way of detecting appearance of a voltage on the microcontroller input pin.

Nevertheless, it is not so simple in practice... It is about contact bounce- a common problem with m e c h a n i c a l switches. When the contacts strike together, their momentum and elasticity act together to cause bounce. The result is a rapidly pulsed electrical current instead of a clean transition from zero to full current. It mostly occurs due

to vibrations, slight rough spots and dirt between contacts. This effect is usually unnoticeable when using these components in everyday life because the bounce happens too quickly. In other words, the whole this process does not last long (a few micro- or miliseconds), but it is long enough to be registered by the microcontroller. When using only a push-button as a pulse counter, errors occur in almost 100% of cases!

The simplest solution to this problem is to connect a simple RC circuit to suppress quick voltage changes. Since the bounce period is not defined, the values of components are not precisely determined. In most cases, it is recomended to use the values shown in figure below. If complete stability is needed then radical measures should be taken. The output of the circuit, shown in figure (RS flip-flop), will change its logic state only after detecting the first pulse triggered by contact bounce. This solution is expensive (SPDT switch), but effecient, the problem is definitely solved. Since the capacitor is not used, very short pulses can also be registered in this way.

In addition to these hardware solutions, there is also a simple software solution. When a program tests the state of an input pin and detects a change, the check should be done one more time after a certain delay. If the change is confirmed, it means that a switch or push button has changed its position. The advantages of such solution are obvious: it is free of charge, effects of noises are eliminated and it can be applied to the poorer quality contacts as well. Disadvantage is the same as when using RC filter, i.e. pulses shorter than program delay cannot be registered. Optocoupler

An optocoupler is a device commonly used to galvanically separate microcontrollers electronics from any potentially dangerous current or voltage in its surroundings. Optocouplers usually have one, two or four light sources (LED diodes) on their input while on their output, opposite to diodes, there is the same number of elements sensitive to light (phototransistors, photo-thyristors or photo-triacs). The point is that an optocoupler uses a short optical transmission path to transfer a signal between the elements of circuit, while keeping them electrically isolated. This isolation makes sense only if diodes and photosensitive elements are separately powered. In this way, the microcontroller and expensive additional electronics are completely protected from high voltage and noises which are the most common cause of destroying, damaging or unstable operation of electronic devices in practice. The most frequently used optocouplers are those with phototransistors on their outputs. When using the optocoupler with internal base-to-pin 6 connection (there are also optocouplers without it), the base can be left unconnected. An optional connection which lessens the effects of noises by eliminating very short pulses is presented by the broken line in the figure. Relay

A relays is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical circuit. It is therefore connected to ouput pins of the microcontroller and used to turn on/off high-power devices such as motors, transformers, heaters, bulbs, antenna systems etc. These are almost always placed away from the board sensitive components. There are various types of relays but all of them operate in the same way. When a current flows through the coil, the relay is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. Similar to optocouplers, there is no galvanic connection (electrical contact) between input and output circuits. Relays usually demand both higher voltage and current to start operation, but there are also miniature ones which can be activated by a low current directly obtained from a microcontroller pin. The figure shows the solution specific to the 8051 microcontroller. A darlington transistor is used here to activate relays because of its high current gain. This is not in accordance with rules, but is necessary in the event that logic one activation is applied since the output current is then very low (pin acts as an input).

In order to prevent the appearance of self-induction high voltage, caused by a sudden stop of current flow through the coil, an inverted polarized diode is connected in parallel to the coil. The purpose of this diode is to cut off the voltage peak. Light-emitting diode (LED) Light-emitting diodes are elements for light signalization in electronics. They are manufactured in different shapes, colors and sizes. For their low price, low power consumption and simple use, they have almost completely pushed aside other light sources, bulbs at first place. They perform similar to common diodes with the difference that they emit light when current flows through them.

It is important to limit their current, otherwise they will be permanently destroyed. For this reason, a conductor must be connected in parallel to an LED. In order to determine value of this conductor, it is necessary to know diodes voltage drop in forward direction, which depends on what material a diode is made from and what colour it is. Typical values of the most frequently used diodes are shown in table below. As seen, there are three main types of LEDs. Standard ones get ful brightness at current of 20mA. Low Current diodes get ful brightness at ten times lower current while Super Bright diodes produce more intensive light than Standard ones. Color Type Typical current Id Maximal current If Voltage drop Ud (mA) (mA) (V) 30 50 1.4 20 30 1.7 20 2 10 2 20 30 30 30 20 30 1.85 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.1

Infrared Red Standard Super Red Bright Low Red Current Orange Low Green Current Yellow -

Blue White

20 25

30 35

4.5 4.4

Since the 8051 microcontroller can provide only low output current and since its pins are configured as outputs when voltage provided on them is 0V, direct connecting to LEDs is performed as shown in figure on the right (Low current LED, cathode is connected to the output pin). LED displays Basically, an LED display is nothing more than several LEDs moulded in the same plastic case. There are many types of displays composed of several dozens of built in diodes which can display different symbols.

Most commonly used is a so called 7-segment display. It is composed of 8 LEDs, 7 segments are arranged as a rectangle for symbol displaying and there is an additional segment for decimal point displaying. In order to simplify connecting, anodes and catodes of all diodes are connected to the common pin so that there are common anode displays and common catode displays, respectively. Segments are marked with the latters from A to G, plus dp, as shown in the figure on the left. On connecting, each diode is treated separtely, which means that each must have its own current limiting resistor. Displays connected to the microcontroller usually occupy a large number of valuable I/O pins, which can be a big problem especially if it is needed to display multy digit numbers.

The problem is more than obvious if, for example, it is needed to display two 6-digit numbers (a simple calculation shows that 96 output pins are needed in this case). The solution to this problem is called MULTIPLEXING. This is how an optical illusion based on the same operating principle as a film camera is made. Only one digit is active at a time, but they change their state so quickly making impression that all digits of a number are simultaneously active.

Here is an explanation on the figure above. First a byte representing units is applied on a microcontroller port and a transistor T1 is activated at the same time. After a while, the transistor T1 is turned off, a byte representing tens is applied on a port and a transistor T2 is activated. This process is being cyclically repeated at high speed for all digits and corresponding transistors. The fact that the microcontroller is just a kind of miniature computer designed to understand only the language of zeros and ones is fully expressed when displaying any digit. Namely, the microcontroller doesn't know what units, tens or hundreds are, nor what

ten digits we are used to look like. Therefore, each number to be displayed must be prepared in the following way: First of all, a multy digit number must be split into units, tens etc. in a particular subroutine. Then each of these digits must be stored in special bytes. Digits get familiar format by performing masking. In other words, a binary format of each digit is replaced by a different combination of bits in a simple subroutine. For example, the digit 8 (0000 1000) is replaced by the binary number 0111 111 in order to activate all LEDs displaying digit 8. The only diode remaining inactive in this case is reserved for the decimal point. If a microcontroller port is connected to the display in such a way that bit 0 activates segment a, bit 1 activates segment b, bit 2 segment c etc., then the table below shows the mask for each digit.

Digits to display Display Segments dp a b c d e f g

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

In addition to digits from 0 to 9, some letters of alphabet - A, C, E, J, F, U, H, L, b, c, d, o, r, t - can also be displayed by performing appropriate masking. If the event that common chatode displays are used all units in the table should be replaced by zeros and vice versa. Additionally, NPN transistors should be used as drivers as well. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) An LCD display is specifically manufactured to be used with microcontrollers, which means that it cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. It is used for displaying different messages on a miniature liquid crysal display.

The model described here is for its low price and great capabilities most frequently used in practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the letters of alphabet, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols made up by the user. Other useful features include automatic message shift (left and right), cursor appearance, LED backlight etc. LCD Pins There are pins along one side of a small printed board. These are used for connecting to the microcontroller. There are in total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 if it has backlight). Their function is described in the table bellow:

Function Ground Power supply Contrast

Pin Number Name Logic State Description 1 Vss 0V 2 Vdd +5V 3 Vee 0 - Vdd 0 D0 D7 are interpreted as commands 4 RS 1 D0 D7 are interpreted as data 0 Write data (from controller to LCD) 5 R/W 1 Read data (from LCD to controller) Control of operating Access to LCD disabled 0 Normal operating 6 E 1 Data/commands are transferred to From 1 to 0 LCD 7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB 8 D1 0/1 Bit 1 9 D2 0/1 Bit 2 10 D3 0/1 Bit 3 Data / commands 11 D4 0/1 Bit 4 12 D5 0/1 Bit 5 13 D6 0/1 Bit 6 14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB LCD screen

An LCD screen consists of two lines each containing 16 characters. Each character consists of 5x8 or 5x11 dot matrix. This book covers the most commonly used display, i.e. the 5x8 character display. Display contrast depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed in one or two lines. For this reason, varying voltage 0-Vdd is applied on the pin marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some LCD displays have built-in backlight (blue or green LEDs). When used during operation, a current limiting

resistor should be serially connected to one of the pins for backlight power supply (similar to LEDs).

If there are no characters displayed or if all of them are dimmed when the display is on, the first thing that should be done is to check the potentiometer for contrast regulation. Is it properly adjusted? The same applies if the mode of operation has been changed (writing in one or two lines). LCD Memory The LCD display contains three memory blocks:

DDRAM Display Data RAM; CGRAM Character Generator RAM; and CGROM Character Generator ROM.

DDRAM Memory DDRAM memory is used for storing characters to be displayed. The size of this memory is sufficient for storing 80 characters. Some memory locations are directly connected to the characters on display.

It works quite simply: it is sufficient to configure the display so as to increment addresses automatically (shift right) and set the starting address for the message that should be displayed (for example 00 hex). After that, all characters sent through lines D0-D7 will be displayed in the message format we are used to- from left to right. In this case, displaying starts from the first field of the first line since the address is 00 hex. If more than 16 characters are sent, then all of them will be memorized, but only the first sixteen characters will be visible. In order to display the rest of them, a shift command should be used. Virtually, everything looks as if the LCD display is a window which moves left-right over memory locations containing different characters. This is how the effect of message moving on the screen is made. If the cursor is on, it appears at the location which is currently addressed. In other words, when a character appears at the cursor position, it will automatically move to the next addressed location. Since this is a sort of RAM memory, data can be written to and read from it, but its contents is irretrievably lost when the power goes off. CGROM Memory CGROM memory contains the default chracter map with all characters that can be displayed on the screen. Each character is assigned to one memory location.

The addresses of CGROM memory locations match the characters of ASCII. If the program being currently executed encounters a command send character P to port, then the binary value 0101 0000 appears on the port. This value is the ASCII equivalent to the character P. It is then written to LCD, which results in displaying the symbol from 0101 0000 location of CGROM. In other words, the character P is displayed. This applies to all letters of alphabet (capitals and small), but not to numbers. As seen on the previous map, addresses of all digits are pushed forward by 48 relative to their values (digit 0 address is 48, digit 1 address is 49, digit 2 address is 50 etc.). Accordingly, in order to display digits correctly, each of them needs to be added a decimal number 48 prior to be sent to LCD. From their inception till today, computers can recognize only numbers, but not letters. It means that all data a computer swaps with a peripheral device has a binary format, even though the same is recognized by the man as letters (keyboard is an excellent example). Every character matches the unique combination of zeroes and ones. ASCII is character encoding based on the English alphabet. ASCII code specifies correspondance between standard character symbols and their numerical equivalents. CGRAM memory Apart from standard characters, the LCD display can also display symbols defined by the user itself. It can be any symbol in the size of 5x8 pixels. RAM memory called CGRAM in the size of 64 bytes enables it. Memory registers are 8 bits wide, but only 5 lower bits are used. Logic one (1) in every register represents a dimmed dot, while 8 locations grouped together represent one character. It is best illustrated in figure below:

Symbols are usually defined at the beginnig of the program by simply writing zeros and ones to registers of CGRAM memory so that they form desired shapes. In order to display them it is sufficient to specify their address. Pay attention to the first coloumn in the CGROM map of characters. It doesn't contain RAM memory addresses, but symbols being discussed here. In this example, display 0 means - display , display 1 means display etc. LCD Basic Commands All data transferred to LCD through the outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as a command or a data, which depends on the pin RS logic state: RS = 1 - Bits D0-D7 are addresses of the characters to be displayed. LCD processor addresses one character from the character map and displays it. The DDRAM address specifies the location on which the character is to be displayed. This address is defined before the character is transferred or the address of previously transferred character is automatically incremented. RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine the display mode. The commands recognized by the LCD are given in the table below: Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Execution Time Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS Read BUSY flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address Write to CGRAM or DDRAM 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS Read from CGRAM or DDRAM 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) 0 = Decrement (by 1) S 1 = Display shift on 0 = Display shift off D 1 = Display on 0 = Display off U 1 = Cursor on 0 = Cursor off B 1 = Cursor blink on 0 = Cursor blink off R/L 1 = Shift right 0 = Shift left DL 1 = 8-bit interface 0 = 4-bit interface N 1 = Display in two lines 0 = Display in one line F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots 0 = Character format 5x7 dots D/C 1 = Display shift 0 = Cursor shift

What is the Busy flag? Compared to the microcontroller, the LCD is an extremely slow component. Because of this, it was necessary to provide a signal which will, upon command execution, indicate that the display is ready to receive a new data. That signal, called the busy flag, can be read from line D7. When the BF bit is cleared (BF=0), the display is ready to receive a new data. LCD Connection Depending on how many lines are used for connecting the LCD to the microcontroller, there are 8-bit and 4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is selected at the beginning of the operation. This process is called initialization. 8-bit LCD mode uses outputs D0-D7 to transfer data in the way explained on the previous page. The main purpose of 4-bit LED mode is to save valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller. Only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) are used for communication, while other may be left unconnected. Each data is sent to the LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first (normally through the lines D4-D7), then four lower bits. Initialization enables the LCD to link and interpret received bits correctly. Data is rarely read from the LCD (it is mainly transferred from the microcontroller to LCD) so that it is often possible to save an extra I/O pin by simple connecting R/W pin to ground. Such saving has its price. Messages will be normally displayed, but it will not be possible to read the busy flag since it is not possible to read the display either.

Fortunately, there is a simple solution. After sending a character or a command it is important to give the LCD enough time to do its job. Owing to the fact that execution of the slowest command lasts for approximately 1.64mS, it will be sufficient to wait approximately 2mS for LCD. LCD Initialization The LCD is automatically cleared when powered up. It lasts for approximately 15mS. After that, the display is ready for operation. The mode of operation is set by default. It means that: 1. Display is cleared 2. Mode o DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface o N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line

F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots 3. Display/Cursor on/off o D = 0 Display off o U = 0 Cursor off o B = 0 Cursor blink off 4. Character entry o ID = 1 Displayed addresses are automatically incremented by 1 o S = 0 Display shift off
o

Automatic reset is in most cases performed without any problems. In most cases, but not always! If for any reason the power supply voltage does not reach ful value within 10mS, the display will start to perform completely unpredictably. If the voltage supply unit is not able to meet this condition or if it is needed to provide completely safe operation, the process of initialization is applied. Initialization, among other things, causes a new reset enabling display to operate normally. Refer to the figure below for the procedure on 8-bit initialization:

It is not a mistake! In this algorithm, the same value is transferred three times in a row. In case of 4-bit initialization, the procedure is as follows:

6.3 Examples
The schematic below is used in the several following examples:

Apart from components necessary for the operation of the microcontroller such as oscillator with capacitors and the simplest reset circuit, there are also several LEDs and one push button. These are used to indicate the operation of the program. All LEDs are polarized in such a way that they are activated by driving a microcontroller pin low (logic 0). LED Blinking

The purpose of this example is not to demonstrate the operation of LEDs, but the operating speed of the microcontroller. Simply put, in order to enable LED blinking to be visible, it is necessary to provide sufficient amount of time to pass between on/off states of LEDs. In this example time delay is provided by executing a subroutine called Delay. It is a triple loop in which the program remains for approximately 0.5 seconds and decrements values stored in registers R0, R1 or R2. After returning from the subroutine, the pin state is inverted and the same procedure is repeated...
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Delay.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program turns on/off LED on the pin P1.0 ;* Software delay is used (Delay). ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(DELAY.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV inputs LOOP: CPL LCALL SJMP Delay: F02: F01: MOV MOV MOV DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ P1.0 Delay LOOP R2,#20 R1,#50 R0,#230 R0,$ R1,F01 R2,F02 ;Pin P1.0 state is inverted ;Time delay AT DS 03FH 040H

AT 0 XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START P1,#0FFh

;Reset vector

;Define Stack pointer ;All pins are configured as

;500 ms time delay ;25 ms

END

;End of program

Using Watch-dog Timer

This example describes how the watch-dog timer should not operate. The watch-dog timer is properly adjusted (nominal time for counting is 1024mS), but instruction used to reset it is intentionally left out so that this timer always "wins". As a result, the microcontroller is reset (state in registers remains unchanged), program starts execution from the beginning and the number in register R3 is incremented by 1 and then copied to port P1. LEDs display this number in binary format...
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : WatchDog.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION : After watch-dog reset, program increments number in ;* register R3 and shows it on port P1 in binary format. ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(WATCHDOG.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING WMCON DATA WDTEN EQU PERIOD EQU be 1024ms ;RESET VECTOR CSEG JMP CSEG ORG XRESET: ORL ORL MOV MOV INC LAB: SJMP END 96H 00000001B 11000000B ; Watch-dog timer is enabled ; Nominal Watch-dog period is set to

AT XRESET 100H

; Reset vector

WMCON,#PERIOD WMCON,#WDTEN A,R3 P1,A R3 LAB

; Define Watch-dog period ; Watch-dog timer is enabled ; R3 is moved to port 1 ; Register R3 is incremented by 1 ; Wait for watch-dog reset ; End of program

Timer T0 in mode 1 This program spends most of its time in an endless loop waiting for timer T0 to count up a full cycle. When it happens, an interrupt is generated, routine TIM0_ISR is executed and logic zero (0) on port P1 is shifted right by one bit. This is another way of demonstrating

the operating speed of the microcontroller since each shift means that counter T0 has counted up 216 pulses!
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Tim0Mod1.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program rotates "0" on port 1. Timer T0 in mode 1 is ;* used ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(TIM0MOD1.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;DECLARATION OF VARIABLES ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV SETB MOV CLR LOOP1: SJMP TIM0_ISR: Carry flag moved to PORT1 END AT DS AT 0 XRESET 00BH TIM0_ISR 100H SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#01H A,#0FFH P1,#0FFH TR0 IE,#082H C LOOP1 RRC MOV RETI A P1,A ; Define Stack pointer ; MOD1 is selected ; Timer T0 is enabled ; Interrupt enabled ; Remain here ; Rotate accumulator A through ; Contents of accumulator A is ; Return from interrupt ; End of program 03FH 040H

; Reset vector ; Timer T0 reset vector

Timer T0 in Split mode

Similarly to the previous example, the program spends most of its time in a loop called LOOP1. Since 16-bit Timer T0 is split into two 8-bit timers, there are also two interrupt sources. The first interrupt is generated after timer T0 reset. Routine TIM0_ISR in which logic zero (0) bit on port P1 rotates is executed. Outside looking, it seems that LEDs move. Another interrupt is generated upon Timer T1 reset. Routine TIM1_ISR in which the bit state DIRECTION inverts is executed. Since this bit determines direction of bit rotation then the moving direction of LED is also changed. If you press a push button T1 at some point, a logic zero (0) on the P3.2 output will disable Timer T1.
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Split.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Timer TL0 rotates bit on port P1, while TL1 determines ;* the rotation direction. Both timers operate in mode ;* 3. Logic zero (0) on output P3.2 disables rotation on port P1. ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(SPLIT.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;DECLARATION OF VARIABLES BSEG AT 0

;DECLARATION OF BIT-VARIABLES SEMAPHORE: DIRECTION ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG JMP ORG JMP AT 0 XRESET 00BH TIM0_ISR 01BH TIM1_ISR ; Reset vector ; Timer T0 reset vector ; Timer T1 reset vector AT DS 03FH 040H DBIT BIT 8 SEMAPHORE

ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV SETB SETB MOV CLR CLR LOOP1: SJMP

100H SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#00001011B A,#0FFH P1,#0FFH R0,#30D TR0 TR1 IE,#08AH C DIRECTION LOOP1

; Define Stack pointer ; Define MOD3

; TL0 is turned on ; TL1 is turned on ; Interrupt enabled ; Rotate to the right ; Remain here ; Slow down rotation by 256 ; Rotate contents of ; Carry flag ; Rotate contents of ; Carry flag ; Contents of Accumulator is ; Return from interrupt ; Slow down direction of ; When time expires, change

TIM0_ISR: DJNZ R0,LAB3 times JB DIRECTION,LAB1 RRC A Accumulator to the right through SJMP LAB2 LAB1: RLC A Accumulator to the left through LAB2: MOV P1,A moved to port P1 LAB3: RETI TIM1_ISR: DJNZ R1,LAB4 rotation by 256 times DJNZ R2,LAB4 rotation direction CPL SMER MOV R2,#30D LAB4: RETI END

; End of program

Simultaneous use of timers T0 and T1 This program can be considered as continuation of the previous one. They share the same idea, but in this case true timers T0 and T1 are used. In order to demonstrate the operation of both timers on the same port at the same time, timer T0 reset is used to shift logic zero (0) on the port, while Timer T1 reset is used to change rotation direction. This program spends most of its time in the loop LOOP1 waiting for an interrupt to be caused by reset. By checking the DIRECTION bit, information on rotation direction of both bits in accumulator as well as of moving port LED is obtained.
; ************************************************************************

;* PROGRAM NAME : Tim0Tim1.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Timer TO rotates bit on port P1 while Timer1 ;* changes rotation direction. Both timers are configured to operate in mode 1. ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(TIM0TIM1.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;DECLARATION OF VARIABLES BSEG AT 0

;DECLARATION OF BIT-VARIABLES SEMAPHORE: DIRECTION ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: AT DS 03FH 040H DBIT BIT 8 SEMAPHORE

;RESET VECTORS CSEG AT 0 JMP XRESET ORG JMP ORG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV SETB SETB MOV enabled CLR CLR LOOP1: SJMP 00BH TIM0_ISR 01BH TIM1_ISR 100H SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#11H A,#0FFH P1,#0FFH R0,#30D TR0 TR1 IE,#08AH C DIRECTION LOOP1

; Reset vector ; Timer 0 Reset vector ; Timer 1 Reset vector

; Define Stack pointer ; Select MOD1 for both timers ; ; ; ; R0 is initialized TIMER0 is turned on TIMER1 is turned on Timer0 and Timer1 Interrupt

; Rotate to the right ; Remain here

TIM0_ISR: JB DIRECTION,LAB1 RRC A accumulator to the right through SJMP LAB2 LAB1: RLC A Accumulator to the left through LAB2: MOV P1,A moved to port P1 RETI TIM1_ISR: DJNZ R0,LAB3 rotation direction CPL DIRECTION MOV R0,#30D LAB3: RETI END

; Rotate contents of ; Carry flag ; Rotate contents of ; Carry flag ; Contents of Accumulator is ; Return from interrupt ; When time expires, change ; Initialize R0 ; End of program

Using Timer T2 This example describes the use of Timer T2 configured to operate in Auto-Reload mode. In this very case, LEDs are connected to port P3 while the push button used for forced timer reset (T2EX) is connected to the P1.1 pin. Program execution is similar to the previous examples. When timer ends counting, an interrupt is enabled and subroutine TIM2_ISR is executed, thus rotating a logic zero (0) in accumulator and moving the contents of accumulator to the P3 pin. At last, flags which caused an interrupt are cleared and program returns to the loop LOOP1 where it remains until a new interrupt request arrives... If push button T2EX is pressed, timer is temporarily reset. This push button resets timer, while push button RESET resets the microcontroller.

; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Timer2.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program rotates log. "0" on port P3. Timer2 determines ;* the speed of rotation and operates in auto-reload mode ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(TIMER2.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;DEFINITION OF VARIABLES ;STACK T2MOD DATA AT DS AT XRESET 0C9H 03FH 040H 0

DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP

; Reset vector

ORG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV mode MOV CLR mod SETB SETB MOV CLR LOOP1: SJMP

02BH TIM2_ISR 100H SP,#STACK_START A,#0FFH P3,#0FFH RCAP2L,#0FH RCAP2L,#01H CAP2 EXEN2 TR2 IE,#0A0H C LOOP1

; Timer T2 Reset vector

; Define Stack pointer ; Prepare 16-bit auto-reload ; Enable 16-bit auto-reload ; Pin P1.1 reset is enabled ; Enable Timer T2 ; Interrupt is enabled ; Remain here ; Rotate contents of ; Carry flag ; Move the contents of ; Clear timer T2 flag TF2 ; Clear timer T2 flag EXF2 ; Return from interrupt ; End of program

TIM2_ISR: RRC A Accumulator to the right through MOV Accumulator A to PORT3 CLR CLR RETI END P3,A TF2 EXF2

Using External Interrupt Here is another example of interrupt execution. An external iterrupt is generated when a logic zero (0) is present on pin P3.2 or P3.3. Depending on which input is active, one of two routines will be executed: A logic zero (0) on the P3.2 pin initiates execution of interrupt routine Isr_Int0, thus incrementing number in register R0 and copying it to port P0. Logic zero on the P3.3 pin initiates execution of subroutine Isr_Int1, number in register R1 is incremented by 1 and then copied to port P1. In short, each press on push buttons INT0 and INT1 will be counted and immediately shown in binary format on appropriate port (LED which emitts light represents a logic zero (0)).

; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Int.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION : Program counts interrupts INT0 generated by appearance of high-to-low ;* transition signal on pin P3.2 Result appears on port P0. Interrupts INT1 are also ;* counted up at the same time. They are generated byappearing high-tolow transition ;* signal on pin P3. The result appears on port P1. ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(INT.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;RESET VECTORS

CSEG JMP ORG INT0 INT1

AT 0 XRESET 003H

; Reset vector ; Interrupt routine address for ; Interrupt routine address for

JMP Isr_Int0 ORG 013H JMP Isr_Int1 100H TCON,#00000101B

XRESET:

ORG

MOV appearing on pin P3.2 appearing on pin P3.3 MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV LOOP: SJMP

; Interrupt INT0 is generated by ; high-to-low transition signal ; Interrupt INT0 is generated by ; high-to-low transition signal

IE,#10000101B R0,#00H R1,#00H P0,#00H P1,#00H LOOP

; Interrupt enabled ; Counter starting value ; Reset port P0 ; Reset port P1 ; Remain here ; Increment value of interrupt

Isr_Int0: INC R0 INT0 counter MOV P0,R0 RETI Isr_Int1: INC R1 INT1 counter MOV P1,R1 RETI END

; Increment value of interrupt

; End of program

Using LED display The following examples describe the use of LED displays. Common chatode displays are used here, which means that all built-in LEDs are polarized in such a way that their anodes are connected to the microcontroller pins. Since the common way of thinking is that logic one (1) turns something on and logic zero (0) turns something of, Low Current displays (low power consumption) and their diodes (segments) are connected serially to resistors of relatively high resistance. In order to save I/O pins, four LED displays are connected to operate in multiplex mode. It means that all segments having the same name are connected to one output port each and only one display is active at a time.

Tranzistors and segmenats on displays are quickly activated, thus making impression that all digits are active simultaneously.

Writing digits on LED display This program is a kind of warming up exerciese before real work starts. The purpose of this example is to display something on any display. Multiplex mode is not used this time. Instead, digit 3 is displayed on only one of them (first one on the right). Since the microcontroller does not know how we write number 3, a small subroutine called Disp is used (the microcontroller writes this number as 0000 0011). This subroutine

enables all decimal digits (0-9) to be displayed (masked). The principle of operation is simple. A number to be displayed is added to the current address and program jump is executed. Different numbers require different jump length. Precisely determined combination of zeroes and ones appears on each of these new locations (digit 1 mask, digit 2 mask...digit 9 mask). When this combination is transferred to the port, the display shows desired digit.
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : 7Seg1.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program displays number "3" on 7-segment LED display ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG1.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: displays LOOP: MOV LCALL for the number MOV SJMP Disp: digits INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB DB A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H ; ; ; ; ; Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit 0 1 2 3 4 mask mask mask mask mask A,#03 Disp P1,A LOOP ; Subroutine for displaying ; Send number 3 to display ; Perform appropriate masking MOV MOV MOV AT DS 03FH 040H

AT 0 XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START P1,#0 P3,#20h

; Reset vector

; Define Stack pointer ; Turn off all segments on ; Activate display D4

DB DB DB DB DB END

6DH 7DH 07H 7FH 6FH

; ; ; ; ; ;

Digit 5 mask Digit 6 mask Digit 7 mask Digit 8 mask Digit 9 mask End of program

Writing and changing digits on LED display This program is only an extended verson of the previous one. There is only one digit active- the first one on the right, and there is no use of multiplexing. Unlike the previous example, all decimal numbers are displayed (0-9). In order to enable digits to change at reasonable pace, a soubroutine L2 which causes a short time delay is executed prior to each change occurs. Basically, the whole process is very simple and takes place in the main loop called LOOP which looks as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. R3 is copied to Accumulator and subroutine for masking digits Disp is executed; Accumulator is copied to the port and displayed; The contents of the R3 register is incremented; It is checked whether 10 cycles are counted or not. If it is, register R3 is reset in order to enable counting to start from 0; and 5. Instruction labeled as L2 within subroutine is executed.
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME: 7Seg2.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program writes numbers 0-9 on 7-segment LED display ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG2.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: segments MOV MOV MOV AT DS 03FH 040H

AT 0 XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START R3,#0 P1,#0

; Reset vector

; Define Stack pointer ; Counter initial value ; Turn off all display

MOV LOOP:

P3,#20h

; Activate display D4

MOV A,R3 LCALL Disp masking for number in MOV INC register by 1 CJNE 10 is in R3 MOV L2: MOV F02: MOV F01: MOV DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ SJMP Disp: digits INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB END A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H 6DH 7DH 07H 7FH 6FH P1,A R3 R3,#10,L2 R3,#0 R2,#20 R1,#50 R0,#230 R0,$ R1,F01 R2,F02 LOOP

; Perform appropriate ; Accumulator ; Increment number in ; Check whether the number ; If it is, reset counter ; 500 mS time delay ; 25 mS

; Subroutine for writing

; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask

; End of program

Writing two-digit number on LED display It is time for time multiplexing! This is the simplest example which displays the number 23 on two displays in such a way that one of them displays units, while the other displays tens. The most important thing in the program is time synchronization. Otherwise, everything is very simple. Transistor T4 enables display D4 and at the same time a bit combination corresponding to the digit 3 is set on the port. After that, transistor T4 is disabled and the whole process is repeated using transistor T3 and display D3 in order to display digit 2. This procedure must be continuosly repeated in order to make impression that both displays are active at the same time.
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME: 7Seg3.ASM

;* DESCRIPTION: Program displays number "23" on 7-segment LED display ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG3.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP XRESET: ORG MOV AT DS AT XRESET 03FH 040H 0

; Reset vector ; Define Stack pointer ; Turn off all display ; Activate display D4 ; Write digit 3 on display ; Find appropriate mask ; Put the mask on the port ; Turn off all dislay ; Activate display D3 ; Write digit 2 on display ; Find mask for that digit ; Put the mask on the port ; Return to the label LOOP ; Subroutine for writing

100H SP,#STACK_START P1,#0 P3,#20h A,#03 Disp P1,A P1,#0 P3,#10h A,#02 Disp P1,A LOOP

LOOP: MOV segments MOV MOV D4 LCALL for that digit MOV MOV segments MOV MOV D3 LCALL MOV SJMP Disp: digits

INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB

A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H 6DH 7DH 07H 7FH 6FH ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask

END

; End of program

Using four digit LED display In this example all four displays, instead of two, are active so that it is possible to write numbers from 0 to 9999. Here, the number 1 234 is displayed. After initialization, the program remains in the loop LOOP where digital multiplexing is performed. The subroutine Disp is used to convert binary numbers into corresponding combinations of bits for the purpose of activating display lighting segments.
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : 7Seg5.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION : Program displays number"1234" on 7-segment LED display ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG5.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV AT DS 03FH 040H

AT 0 XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START P1,#0 P3,#20h A,#04 Disp P1,A P1,#0 P3,#10h A,#03 Disp P1,A P1,#0 P3,#08h A,#02 Disp

; Reset vector

; Define Stack pointer ; Turn off all display ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Activate display D4 Write digit 4 on display D4 Find mask for that digit Put the mask on the port Turn off all display Activate display D3 Write digit 3 on display D3 Find mask for that digit Put the mask on the port Turn off all display

LOOP: MOV segments MOV MOV LCALL MOV MOV segments MOV MOV LCALL MOV MOV segments MOV MOV LCALL

; Activate display D2 ; Write digit 2 on display D2 ; Find mask for that digit

MOV MOV segments MOV MOV LCALL MOV SJMP

P1,A P1,#0 P3,#04h A,#01 Disp P1,A LOOP

; Put the mask on the port ; Turn off all display ; ; ; ; ; Activate display D1 Write digit 1 on display D1 Find mask for that digit Put the mask on the port Return to the lable LOOP

Disp: digits

; Subroutine for writing INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H 6DH 7DH 07H 7FH 6FH ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask

END ; End of program

LED display as a two digit counter Things are getting complicated... In addition to two digit multiplexing, the microcontroller also performs other operations. In this example, contents of registers R2 and R3 are incremented in order to display number counting (97, 98, 99, 00, 01, 02...). This time, transistors which activate displays remain turned on for 25mS. The soubroutine Delay is in charge of that. Even though digits shift much slower now, it is still not slow enough to make impression of simultaneous operation. After both digits of a number blink for 20 times, the number on displays is incremented by 1 and the whole procedure is repeated.
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : 7Seg4.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program displays numbers 0-99 on 7-segment LED displays ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG4.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING

;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV AT DS AT XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START R2,#0 R3,#0 R4,#0 ; Define Stack pointer ; Counter starting value 03FH 040H 0

; Reset vector

LOOP: INC R4 "refreshed" for 100 times CJNE R4,#20d,LAB1 counter MOV R4,#0 MOV P1,#0 segments INC R2 containing units by 1 CJNE R2,#10d,LAB1 MOV R2,#0 INC R3 tens by 1 CJNE R3,#10d,LAB1 MOV R3,#0 LAB1: MOV MOV units to A LCALL MOV LCALL MOV segments MOV MOV tens to A LCALL MOV LCALL SJMP Delay: F01: MOV MOV DJNZ DJNZ RET R1,#50 R0,#250 R0,$ R1,F01 P3,#20h A,R2 Disp P1,A Delay P1,#0 P3,#10h A,R3 Disp P1,A Delay LOOP

;Wait for display to be ;before incrementing the ; Turn off all display ; Increment Register ; Reset units ; Increment Register with ; ; Reset tens ; Activate display D4 ; Copy Register containing ; ; ; ; Call mask for that digit Write units on display D4 25ms delay Turn off all display

; Activate display D3 ; Copy Register contaning ; Call mask for that digit ; Write tens on display D3 ; 25ms delay

; 5 ms delay

Disp: digits INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB END A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H 6DH 7DH 07H 7FH 6FH

; Subroutine for displaying

; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask

; End of program

Handling EEPROM This program writes data to on-chip EEPROM memory. In this case, the data is a hexadecimal number 23 which is to be written to the location with address 00. To make sure that this number is correctly written, the same location of EEPROM is read 10mS later in order to compare these two numbers. If they match, F will be displayed. Otherwise, E will be displayed on the LED display (Error).
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME: EEProm1.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Programming EEPROM at address 0000hex and displaying message ;* on LED display. ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(EEPROM1.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING WMCON DATA EEMEN EQU is enabled EEMWE EQU TEMP DATA THE END ERROR EQU EQU 96H 00001000B 00010000B 030H 071H 033H ; Access to internal EEPROM ; Write to EEPROM is enabled ; Define Auxiliary register ; Display "F" ; Display "E"

;STACK

DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV EEPROM ORL ORL MOV

AT DS

03FH 040H

AT 0 XRESET 100H IE,#00 SP,#STACK_START DPTR,#0000H WMCON,#EEMEN WMCON,#EEMWE TEMP,#23H A,TEMP @DPTR,A DELAY A,@DPTR A,TEMP,ERROR A,#KRAJ P1,A WMCON,#EEMWE WMCON,#EEMEN LOOP1 A,#ERROR P1,A LOOP2 A,#0AH R3,A B,LOOP4 B,LOOP5 R3,LOOP3

; Reset vector

; All interrupts are disabled ; Choose location address in ; Access to EEPROM is enabled ; Write to EEPROM is enabled ; Number written to EEPROM is ; register TEMP and ; Write byte to EEPROM ; 10ms delay ; Read the same location and ; If they don't match, jump ; Display F (correct) ; Write to EEPROM is disabled ; Access to EEPROM is disabled ; Remain here ; Display E (error)

moved to

MOV Accumulator MOVX CALL MOVX compare to TEMP, CJNE to label ERROR MOV MOV XRL XRL LOOP1: SJMP ERROR: LOOP2: DELAY: LOOP3: LOOP4: LOOP5: MOV MOV SJMP MOV MOV NOP DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ RET END

; Delay

; End of program

Data reception via UART In order to enable successful UART serial communication, it is necessary to meet specific rules of the RS232 standard. It primarily refers to voltage levels required by this standard. Accordingly, -10V stands for logic one (1) in the message, while +10V stands for logic zero (0). The microcontroller converts accurately data into serial format, but its power supply voltage is only 5V. Since it is not easy to convert 0V into 10V and 5V into -10V,

this operation is on both transmit and receive side left to a specialized IC circuit. Here, the MAX232 by MAXIM is used because it is widespread, cheap and reliable. This example shows how to receive message sent by a PC. Timer T1 generates boud rate. Since the 11.0592 MHz quartz crystal is used here, it is easy to obtain standard baud rate which amouts to 9600 bauds. Each received data is immediately transferred to port P1 pins.

; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : UartR.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Each data received from PC via UART appears on the port ;* P1. ;* ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(UARTR.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT

$NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG interrupt routine JMP ORG XRESET: pointer MOV MOV AT DS 03FH 040H

AT 0 XRESET 023H IR_SER 100H IE,#00 SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#20H TH1,#0FDH SCON,#50H IE,#10010000B TI RI TR1 LOOP RI,OUTPUT A,SBUF P1,A RI

; Reset vector ; Starting address of UART

; All interrupts are disabled ; Initialization of Stack ; Timer1 in mode2 ; 9600 baud rate at the ; ; ; ; ; ; 11.0592MHz Receiving enabled, 8-bit UART UART interrupt enabled Clear transmit flag Clear receive flag Start Timer1

MOV MOV frequency of MOV MOV CLR CLR SETB LOOP: IR_SER: SJMP JNB MOV MOV CLR RETI END

; Remain here ; If any data is received, ; move it to the port ; P1 ; Clear receive flag ; End of program

OUTPUT

Data transmission via UART This program describes how to use UART to transmit data. A sequence of numbers (0-255) is transmitted to a PC at 9600 baud rate. The MAX 232 is used as a voltage regulator.
; ************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : UartS.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Sends values 0-255 to PC. ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(UARTS.ASM)

$PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV CLR CLR MOV SETB START: MOV LOOP1: JNB transmission is CLR INC CJNE return to the LOOP: SJMP END AT DS 03FH 040H

AT 0 XRESET 100H IE,#00 SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#20H TH1,#0FDH SCON,#40H TI RI R3,#00H TR1 SBUF,R3 TI,LOOP1 TI R3 R3,#00H,START

; Reset vector

of

; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

All interrupts Initialization Timer1 in mode 9600 baud rate

are disabled of Stack pointer 2 at the frequency

11.0592MHz 8-bit UART Clear transmit bit Clear receive flag Reset caunter Start Timer 1

; Move number from counter to a PC ; Wait here until byte ; complete ; Clear transmit bit ; Increment the counter value by 1 ; If 255 bytes are not sent ; label START

LOOP

; Remain here ; End of program

Writing message on LCD display This example uses the most frequently used type of LCD which displays text in two lines with 16 characters each. In order to save I/O ports, only 4 pins are used for communication here. In this way each byte is transmitted in two steps: first higher then lower nible. LCD needs to be initialized at the beginning of the program. Besides, parts of the program which repeat in the program create special subroutines. All this may seem extremely complicated, but the whole program basically performs several simple operations and displays Mikroelektronika Razvojni sistemi.

*********************************************************************** ** ;* PROGRAM NAME : Lcd.ASM ;* DESCRIPRTION : Program for testing LCD display. 4-bit communication ;* is used. Program does not check BUSY flag but uses program delay ;* between 2 commands. PORT1 is used for connection ;* to the microcontroller. ; ************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(LCD.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;Stack DSEG Stack_Start: Start_address CSEG ORG JMP AT DS EQU 0E0h 020h 0000h ;Reset vectors AT 0 Start_address Inic

ORG disabled Inic: MOV MOV CALL

Start_address+100h IE,#00 SP,#Stack_Start LCD_inic ; Initialize LCD ; All interrupts are

;************************************************* ;* MAIN PROGRAM ;************************************************* START: MOV A,#80h appear on the first CALL LCD_status line of LCD display. MOV A,#'M' CALL LCD_putc character transmission. MOV A,#'i' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'k' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'r' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'o' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'e' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'l' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'e' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'k' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'t' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'r' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'o' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'n' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'i' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'k' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#'a' CALL LCD_putc MOV A,#0c0h appear on the first CALL LCD_status line of LCD display. MOV A,#'R' CALL LCD_putc character transmission. ; Next character will ; location in the first ; Display character M. ; Call subroutine for ; Display character i. ; Display character k. ; Display character r. ; Display character o. ; Display character e. ; Display character l. ; Display character e. ; Display character k. ; Display character t. ; Display character r. ; Display character o. ; Display character n. ; Display character i. ; Display character k. ; Display character a. ; Next character will ; location in the second ; Display character R. ; Call subroutine for

MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV MOV CALL MOV CALL JMP

A,#'a' LCD_putc A,#'z' LCD_putc A,#'v' LCD_putc A,#'o' LCD_putc A,#'j' LCD_putc A,#'n' LCD_putc A,#'i' LCD_putc A,#' ' LCD_putc A,#'s' LCD_putc A,#'i' LCD_putc A,#'s' LCD_putc A,#'t' LCD_putc A,#'e' LCD_putc A,#'m' LCD_putc A,#'i' LCD_putc R0,#20d Delay_10ms DPTR,#LCD_DB A,#6d LCD_inic_status R0,#10d Delay_10ms START

; Display character a. ; Display character z. ; Display character v. ; Display character o. ; Display character j. ; Display character n. ; Display character i. ; Display character . ; Display character s. ; Display character i. ; Display character s. ; Display character t. ; Display character e. ; Display character m. ; Display character i. ; Wait time (20x10ms) ; ; Clear display ; ; ; Wait time(10x10ms)

;********************************************* ;* Subroutine for wait time (T= r0 x 10ms) ;********************************************* Delay_10ms: MOV approximately MOV MOV DJNZ instruction. DJNZ DJNZ RET R5,00h R6,#100d R7,#100d R7,$ R6,$-4 R5,$-6 ; 1+(1+(1+2*r7+2)*r6+2)*r5 ; (if r7>10) ; 2*r5*r6*r7 ; $ indicates current

; *********************************************************************** ***************

;* SUBROUTINE: LCD_inic ;* DESCRIPTION: Subroutine for LCD initialization. ;* ;* (is used with 4-bit interface, under condition that pins DB4-7 on LCD ;* are connected to pins PX.4-7 on microcontrollers ports, i.e. four higher ;* bits on the port are used). ;* ;* NOTE: It is necessary to define port pins for controlling LCD operation: ;* LCD_enable, LCD_read_write, LCD_reg_select,similar to port for connection to LCD. ;* It is also necessary to define addresses for the first character in each ;* line. ; *********************************************************************** *************** LCD_enable on LCD. LCD_read_write RW on LCD. LCD_reg_select RS on LCD. LCD_port LCD. Busy flag appears. BIT BIT BIT SET BIT P1.3 P1.1 P1.2 P1 P1.7 00h ; Bit for activating pin E ; Bit for activating pin ; Bit for activating pin ; Port for connection to ; Port pin on which Busy ; Address of the first ; in the first line of LCD 40h ; Address of the first ; in the second line of ; 0 -8b, 2/1 lines, ; 1 -4b, 2/1 lines, ; 2 -Display/cursor shift, ; 3 -Display ON, cursor ; 4 -Increment mode, ; 5 -Display/cursor home ; 6 -Clear display ; 7 -Display OFF, cursor

LCD_Start_I_red EQU message character display. LCD_Start_II_red EQU message character LCD display.

LCD_DB: DB 00111100b 5x10/5x7 format DB 00101100b 5x10/5x7 format DB 00011000b right/left DB 00001100b OFF, cursor blink off DB 00000110b display shift off DB 00000010b DB 00000001b DB 00001000b OFF, cursor blink off LCD_inic: ;*****************************************

MOV 8-bit beginning increment of MOV CALL MOV

DPTR,#LCD_DB A,#00d LCD_inic_status_8 A,#00d ; Triple initialization in ; mode is performed at the ; (in case of slow ; power supply when the

CALL LCD_inic_status_8 power supply is on MOV A,#00d lcall LCD_inic_status_8 MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV program executes in CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL RET LCD_inic_status_8: ***************** PUSH MOVC CLR CLR MOV port are memorized ORL ORL ANL LCD port signal LCD's EN pin CLR improper reset MOV LCD_enable B,#255d MOV SETB A,#1d LCD_inic_status_8 A,#1d LCD_inic_status A,#3d LCD_inic_status A,#6d LCD_inic_status A,#4d LCD_inic_status

; Change from 8-bit into ; 4-bit mode

; As from this point the ;4-bit mode

;************************* B A,@A+DPTR LCD_reg_select LCD_read_write B,LCD_port B,#11110000b A,#00001111b A,B LCD_port,A LCD_enable ; Data is moved from A to ; high-to-low transition ; is generated on the ; RS=0 - Write command ; R/W=0 - Write data on LCD ; Lower 4 bits from LCD

; Time delay in case of ; during initialization

DJNZ B,$ DJNZ B,$ DJNZ B,$

POP B RET LCD_inic_status: ; *********************************************************************** ***** MOVC A,@A+DPTR CALL LCD_status RET ; *********************************************************************** ***** ;* SUBROUTINE: LCD_status ;* DESCRIPTION: Subroutine for defining LCD status. ; *********************************************************************** ***** LCD_status: PUSH MOV DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ CLR CALL accumulator SWAP DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ CLR CALL POP RET B B,#255d B,$ B,$ B,$ LCD_reg_select LCD_port_out A B,$ B,$ B,$ LCD_reg_select LCD_port_out B ; Nibles are swapped in

LCD

; RS=O: Command is sent to

LCD

; RS=0: Command is sent to

; *********************************************************************** ***** ;* SUBROUTINE: LCD_putc ;* DESCRIPTION: Sending character to be displayed on LCD. ; *********************************************************************** ***** LCD_putc: PUSH MOV DJNZ SETB B B,#255d B,$ LCD_reg_select

; RS=1: Character is sent

to LCD

CALL accumulator SWAP DJNZ SETB CALL POP RET

LCD_port_out A B,$ LCD_reg_select LCD_port_out B ; Nibles are swapped in

to LCD

; RS=1: Character is sent

; *********************************************************************** ***** ;* SUBROUTINE: LCD_port_out ;* DESCRIPTION: Sending commands or characters on LCD display ; *********************************************************************** ***** LCD_port_out: are memorized PUSH PUSH MOV ORL ORL ANL LCD port signal LCD's EN pin CLR POP POP RET END LCD_enable B ACC ; End of program MOV SETB ACC B B,LCD_port B,#11110000b A,#00001111b A,B LCD_port,A LCD_enable ; Data is copied from A to ; high-to-low transition ; is generated on the

; Lower 4 bits of LCD port

Binary to decimal number conversion When using LED and LCD displays, it is often necessary to convert numbers from binary to decimal. For example, if some register contains a number in binary format that should be displayed on a three digit LED display it is first necessary to convert it to decimal format. In other words, it is necessary to define what should be displayed on the most right display (units), middle display (tens) and most left display (hundreds).

The subroutine below performs conversion of one byte. Binary number is stored in the accumulator, while digits of that number in decimal format are stored in registers R3, R2 and accumulator (units, tens and hundreds, respectively).
; ************************************************************************ ;* SUBROUTINE NAME : BinDec.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION : Content of accumulator is converted into three decimal digits ; ************************************************************************ BINDEC: MOV DIV MOV MOV DIV MOV MOV DIV MOV RET B,#10d AB R3,B B,#10d AB R2,B B,#10d AB A,B ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Store decimal number 10 in B A:B. Remainder remains in B Move units to register R3 Store decimal number 10 in B A:B. Remainder remains in B Move tens to register R2 Store decimal number 10 in B A:B. Remainder remains in B Move hundreds to accumulator Return to the main program