System Analysis and Design

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com for more resources Subject Notes for Class 12 Computer Science Chapter: System Analysis and Design
Prepared by: Sudeep Satyal
System Analysis and Design
Introduction An organization runs combining different element and they farm a system in the organization. In general sense a system can be defined as the collection of different element arranged in a proper manner, so that to commit a common objective. The objective of an organization will be fulfilling only if the elements of that organization work together with proper planning and system. Proper information should flow from all element in such case most of the organization prefer computer based system for reliable and accurate information. The computer base system can be found of various types:
Transaction Processing System (TPS) Management Information System (MIS) Decision Support system (DSS) Office Automation System (DAS)
A system analysis can be defined as the study of the presence system and interrelated between the elements. It also consist the steps to identify the weakness and to propose and adopt the new system.
The system designing is the process done after the completion of system analysis to improve of existing system to develop the new system design according to the requirements of the organization.
Hence, the system analysis and designing is the methodology to adopt the effective system for an organization. Person who involves in system analysis and designing is known as system analysis.
Concept of Software: Package software (Pre-written software) Customer Software (Tailored Software) System Development Life Cycle (Software Development Cycle)
Visit: http://www.educationsansar.com for more resources Subject Notes for Class 12 Computer Science Chapter: System Analysis and Design
Stages involves in Software development life cycle.
Software Implementation, Evaluation and Maintenance
Program Preparation And Testing
Problem Definition
Programming Analysis
Feasibility Study
System Analysis
System Design
Problem Definition Before development of software as a new system once the existing system is studied one has to identify the problem at the beginning that it is necessary to know the failure and the weakness of the existing system and should find the solution for it to develop the new system.
During this stage the information are collected different sources and study is made to find the weakness as to identify the problem of the existing system. The new problem free system should then be put in writing and approved by all concern.
The new system purposed may lead in change of the entire system of the organization. This may affect from the top level employee to the grass level.
Feasibility Study Once the problem is clarified the system analyst has to go through the organization technical feasibility, economic feasibility, operations feasibility and other. The purposed system should be compatible or feasible in all these aspects of the organization. The organization evaluates the purposed system on the basis of its cost, its flexibility and all other criteria. If the purposed system is not satisfactory the alternate solution or the alternate system should be ready so, the feasibility study carried out to find the best system. The feasibility report present the final purposed to the management or the basis of which it decides to develop the new system or to find the alternations.
System Analysis One the problem is defined the detail study to be done of the existing system to develop the new system. The team system analyst should try to find and eliminate the drawbacks of the existing system. These purpose the system analyst teams gather informations from different sources. Any errors in the analysis phase or any misguidance or any misunderstanding may lead to faulty system which can be harmful and useless for the organization.
While collecting the information the team of system development should gather the information regarding the inputs the procedures and outcome of the entire system.
The input methods its sources, volume are studied that is the information regarding these things are collected, besides the main procedures to process, these inputs are studied and the outcomes are noted. Once these information are collected sufficiently it will be easier to develop the new system.
There are various methods of data collection: Interviewing Observation and Viewing the documents and manuals (Using secondary data sources)
Interviewing:
This is the most common method for data collections. Interviewing with the employee can provides the valuable internal informations about the system. The system analyst can take interview with any personnel in the organization and he should create the environment for interview and should set time for whom, when, and about what.
Observation
Observing the employees working in the organization the presence situation of the system and its environment can equally useful data collections.
Viewing the Documents and Manuals:
The documents like annual reports. Manuals, letters etc com provides informations about the system as the secondary data resources. After the completion of data collections the system analyst should find how the existing system works and what the things to be done and change are and prepares the reports for the proposal.
System Design: This is one of the important in system development life cycle. In this phase the efficient, effective and compatible system is design. While designing the new system the system analyst should give preferences on flexibility, data security, speed of processing and user friendly environment. This phase includes the designing the outcomes the proper procedures for the processing, the inputs and its format the file management. The positive effect of the system should clarify and the final system design is submitted to the management as the proposal.
Output Design
Input Design
File Management
Process Design
Design Submitted To Management
Try alternate system & Process from beginning
No
Is design approved by Management?
Yes
Proceed the next stage
Programming Analysis: Once the design new system is approved from the management the programming analysis is done. In this process the design specification is breakdown into specific input output, text manipulation and calculation, detail procedures, storage and retribel operations. For these purpose the programmer used different programming techniques and methods. The method used to develop the program is called program practice. Different programmers are assigned fro different development task giving them to problem definition, method of solutions and others. Different tools are used for programming analysis they are: Algorithm Flowchart Process Chart Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Decision tree and Data dictionary
Algorithm:
Algorithm is one of the popular tools used to do programming used in system analysis, the algorithm can be defined as a set of well defined rules for solving the problem in a finite number of steps written in any simple language. 9The programmers develop the algorithm in a paper which helps them understanding the problem and which guides them in program preparation.)
Flow Chart:
It is diagrammatic representation of algorithm different shapes and symbols are used for input process, output and decision making process. This is the easiest tool in programming analysis but is time consuming.
Process Chart:
Process chart is a form in which system analyst fill the process at the time system study. The process chart gives the descriptive knowledge about the procedure of a particular problem.
Data Flow Diagram (DFD):
Data Flow Diagram is a important tool for the system analyst to find the data flow analysis of the system. It provides the information about the interaction of data to the system. It generally gives the volume of the data, types of data store, type of data entering in the system and types of data existing from the system.
Decision Tree:
Decision tree is the diagrammatic tree structure which shows the picture of condition and action sequentially.
Data Dictionary:
Data dictionary contains the detail information about the data elements and technical term used in the new system. This information helps the programmer on the complicated situation and the understanding the technical terminology of the new system.
Programming Language: After the programming analysis phase, the system analyst should determine the type of programming language should be used. These are different types of programming languages high level language, low level language and machine language. These languages are chosen according to the problem defined and the programmer should be familiar with the selected language.
Programme Preparation and Testing: Different software programmes are given the task for different development process and the programmers use the specific programming language chosen to develop the programme. In this stage, the programmers uses different programming tools and start coding the instructions to prepare the program. Before the program is prepared the programmer should eliminate entire logical and syntax errors of the program. The procedures for the process of the specific program should be approved by the system analyst.
The prepared program should then keep for testing. Different raw data in a specific input formats are kept for testing the desire outputs and these responsibilities goes to system analyst to determine the character of the program developed.
Program Implementation, Evaluation and Maintenance: Once the program is tested program are brought together and complies and implement for the new system. The implementation program and the software should be continuously observed and evaluated throughout. The evaluation is necessary for the following reasons:
Errors that are not detected and during the testing phase may discovered in the actual operations. The procedures of the rules of the organization may change which leads to the change in a software. After the evaluations the program maintenance is done for any errors and re-continues this cycle to make any change in the system.
Peoples involved in system development: System Analyst Programmer Project team leader Database Administrator (DBA) System Manager End User
System Analyst:
System Analyst is the top level employee in the system development life cycle. In the system analyst team the other entire employers work under system analyst. The system analyst studies the entire system to develop the new system required for the organization. He analyzes the existing system to develop the new system. System analyst defined the problem or identifies the drawbacks of the existing system goes through the study of the organizations different feasibilities and analysis or study the presence system, eliminate the drawbacks and also gather all needed information of the system by interviewing, observations and viewing the documents and manuals. System analyst also gives preferences for flexibility, data security, speed of processing and user friendly environment while designing the new system. So, system analyst is the top level employee for the adopting the effective and problem face system or the system development.
Programmer:
Programmer works under the system analyst while the system development. While programming programmers used to use different programming tools like Algorithm, Flowchart, process Chart Data flow diagram, decisions tree and data dictionary etc. Besides different programming tools they used programming language chosen according to the problem defined to do program. The programmers should be familiar with the programming language chosen to do program and to develop new system.
Project Teem Leader:
Project team leader leads to all the persons involved in developing of system. Project team leader should have all the information and knowledge about the development of the system. He could able to lead the entire person like programmers, managers, database administrator and also the system analyst.
Database Administrator:
Database administrator have also play vital role to the system development process. Database is very important to store the data and without database we cannot even think about making of any software or programme. We know database contain two parts one front end and back end. Front end is a part which is designed by programmers containing necessary function and back end part contains the data so, database administrator is a person who controls or manages the back end of any particular database.
System Manager:
System Manger is a person who manages the system. System manager is related to management function.
End User:
End user is that person who used the developed program. He is also a person who uses the created new system or software.
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Prepared by: Sudeep Satyal