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Ho : µ = µo Ho : p = po Ho : λ = λo
H1 : µ ≠ µo H1 : p ≠ po H1 : λ ≠ λo
indicates a two-tailed test (both tail ends considered for critical
regions)
Ho : µ = µo Ho : p = po Ho : λ = λo
H1 : µ > µo H 1 : p > p o H o : λ > λo
Ho : µ = µo Ho : p = p o Ho : λ = λo
H1 : µ < µo H 1 : p < po H o : λ < λo
Note:
i) H1 cannot have an “= “sign. It can only take " ≠ " , " < "
or " > " sign.
ii) The values of µo ,po and λo are the same for µ1,p1 and λ1.
1
Determine whether the test is a one-tail test or a two-tail test. To
determine whether the test is a one-tailed or a two-tailed test,
consider the alternative hypothesis. If the test follows Rule 1, then
the test is a two-tailed test. If the test follows Rule 2 and Rule 3 ,
then the test is a one-tailed test. In a one-tailed test, the alternative
hypothesis specifies a definite increase or decrease in the parameter
being tested.
STEP 6: Calculate the required probability (for the Binomial and the
Poisson distributions) or the z-value (for the Normal
distribution).
To determine the required probability (for the Binomial and the
Poisson distributions) or the z-value (for the Normal distribution),
different formulae will be used for different situations.
Step 1: X – the number of times the pin lands ‘point up’ out of the 10 trials.
Step 2: Ho: p = 0.35 (probability, p that a drawing pin lands ‘point up’ is 0.35)
H1: p > 0.35 (probability, p that a drawing pin lands ‘point up’ is > 0.35)
Step 3: If Ho is true, then X ∼ Bin(10, 0.35)
Step 4: Use a one-tailed test (Upper tail) at the 5% test
Step 5: Reject Ho if P(X ≥ 8) < 0.05
Step 6: P(X ≥ 8) = P(X = 8) + P(X = 9) + P(X = 10)
= 10 C8 (0.35) 8 (0.65) 2 + 10 C 9 (0.35) 9 (0.65)1 +
10 C10 (0.35)10 (0.65) 0
= 0.004281 + 0.0005123 + 0.00002759
= 0.004796
= 0.00480
< 0.05
Step 7: Since P(X ≥ 8) < 0.05, we reject Ho and conclude that there is evidence
that p is greater than 0.35
2
2. The probability that an oyster larva will develop in unpolluted water is
0.9, while in polluted water this probability is less than 0.9. An
oyster breeder put 20 larvae in a sample of water and observed that
only 16 of them develop. Use a 10% significance level to determine
whether the breeder would be justified in concluding that the water is
polluted.
Step 1: X – the number of oyster larva will develop in unpolluted water
Step 2: Ho: p = 0.90 (the probability that an oyster larva will develop in unpolluted
water is 0.9)
H1: p < 0.90 (the probability that an oyster larva will develop in unpolluted
water is less than 0.9)
3
8. The probability that a certain type of seed germinating is 0.7. The
seeds undergo a new treatment, and when a packet of 10 seeds is
tested 9 germinate. Is this evidence, at the 5% level, of an increase in
the germination rate?
9. An article in a newspaper claimed that only 40% of people agree with
proposals for a new bypass. A skeptical reader thought that the true
figure was more than 40%. She asked 10 friends and 7 agreed with
the proposals. As a result, she wrote to the newspaper to argue her
case. Formulate suitable null and alternative hypotheses, and test, at
the 10% significance level, the newspaper’s claim. Comment on the
validity of this test in the context of this particular sample.
10.It has been established that 35% of children at a particular school
reach a given reading standard by the age of 7. Following the
introduction of a new reading scheme, the teacher wants to know
whether it makes any difference to the proportion. Find the critical
values she should use for a class of 10 in order to reject the
hypothesis p = 0.35 in favor of the alternative hypothesis p ≠ 0.35.
Use a 5% level of significance.
11.The standard drug for treating a certain medical condition causes
serious side effects with 40% of patients. A new drug is introduced
which, according to its manufacturer, gives a reduced risk of serious
side effects.
(a) State suitable null and alternative hypotheses to test the
manufacturer’s claim.
(b) A hospital consultant agrees to use the new drug to treat a random
sample of 20 patients, all of whom consent. The consultant
decides to accept the manufacturer’s claim if fewer than four
patients suffer serious side effects. State the critical region and
find the significance level of the test.
(c)The test assumes that the effect of the drug on one patient is
independent of its effect on other patients. Give one reason why
this may not be true.
4. P(X ≥ 7) = 0.00852 < 0.05; Reject Ho . We can conclude that p > 0.4
5. (a) P(X = 6) = 0.015625 < 0.05; Reject Ho . We can conclude that the coin is biased
towards heads
(b) P(X ≥ 5) = 0.109375 > 0.05; Accept H o . We can conclude that the coin is not
biased towards heads
6. (a) P(X≤ 2) = 0.0355 > 0.02; Accept Ho. We can conclude that there is no evidence of
a decrease in the number of casualties who have to wait more than half an
hour for medical attention.
(b) P(X≤ 2) = 0.0355 < 0.05; Reject H o. We can conclude that the new staffing has
decreased the number of casualties who have to wait more than half an hour
for medical attention.
7. P(X ≥ 8) = 0.3828 > 0.05; Accept Ho. We can conclude that she was guessing.
8. P(X ≥ 9) = 0.149 > 0.05; Accept Ho. We can conclude that there is no evidence of an
increase in the germination rate.
9. P(X ≥ 7) = 0.0548 < 0.10; Reject H o . We can conclude that the newspaper’s claim is
not correct.
4
8 2 7 3
p ( X = 8) =10 C8 (0.35) (0.65) = 0.004281 ; p ( X = 7 ) =10 C 7 (0.35) (0.65) = 0.02120
1. In the recent poll, only voters who had actually voted at the previous
election were interviewed and out of a random sample of 850 such
people, 324 said that they intended to support Party X. At the
previous election the percentage of voters supporting the party was
41%. Test, at the 5% level of significance, whether support for the
party among previous voters had decreased since the last election,
stating your conclusions clearly.
5
rest chose the rival brand. Comment on the manufacturer’s claim at
the 5% level of significance.
3. A large college claims that it admits equal numbers of men and
women. In a random sample of 500 students at the college there were
267 males. Is there evidence, at the 5% level, that the college
population is not evenly divided into males and females?
4. In an investigation into ownership of calculators, 200 randomly
chosen school students were interviewed, and 143 of them owned a
calculator. Using the evidence of this sample, test, at the 5% level of
significance, the hypothesis that the proportion of school students
owning a calculator is 75% against the alternative hypothesis that the
proportion is less than 75%.
5. A student is examining the probabilities associated with a traditional
drawing pin. She has read in a book that the probability, p, that a
drawing pin lands ‘point up’ when dropped onto a table is 0.35. She
decides to test this theory and drops a drawing pin 400 times. The pin
‘point up’ on 153 occasions. Test, at the 5% level, whether or not
there is evidence that p is greater than 0.35.
Answer
2. z = −1.325; Since z > − 1.645, we accept Ho. The manufacturer’s claim is correct.
3. z = 1.48; Since − 1.645 < z < 1.645 we accept Ho. The college population is evenly
divided into males and females
4. z = − 1.061; Since z > − 1.645, we accept Ho. The proportion of school students
owning a calculator is 75%
5. z = 1.31; Since z < 1.645, we accept Ho. p > 0.35.