Voprosi Istori, 1967, nr 1. P 222, V. I. KOZLOV.

The Concept of Nation: Certain Theoretical Problems This article, which continues the discussion of certain theoretical aspects of the concept of nation, examines the possibility of applying to the concept of nation the community of psychic make-up, the community of culture and the community of national self-consciousness. The author analyzes the appropriate views and opinions put forward in the published articles and dwells on the most essential problems that have not yet received adequate attention. A conspicuous place is given in the article to the problem of correlation of the national, political and economic community, which is analyzed by drawing on concrete examples of the formation of nations in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe as well as in certain countries of other continents. Nr. 2.

P222, N. A. TAVAKALYAN. Concerning the Concept of Nation N. A. Tavakalyan's article continues the discussion on the theory of nation. Contrary to the opinions of certain participants in the discussion, the author maintains that the concept of national character is much broader than the spiritual content and psychic make-up of a nation, that the different aspects and traits of national character are manifested in practically every sphere of a nation's social and, particularly, spiritual life and psychology, notably in the various forms of culture, art, literature, music, folklore, traditions, customs, morals and way of life of the people comprising one or another nation. N. A. Tavakalyan emphasizes that national character, is not an intrinsic, immutable quality of a nation, but a socio-historical and changeable concept. While drawing attention to specifically national features, the author at the same time shows the common traits in the character of different nations, stressing that national and international are closely interconnected and interdependent concepts, and distinguishing the opposite class elements to the national character of every nation in general and of bourgeois nations in particular. Along with some other participants in the discussion, the author singles out "ethnic self-consciousness" as an important indication of a nation. However, "ethnic selfconsciousness," in his opinion, becomes an indication of a nation only in combination and interaction with other indications. N. A. Tavakalyan does not agree with the opinion of those participants in the discussion who propose to replace the term of "bourgeois nation" by "socially heterogeneous nation," and the term of "socialist nation" by "socially homogeneous nation," substantiating the need to retain the generally accepted consepts ("bourgeois nation" and "socialist nation") as two diametrically opposite types of nations.

Nr. 3. P222, N. P. ANANCHENKO. From the Nation to the International Community of Men The author of this article makes a critical analysis of the conceptions, including the views put forward by certain participants in the discussion on the national question, which reduce such a complex concept as "nation" to a few firmly established and generally accepted indications. He points to the limited character of such definitions which completely disregard the multiform and constantly developing essence of a nation and its manifestations. The author stresses the one-sidedness of these views which, in his opinion, gloss over the possibility of the inevitable future development of different nations into a community of people far broader than any nation. The author's attention is focused on substantiating the thesis that a nation's international ties, the international elements in its life should be regarded as an important aspect of the concept of nation.

Nr. 6 P222, I. P. TSAMERYAN, The Marxist-Leninist Theory of Nation: Certain Outstanding Problems The author of this article examines three basic questions that arose in the discussion of the concept of nation: Is it necessary to introduce radical changes in the existing definition of the concept of nation?; Historical types of nations; Nations and national statehood. I. P. Tsameryan expresses his disagreement with those authors who raise the question of a radical revision of the Marxist definition of nation and proves that the definition of nation given by J. V. Stalin is a scientific Marxist definition which requires only certain minor amendments. I. P. Tsameryan is against the proposal to include the existence of national statehood in the definition of the concept of nation as one of its indispensable indications. Citing concrete historical material, the author graphically shows that nations can arise and develop without the existence of their own statehood. The author also substantiates two historical types of nations and rejects the proposals of certain other authors that the name of "bourgeois nation" should be changed into "socially heterogeneous nation." Nr 7 Pp 221-222, A. G. AGAYEV. Nation: Its Essence and Self-Consciousness The article analyzes the essence and types of the ethic community in their historical develpoment and substantiates the methods of their distinction. The author brings out the unity of the general ethnic features possessed by a tribal community, nationality

and nation. Maintaining that the various ethnic communities of the socialist epoch cannot be unified within any one national type, the author proposes his own classification of these types. The author believes that the various nationalities, national units and ethnographic groups will continue to exist and freely develop for a long time-side by side with the nation itself. A. G. Agayev determines a nation by the highest historical type of ethnic community, which is awakened to an independent national life, sovereignty and self- consciousness by capitalism, on the one hand, and by socialism on the other (on diametrically opposite principles). Nr 8. P222, A. I. GORYACHEVA. Psychic Make-Up as an Indication of a Nation The author makes an attempt to prove that the national psychic make-up is an indication of a nation as a social entity, an indication, moreover, which possesses maximum stability and continues to exist when one or another ethnic community or its individual representatives lose other indications. The national psychic make-up represents a complex combination of such elements as national character, habits, tastes, customs and traditions, with the national character constituting the most essential element. The peculiar psychic make-up of different nations is evolved in the course of generations as a result of the whole complex of specific conditions of existence of each individual nation-social, political, geographic, external, national interrelations, etc. Among all these conditions, the chief role belongs to the economic, factors. Any attempt to deny or underestimate the significance of psychic make-up as an indication of a nation can actually result in underestimating the complexity and difficulties arising in multi-national collectives. Recognition and proper account of the national psychic make-up is an indispensable condition for the continued perfection of national interrelations. 1968 Nr 2 P222, M.I. ISAYEV. The Language and the Nation The article carries on the discussion on the concept of nation. In his polemic with certain scientists the author stresses the important.part played by the language in defining the concept of nation as well as in the national development of different peoples. The article highlights the Soviet Union's achievements in the development of national languages. The general line along which the development of the languages of the various peoples and nationalities inhabiting the U.S.S.R. proceeds is bilingualism, which reflects the uniform process in national development the rapid progress and rapprochement of the Soviet nations. It is impossible to form a clear understanding of the part the language plays in the national development of different peoples unless the progressing bilingualism of the Soviet peoples is properly taken into account.

In conclusion the author stresses the following characteristic aspects of the language: first, it emerges and develops earlier than any other indication of a nation; second, it is more lasting and less variable; third, it serves as the chief means of communication between a given collective of men in all spheres of their life and activity. Nr 3. P222, I. F. DROZDOV. Can Traditions Be Regarded as an Indication of a Nation? The article continues the discussion on the theoretical definition of a nation launched in the pages of our journal. The problem of defining the concept of nation is examined from the viewpoint of the possibility of including in it the traditions of national life, culture and liberation struggle. The author subjects to a detailed examination the views and opinions expressed on this question by other participants in the discussion. Proceeding from his analysis of a number of research works by philosophers, historians, ethnographers and lawyers on the problem of traditions, the author proposes his own definition, according to which a tradition is an historically evolved stable form of manifestation of the recurring element of social relations within the limits of a specific community of men. I. F. Drozdov maintains that, proceeding from the sphere of manifestation, traditions can be divided into national, revolutionary, scientific, labour, ethical, religious, professional, etc. Particular attention is devoted in the article to examining national traditions, which are characterized as a complex set of historically evolved recurrent elements of social relations, customs, psychological traits typical of each individual nation. The author draws the conclusion that traditions form a component part of the psychological make-up of a nation, which is particularly vividly manifested and firmly preserved precisely in national traditions. Nr.7 Pp222-223-M.N. ROSENKO. The Contemporary Epoch and Certain Problems of the Theory of Nations The article continues the discussion on the theory of nations and national relations in connection with the new phenomena of social life which are determined by the character of the contemporary epoch and the level of economic and political development attained by society. The epoch of transition from capitalism to socialism determines the existence of two principal types of nations in contemporary societybourgeois and socialist, and creates the objective and subjective conditions for transforming one type of nations into another, namely bourgeois nations into socialist ones. The article emphasizes the fundamentally new essence of socialist nations compared with bourgeois nations, the constant development and change of their content, and shows the conformity of this concept to the social meaning and content of the national community of men in conditions of socialism. At the same time, the present stage of social development has put on the order of the day the question of singling out a new type of nations emerging and developing in countries that are

delivering themselves from the fetters of colonial and national oppression. The formation of nations in these countries has its specific features but there can be no doubt that the general principles of the Marxist-Leninist theory of nations are fully applicable to an analysis of these processes. The author makes an attempt to define the community of the economic life and psychic make-up of a nation and to apply these definitions to the development of contem-poriry socialist nations. Concretizing and specifying more precisely the basic content of individual indications of a nation, the author believes that there is absolutely no need to replace this concept by another one.